This document defines communication and describes the communication process. Communication is defined as the process of passing information from one person to another. The communication process involves a sender encoding a message and transmitting it through a channel to a receiver who decodes the message. The document also discusses formal and informal communication, verbal and nonverbal communication, barriers to communication, and techniques to overcome barriers. It describes upward, downward, and horizontal communication in an organizational context. Finally, it discusses passive, aggressive, and assertive communication styles for nursing administrators.

1. Communication
- Hemangi
- Ms. Hemangi Patel
Lecturer
Apollo Institute of Nursing

2. Meaning
•The word communication is derived from the
Latin word ‘communis’ meaning common.
•According to Oxford dictionary,
communication means, “The imparting,
conveying or exchange of ideas, knowledge
etc.

3. Definition
•“Communication is the process of passing
information and understanding from one
person to another.”

4. Process

5. Sender
• It is the initiator of communication. In an
organization, the sender will be a person with
information needs or desires and with a purpose of
communicating them to other people.

6. Encoding
•It is the translation of information into a series
of symbols for communication. The symbols
may be words or gestures.

7. Message
• Message is the physical form into which the sender
encodes the information.
• The message can be in any form that can be
experienced and understood by one or more of the
receiver.

8. Channel
•It is the medium of communication between a
sender and a receiver, E.g., Letter, telephone,
etc…
Receiver
• It is the individual whose senses perceive the
sender’s message.

9. Decoding
• It is the interpretation and translation of message into
meaningful information.
Feedback
• It is the reversal of the communication process that
occurs when the receiver expresses his or her
reaction to the sender.

10. Types

11. Formal communication
• It is the line of communication for the transmission
of official messages and information.
• It may be done through intercom telephonic services,
fax or letter system.
• Formal meeting are organized time to time and
notices are displayed on bulletin boards.

12. Informal communication
• It is commonly referred to an unofficial
information.
• This is built around the social relationship of the
members of the organization.
• It does not follow the formal channel established by
the management.
• It is more flexible than formal communication.

13. Verbal communication
ORAL COMMUNICATION
• It is the face to face communication between
individuals. Communication through telephone,
public speech is also a part of oral communication.
• Daily contact between the superior and subordinate is
the most important and frequently used method of
effective communication.

14. • WRITTEN COMMUNICATION
• It is another important communication method which
plays a significant role in managerial work. Reports,
policies, rules, agreements, instructions have to be
in writing for efficient functioning of an
organization.
• It includes diagrams, pictures, graphs, etc.
• To achieve its purpose it must be drafted clearly,
accurately and convincingly.

15. Non-verbal communication
• Nonverbal communication is the sending or
receiving of wordless messages. Communication
other than oral and written, such as gesture, body
language, posture, tone of voice or facial
expressions, is called nonverbal communication.
Nonverbal communication is all about the body
language of speaker.

16. Vertical communication
UPWARD COMMUNICATION
• Communication that flows from the subordinate to
the superior. It stimulates employees to participate
in the operation of the department or unit, encourages
them to defend the decisions and support the policies
co-operatively developed with management.

17. • DOWNWARD COMMUNICATION
• It is flows from top to the bottom. i.e., from a
superior to subordinate or from the manager to the
assistant manager.

18. Horizontal communication
• It is communication between two equal or two
subordinates of the same superior. This is a sideway
communication between people of the same level in
managerial hierarchy.

19. Barriers to communication
• Barriers due to organizational structure
• Barriers of language
• Barriers due to emotional attitudes
• Neglect of listening
• Psychological barriers

20. Barriers due to organizational
structure
• Effective communication largely depends on the
organizational structure. If the structure is complex
involving many layers, a large number of barriers
will develop.
• In both upward and downward communication,
intermediary may withhold information for a variety
of reasons.

21. Barriers of language
•Difficulties in communication sometimes arise
when sender and receiver use words in
different language. The receiver interprets
language symbol in terms of his own behaviour
and experience.

22. Barriers due to emotional attitudes
• Emotional attitude of the sender and receiver can
affect the communication.
• A person is likely to send message in different ways
depending on his own emotional attitude at the time
the message is received.

23. Neglect of listening
• A good deal of trouble in communication arises on
neglecting listening, on the part of the executive,
listening is the most essential skill in communication.
It is an art yet to be measured by men.

24. Psychological barriers
• In upward communication, there are many
psychological barriers, which arise because of
subordinate-superior relationships. Upward
communication is influenced by the subordinate’s
perceived image of his superior.

25. Techniques to overcome barriers
• The line of communication should be direct and as
short as possible.
• The communicator should use simple and
meaningful language which the receiver can easily
understand.
• The executives should develop a skill of listening.

26. • A feeling of mutual trust and confidence between
superior and subordinate can eliminate a good deal of
status and position. Both parties should try to
understand each others point of view.

27. Communication style of nursing
administrators
• Communication styles are;
1. Passive
2. Aggressive
3. Assertive.

28. Passive
• A passive person tends to be short of words, does not
say what she really means, uses many apologetic
words and hopes that people will understand what
she wants to convey.
• She tends to have a weak, hesitant voice, downcast
eyes, fidgety hands and she nods frequently.

29. Aggressive
• An aggressive person is loud, uses loaded objective
words and sends you messages that blame others.
• A sarcastic style with an air of superiority and
rudeness are common.
• The person is likely to stand with hands on hips, feet
apart, narrowed eyes, do finger pointing and talk in a
superior, demanding, authoritarian manner.

30. Assertive
• The assertive person says what she wants in direct
statements. Makes honest statements about her feelings.
• She is an attentive listener who gives the impression of
caring.
• She uses eye contact and spontaneous verbal expressions
with appropriate gestures and facial expressions while
speaking in well-modulated voice.

31. Conclusion

32. Thank You