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Communication Disorder SPED

Communication is the process of expressing and receiving ideas through language, speech, and other means. Typical speech and language development follows predictable patterns through childhood. Speech disorders involve difficulties producing sounds, while language disorders involve challenges with comprehension, expression, or formulation of ideas. Communication disorders can be caused by brain injury, disease, lack of early stimulation, or other factors. Students with communication disorders are evaluated and teachers adapt instruction to support their needs through techniques like repetition, visual aids, and social skills training. Alternative communication systems can also help those unable to communicate verbally.

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Communication Disorder Introduction to SPED Deborah A. Homillano
What is Communication? • Communication is the process by which one individual expresses ideas, feelings, opinions, or messages to others and receives and understands ideas, feelings, opinions, or messages from others. • Language is a rule-governed system of arbitrary symbols that stand for meaning. • Speech is the physical production of that system. Taylor/Smiley/Richards, Exceptional Students
• Typical speech development – Follows a typical and predictable pattern and time table – By the age of 8, children can produce nearly all the consonants and vowels that make up the native language. – There is variation among children in the time of acquisition. • Speech disorders – Articulation: production of individual or sequenced sounds • Substitutions, omissions, additions, and distortions • If these problems interfere with peer interactions or educational performance: REFER
• Speech and language disorders (often associated with other disorders) – Speech disorder refers to difficulty in producing sounds (cleft palate). – Language disorder refers to difficulty in receiving, understanding, and formulating ideas and information. • Cultural diversity – Difference does not always mean disorder. – Dialects are various forms of language.
Communication Disorder Speech Disorder Language Disorder Voice Delayed Conductive Hearing loss Disorder Language Articulation Aphasia & Disorder related Sensorineural Hearing Loss Auditory Nerve & Central Auditory Nervous System Hearing Loss Fluency disorders Disorder Hearing Disorder Functional Hearing Loss
– Apraxia of speech: motor speech disorder affecting the planning of speech • Difficulty with the voluntary, purposeful movement of speech (stroke, tumor, head injury, developmental) • Can produce individual sounds but cannot produce them in longer words or sentences – Voice disorders: pitch, duration, intensity, resonance, and vocal quality – Fluency disorders: interruptions in the flow of speaking • Stuttering: frequent repetition and/or prolongation of words or sounds
Speech or Language Disorder Causes • Brain injury, abuse, cleft palate, birth trauma • Disease, malfunction of certain organs • Lack of stimulation in childhood and psychological factors.
• Typical language development – Language development is complex – Depends on biological preparation, successful nurturance, sensorimotor experiences, and linguistic experiences • Five components of language – Phonology: the use of sounds to make meaningful syllables and words • Phonemes: individual speech sounds – Morphology: the structure of words • Morphemes: the smallest meaningful unit of speech (e.g., s) – Syntax: the rules for putting together a series of words to form sentences – Semantics: word and sentence meanings for what is spoken – Pragmatics: social use of language
• Characteristics of language impairments – Language disorders may be receptive, expressive, or both. – Language disorders may be related to another disability or may be a specific language impairment. • Phonological disorders – difficulty in discriminating differences in speech sounds or sound segments • Morphological difficulties – problem using the structure of words to get or give information (e.g., proper tenses) • Syntactical errors – problem with the correct word order in sentences that meaning is lost for listeners • Semantic disorders – problems using words singly or together in sentences • Pragmatic disorders – problems in the social use of language (e.g., eye contact, body language, organization)
• Two types of speech and language disorders – Organic: caused by an identifiable problem in the neuromuscular mechanism of the person (hereditary malformations, prenatal injuries, toxic disturbances, tumors, traumas, seizures, infectious diseases, muscular diseases) – Functional: those with no identifiable origin • Speech and language disorders can also be classified according to when the disorder began. – Congenital: present at birth – Acquired: occurs well after birth
How to Evaluate Students with Disorder • Speech assessment: speech pathologist uses a standardized articulation test to measure articulation, voice, and fluency problems. • Voice evaluations: includes both quantitative and qualitative measures (interviews and case history) • Fluency assessments: evaluated through a conversation with the student and interview with parents
• Three areas to be assessed relative to language interactions in the classroom: – The student’s ability to use language effectively by speaking and listening tasks – The teacher’s language – The language requirements of the lessons and textbooks • Assessments for students who are bilingual or multilingual • Evaluation teams need to take a holistic view of the student’s communication skills using ecological assessments.
Hearing Impairment • It refers to whether permanent or fluctuating hearing impairment that adversely affects a person’s communication performance. • The ability to hear is an integral part of the normal communication process. An impaired ability to relate to sounds can result in social isolation, depression, avoidance, and diminished quality of life.
• Conductive hearing loss results from dysfunction of the outer and/or middle ear. Patients with conductive hearing loss usually can understand (discriminate) speech correctly but require louder volumes of speech. Possible causes of conductive hearing impairment include cerumen impaction, presence of a foreign body, tympanic membrane perforation, otitis media, and otosclerosis.
• Sensorineural hearing loss results from dysfunction of the inner ear (cochlea) or of neural fibers of the eighth cranial nerve. Patients with sensorineural hearing loss usually have decreased speech discrimination. • Conditions causing sensorineural impairment include excess noise, advanced age (presbycusis), ototoxic drugs, viral or bacterial illness, tumors, and cortical lesions.
• A mixed hearing disorder involves components of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. Central hearing impairment results from dysfunction of the central auditory pathways (eg, tumors, demyelinating disease, vascular damage).
The most common rehabilitative therapy for hearing impairment is the hearing aid. Any person with hearing difficulties that limit daily activities should be considered a prospective candidate for a hearing aid. A hearing aid evaluation should be performed by a certified clinical audiologist. The use of a hearing aid does not cure the impairment, but it does improve the ability to communicate effectively. Successful hearing aid use is dependent on the patient's self-perceived impairment, acceptance of the device, and desire to use hearing amplification.
• Adapting Instruction – Ask varied types of questions to encourage students’ selfexpression – Expand student utterances by using modeling more elaborate language – Augment or alter classroom language by providing statements that explain a student’s nonverbal behaviors – Allow students opportunity to practice public verbalizations • Augmenting Instruction – Repetition of the curriculum – Visual supports: graphic organizers, photographs, gestures, sign language – Direct instruction in social skills
• There are systems that helps to develop communication abilities of individuals who cannot meet their communication needs through gestures, speaking, and/or writing. • Ex. communication books, communication boards, communication charts, mechanical/electrical voice output, computers, etc. – Using eyes to look at the symbol – Touching the symbols with fingers – Using a laser beam attached to the head – Scanning – Encoding
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