This document provides an overview of common pediatric solid tumors, including definitions, epidemiology, etiology, types, symptoms and signs, staging, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for each tumor type. The tumors discussed include lymphomas, nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor), neuroblastoma, hepatoblastoma, and hemangioma. For each tumor type, the summary defines the tumor, discusses prevalence and risk factors, describes common subtypes, and outlines the standard diagnostic and treatment approaches.
Rhabdomyosarcoma is a rare cancer that forms in the body's soft tissues, such as muscle and connective tissue. In rhabdomyosarcoma, the cancer cells look similar to immature muscle cells.
Rhabdomyosarcoma is a rare cancer that forms in the body's soft tissues, such as muscle and connective tissue. In rhabdomyosarcoma, the cancer cells look similar to immature muscle cells.
Neuroblastoma diagnosis, treatment, complications, and further management. The main contents of this review have been accessed from MedScape. Please do not reprint or copy this material without permission from the copyright owner.
CANCER: A REVIEW: WORLD'S SECOND MOST FEARED DIAGNOSISCharu Pundir
It is a basic review presentation on cancer, world's second most dreadful disease followed by cardiovascular events, involving basic defination, pathophysiology, screening methods, types of tumor, tumor origin, cancer cell lines, treatment, recent advancements made in the field and diagnosis.
Diagnostic accuracy of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for the direct identification of clinical pathogens from urine
Journal Club (Systematic Review & Meta Analysis)
Clinical Microbiology Fellowship
Approach to Aquatic Skin & Soft Tissue Infections. Clinical Microbiology Residency Program
King Fahd Hospital of The University, Al Khobar
Saudi Arabia
To Present an up-to-date summary of the best microbiology practice related to malaria diagnostics
PGY-3, IAU Clinical Microbiology Residency
Dammam, KSA
Best Practice for Colistin Susceptibility Testing: Methods and Evidence (Mini...Abdullatif Al-Rashed
Mini-Review presentation
Best Practice for Colistin Susceptibility Testing: Methods and Evidence
Clinical Microbiology Residency Program, King Fahd Hospital of the University
Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia
Antiretroviral Resistance in HIV-1 Patients at a Tertiary Medical Institute in Saudi Arabia: a Retrospective Study and Analysis.
Journal Club,
Virology Rotation , 1/5/2019
Clinical Approach To Aseptic Meningitis and Encephalitis
Virology Rotation (R2) , Clinical Microbiology Residency
King Fahd Hospital of The University
23/4/2019
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
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Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
5. Definition
• Neoplasia of the lymphatic system and its precursor cells
with genetically distrusted regulation of proliferation,
differentiation and apoptosis.
• Characterized by painless, progressive enlargement of
the lymph nodes with continues extension between
lymph node regions.
6. Epidemiology
• Lymphoma accounts 10% of all pediatric neoplasia.
Hodgkin's lymphoma Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
7 in 1 million children < age
of 16 newly diagnosed with
HL annually
Ratio of boys to girls 2:1
Boys > Girls , but during
adolescence the incidence
is the same
Peak incidence between 5
to 15 years old
Peak incidence between 15
to 35 years old
7. Etiology
• Unknown etiology in humans.
• It has been found that there is
correlation with infection “e.g
Epstein-barr Virus”.
• Correlation with
Socioeconomic status: the
higher SES the more
frequently HL occur.
• Genetic causes.
• Unknown etiology in humans.
• Predisposing factors include:
– Autoimmune disorders.
– Infections ( HIV, EBV, HTLV-1 )
– Congenital B-Cell defect.
– Congenital T-Cell defect.
– Drug induced
(immunosuppressive treatment)
HL NHL
13. Treatment
• Treatment plan is assigned based on
the type and stage of lymphoma.
• Traditionally, management consists of
a combination of chemotherapy
drugs.
• Combination of radiotherapy and
chemotherapy can be used in
Hodgkin's lymphoma.
18. Etiology
• Wilms tumor has been associated with loss of function mutations of
a number of tumor suppressor and transcription genes.
• These include mutations of the WT1, p53, FWT1, and FWT2 genes,
and at the 11p15.5 locus.
• Associated with some congenital syndromes. These syndromes
include:
– WAGR syndrome.
– Denys-Drash syndrome.
– Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.
24. Treatment
• Treatment plan is assigned based on results of the initial
staging, histological, and molecular studies.
• In General , lines of treatment include:
Surgery Chemotherapy Radiotherapy
27. Definition
• Malignant embyronal tumor of precursor cells of sympathetic
ganglia and adrenal medulla.
• Commonly used to refer to a spectrum of neuroblastic tumors
(including neuroblastomas, ganglioneuroblastomas, and
ganglioneuromas)
29. Etiology
• Etiology is unknown.
Risk factors:
• Maternal factors: These include the following:
– Opiate consumption
– Folate deficiency
– Toxic exposures
– Congenital abnormalities
– Gestational diabetes mellitus
• Genetic factors:
– A higher incidence of neuroblastoma has been suggested in girls with Turner
syndrome, Hirschsprung's disease, central hypoventilation, and neurofibromatosis type 1
(NF1)
30. Types
• Neuroblastomas can arise anywhere throughout the
sympathetic nervous system.
• The common primary sites:
Adrenal gland
(40%)
Abdominal
(25%)
Thoracic
(15%)
35. Diagnosis
• Diagnostic criteria — Minimum criteria for establishing a diagnosis
of neuroblastoma have been agreed upon by an international
consensus panel. A definitive diagnosis of neuroblastoma requires
one of the following:
– An unequivocal histologic diagnosis from tumor tissue by light microscopy, with
or without immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, or increased urine (or
serum) catecholamines or their metabolites.
– Evidence of metastases to bone marrow on an aspirate or trephine
biopsy with concomitant elevation of urinary or serum catecholamines or their
metabolites.
36. Treatment
• Treatment plan is assigned based on:
– Stage of the disease.
– Patient age.
– Histologic appearance of the tumor.
– Presence or absence of amplification of the MYCN oncogene.
– Quantitative DNA content of the tumor (DNA index or ploidy).
40. Definition
• Hepatoblastoma is the most common primary
hepatic malignancy in early childhood.
• The majority of hepatoblastomas occur in the
first two years of life and rarely in children older
than five years.
41. Epidemiology
• One percent of all pediatric neoplasias
• The incidence of hepatoblastoma in boys is
twice that in girls.
42. Etiology
• Exact etiology is unknown.
• Syndromes with an increased incidence of
hepatoblastoma include:
– Beckwith Wiedmann syndrome.
– Trisomy 18 & 21.
– Acardia syndrome.
– Li-Fraumeni syndrome.
– Goldenhar syndrome (a type of craniofacial microsomia).
– Type 1a glycogen storage disease (von Gierke’s disease).
– Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP).
45. Staging
Stage Characteristics
Stage I • The tumor is completely resectable via
wedge resection or lobectomy.
• The tumor has PFH results.
• The AFP level is within reference range
within 4 weeks of surgery.
Stage IIA • The tumor is completely resectable.
• The tumor has histologic results other than
PFH (UH).
Stage IIB • The tumor is completely resectable.
• AFP findings are negative at time of diagnosis
(ie, no marker to follow).
Stage III (any of the following) • The tumor is initially unresectable but is
confined to one lobe of liver.
• Gross residual disease is present after
surgery.
• Tumor ruptures or spills preoperatively or
intraoperatively.
• Regional lymph nodes are involved.
Stage IV Distant bone or lung metastasis is present.
47. Treatment
• Treatment plan is assigned based on results of the initial
staging, histological, and molecular studies.
• In General , lines of treatment include:
Surgery Chemotherapy Radiotherapy
50. Definition
• Infantile hemangiomas are benign vascular neoplasms
that have a characteristic clinical course marked by early
proliferation and followed by spontaneous involution.
• Hemangiomas are the most common tumors of infancy
and usually are medically insignificant.
51. Treatment
• The vast majority of infantile hemangiomas do not
require any medical or surgical intervention.
• Intervention may be required for lesions with potential to
interfere with a vital structure or function. These include,
but are not limited to:
– Lesions in the airway, liver, or gastrointestinal tract.
– Lesions in the periorbital region.
– Very large, rapidly growing cutaneous hemangiomas.
The adrenal gland is the most common primary site (40 percent), followed by abdominal (25 percent), thoracic (15 percent), cervical (5 percent), and pelvic sympathetic ganglia (5 percent)
stage I
The tumor is completely resectable via wedge resection or lobectomy.
The tumor has PFH results.
The AFP level is within reference range within 4 weeks of surgery.
Stage IIA
The tumor is completely resectable.
The tumor has histologic results other than PFH (UH).
Stage IIB
The tumor is completely resectable.
AFP findings are negative at time of diagnosis (ie, no marker to follow).
Stage IIC
The tumor is completely resected or rendered completely resectable by initial radiotherapy or chemotherapy or microscopic residual disease is present.
The AFP level is elevated 4 weeks after resection.
Stage III (any of the following)
The tumor is initially unresectable but is confined to one lobe of liver.
Gross residual disease is present after surgery.
Tumor ruptures or spills preoperatively or intraoperatively.
Regional lymph nodes are involved.
Stage IV: Distant bone or lung metastasis is present.