Rhabdomyosarcoma is a rare cancer that forms in the body's soft tissues, such as muscle and connective tissue. In rhabdomyosarcoma, the cancer cells look similar to immature muscle cells.
Medulloblastoma- A primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) is the most common malignant brain tumor of childhood (WHO IV)
arising from the vermis in the inferior medullary velum.
It comprises up to 18% of all pediatric brain tumors.
WNT and Shh pathway plays major role in its pathogenesis.
c-erbB-2 (HER2/neu) oncogene expression has prognostic value. Norcantharidin, Vismodegib, Sonidegib are the future in medulloblastoma.
Rhabdomyosarcoma is a rare cancer that forms in the body's soft tissues, such as muscle and connective tissue. In rhabdomyosarcoma, the cancer cells look similar to immature muscle cells.
Medulloblastoma- A primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) is the most common malignant brain tumor of childhood (WHO IV)
arising from the vermis in the inferior medullary velum.
It comprises up to 18% of all pediatric brain tumors.
WNT and Shh pathway plays major role in its pathogenesis.
c-erbB-2 (HER2/neu) oncogene expression has prognostic value. Norcantharidin, Vismodegib, Sonidegib are the future in medulloblastoma.
CASE REPORT ON RHABDOMYOSARCOMA AT DHAKA DENTAL COLLEGE AN HOSPITAL
Rhabdomyosarcoma is an aggressive and highly malignant form of cancer that develops from skeletal muscle cells that have failed to fully differentiate. It is generally considered to be a disease of childhood, as the vast majority of cases occur in those below the age of 18,with an annual incidence of 4.5 cases per 1 million children, making it the third most prevalent extracranial solid tumor of childhood after neuroblastoma and Wilms tumor.
The first line of treatment for rhabdomyosarcoma typically lasts between five and 12 months. We tailor our treatments to child’s risk group and type of disease. In general, patients in the low-risk group need less therapy than those in the high-risk group, and alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma may need more-intensive therapy than embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma.
Rhabdomyosarcoma treatment usually includes chemotherapy to shrink the tumor and prevent new tumors from forming. Radiation therapy usually begins several months after chemotherapy starts. It’s another effective way of shrinking the tumor. A few patients have surgery after chemotherapy to take out the entire tumor.
Often we do a PET scan after chemotherapy and radiation to see how the tumor responded to the treatments. Study shows that this practice can help predict the chance that the rhabdomyosarcoma will be permanently controlled by chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
We present a case of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of anterior mandible of a 11 months old child, with occasional bleeding for 45 days. Incisional biopsy and histopathology revealed it was a case of small round cell tumor with embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. The pathological tissue was excised from the ant. mandible, the wound site was healing with good facial aesthetics.
Dr. Nusrat Fahmida Trisha
Intern Doctor
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Dhaka Dental College and Hospital
Mirpur-14, Dhaka
Updated Information about inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) - how it is different from other locally advanced breast cancer, pathology, imaging, how it is treated, research directions, resources and contact info for the IBC Network
CASE REPORT ON RHABDOMYOSARCOMA AT DHAKA DENTAL COLLEGE AN HOSPITAL
Rhabdomyosarcoma is an aggressive and highly malignant form of cancer that develops from skeletal muscle cells that have failed to fully differentiate. It is generally considered to be a disease of childhood, as the vast majority of cases occur in those below the age of 18,with an annual incidence of 4.5 cases per 1 million children, making it the third most prevalent extracranial solid tumor of childhood after neuroblastoma and Wilms tumor.
The first line of treatment for rhabdomyosarcoma typically lasts between five and 12 months. We tailor our treatments to child’s risk group and type of disease. In general, patients in the low-risk group need less therapy than those in the high-risk group, and alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma may need more-intensive therapy than embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma.
Rhabdomyosarcoma treatment usually includes chemotherapy to shrink the tumor and prevent new tumors from forming. Radiation therapy usually begins several months after chemotherapy starts. It’s another effective way of shrinking the tumor. A few patients have surgery after chemotherapy to take out the entire tumor.
Often we do a PET scan after chemotherapy and radiation to see how the tumor responded to the treatments. Study shows that this practice can help predict the chance that the rhabdomyosarcoma will be permanently controlled by chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
We present a case of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of anterior mandible of a 11 months old child, with occasional bleeding for 45 days. Incisional biopsy and histopathology revealed it was a case of small round cell tumor with embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. The pathological tissue was excised from the ant. mandible, the wound site was healing with good facial aesthetics.
Dr. Nusrat Fahmida Trisha
Intern Doctor
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Dhaka Dental College and Hospital
Mirpur-14, Dhaka
Updated Information about inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) - how it is different from other locally advanced breast cancer, pathology, imaging, how it is treated, research directions, resources and contact info for the IBC Network
Malignant Mixed Mullerian Tumor – Case Reports and Review ArticleApollo Hospitals
Malignant mixed mullerian tumors are very rare genital tumors. They are biphasic neoplasms composed of an admixture of malignant epithelial and mesenchymal elements. In descending order of frequency they originate in the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, cervix and vagina. Also they arise denovo from peritoneum. They are highly aggressive and tend to occur in postmenopausal low parity women. Because of rarity, there is as such no treatment guidelines available. Multimodality treatment in the form of radical surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy or combined chemoradiation gives a better prognosis & outcome. Two case reports of such tumors, one from ovary and other from penitoneum are presented along with the review of literature.
This report provides comprehensive information on the therapeutic development for Rhabdomyosarcoma, complete with comparative analysis at various stages, therapeutics assessment by drug target, mechanism of action (MoA), route of administration (RoA) and molecule type, along with latest updates, and featured news and press releases. It also reviews key players involved in the therapeutic development for Rhabdomyosarcoma and special features on late-stage and discontinued projects.
http://www.researchmoz.us/rhabdomyosarcoma-pipeline-review-h1-2015-report.html
retroperitoneal tumors esp. retroperitoneal sarcoma is most challenging condition to treat in retroperitoneal region inspite of using all treatment modalities.here is brief description of its management acc. to nccn , and other text book ref.
Paget’s disease of bone is a condition characterized by abnormal and anarchic resorption and deposition of bone, resulting in distortion and weakening of the affected bones
Rhabdomyosarcoma is a malignant mesenchymal tumor with features of skeletal muscle. It is the most common childhood and adolescent soft tissue sarcoma, frequently involving the head and neck in children.
liquisolid technology is a topic related to pharmaceutics presented by konatham teja kumar reddy from chilkur balaji college of pharmcy ,hyderabad,telangana
comparsion of anti-inflammatory activity of bauhina variegata is presented k.shanthi 4th B.pharmacy,chilkur balaji college of pharmacy ,hyderabad,telanganna
pharmacovigilance from pharmaceutical administration topic presented by konatham kumar reddy from chilkur balaaji college of pharmacy hyderabad telangana
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
1. RHABDOMYOSARCOMARHABDOMYOSARCOMA
(MALIGNANT TUMOR)
Under the guidance of:Under the guidance of:
K.K. SEETARAMSEETARAM SWAMYSWAMY, M.Pharm.,, M.Pharm.,
ASSISTANT PROFESSORASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Presented by:
TRIVENI KARLAPUDI
13GD1R0026
IVth B-PHARMACY
2. WHAT IS RHABDOMYOSARCOMAWHAT IS RHABDOMYOSARCOMA
Rhabdomyosarcoma or Rms, is a cancer made up of cells that normally
develop into skeletal muscles.
The body has 3 main types of muscles.
Skeletal (voluntary) muscles are muscles that we control to move parts
of our body.
Smooth muscle is the main type of muscle in internal organs (except for
the heart). For example, smooth muscles in the stomach and intestines
push food along as it is digested. We do not control this movement.
Cardiac muscle is the main muscle type in the heart.
3. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF RHABDOMOYSARCOMA:EPIDEMIOLOGY OF RHABDOMOYSARCOMA:
• Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common soft-tissue sarcoma in children as
well as the third most common solid tumor in children.
• RMS has been correlated with familial cancer syndromes and congenital
abnormalities including
neurofibromatosis type -1,neurofibromatosis type -1,
cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome, and Costello syndromecardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome, and Costello syndrome.
• Nearly 80% of genitourinary tract (GU) RMS are embryonal in nature The
botrytis variant of RMS, characterized by a protuberant mass arising from the
bladder or vagina, is found almost exclusively in infants.
4. PATHOLOGY OF RHABDOMOYSARCOMA:PATHOLOGY OF RHABDOMOYSARCOMA:
• RMS falls into the broader category of small, round, blue-cell tumors of
childhood.
• To identify the characteristics features of RMS:
• To identify the features of RMS ,we use
Light microscopy,
A) Alveolar RMS. Small, round cells lined up along spaces
reminiscent of pulmonary alveoli.
B) Embryonal. Spindle-shaped cells with a stroma-rich appearance.
C) Solid alveolar. Alveolar variant lacking in septations.
D) Leiomyomatous. Embryonal variant predominantly paratesticular
in origin. Reprinted with permission from.
Immunohistochemistry,
electron microscopy,
and molecular genetic techniques
• Those can be used to identify characteristic features of RMS consistent
with a myogenic lineage.
5. Signs and SymptomsSigns and Symptoms
RMS can occur in almost any soft-tissue site in the body.
The most common primary sites of RMS are
genitourinary (24%),
parameningeal (16%),
extremity (19%), orbit (9%),
other head and neck (10%),
and miscellaneous other sites (22%).
6. TYPES OF RMS:TYPES OF RMS:
• Photomicrograph showing nodules of tumor cells separated by hyalinised
fibrous septae (50×, HE stain).
• Rhabdomyosarcoma can be generally divided into
three histological subsets:
1.Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma:1.Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma:
Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) is the most common
histological variant, comprising approximately 60-70% of childhood
cases
It is most common in children 0–4 years old, with a maximum
reported incidence of 4 cases per 1 million children.
ERMS is characterized by spindle-shaped cells with a stromal-rich
appearance
ERMS also has two defined subtypes, boytroid and spindle cell
ERMS, and these subtypes are associated with a favorable prognosis
7. 2.Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma:2.Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma:
It is the second most common type. ARMS comprises approximately
20-25% of RMS-related tumors, and it is equally distributed among
all age groups.
it is the most common form of RMS observed in young adults and
teenagers, who are less prone to the embryonal variant.
This type of RMS is characterized by densely-packed, round cells
that arrange around spaces similar in shape to pulmonary alveoli.
It is also typically more aggressive than ERMS.
3.Anaplastic rhabdomyosarcoma:3.Anaplastic rhabdomyosarcoma:
Anaplastic rhabdomyosarcoma is defined by the presence of
anaplastic cells with large, lobate hyperchromatic nuclei and
multipolar mitotic figures
The anaplastic cells may be diffuse or localized, with the diffuse
variation correlating to a worse prognosis. It occurs most often in
adults, rarely in children
8. DIAGNOSIS OF RHABDOMOYSARCOMA:DIAGNOSIS OF RHABDOMOYSARCOMA:
• Difficult to diagnosis due to its similarities to other cancers and varying
levels of differentiation. It is loosely classified as one of the “small,
round, blue-cell cancer of childhood” due to its appearance on an H&E
stain
• The defining diagnostic trait for RMS is confirmation of malignant
skeletal muscle differentiation with myogenesis (presenting as a plump,
pink cytoplasm) under light microscopy.
• The alveolar type of RMS tends to have stronger muscle-specific
protein staining
• Classification into types and subtypes is accomplished through further
analysis of cellular morphology (alveolar spacings, presence of
cambium layer, aneuploidy, etc.) as well as genetic sequencing of tumor
cells.
• Radiologic evaluation should include plain radiographs of the primary
site as well as a computed tomography (CT) scan of the primary and
surrounding structures
9. STAGING OF RHABDOMOYSARCOMA:
• Following diagnosis and histopathological analysis, the patient will usually
under go magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasonography, and a
bone scan in order to determine the extent of local invasion and metastasis.
• It utilizes a modified TNM (tumor-nodes-metastasis) system originally
developed by the IRSG.
• This system accounts for tumor size (> or <5 cm), lymph node
involvement, tumor site, and presence of metastasis and It grades on a
scale of 1 to 4 based on these criteria.
• The current Children's Oncology Group protocols for the treatment of
RMS categorize patients into one of four risk categories based on tumor
grade and clinical group, and these risk categories have been shown to be
highly predictive of outcome.
10. Treatment of RhabdomyosarcomaTreatment of Rhabdomyosarcoma
• Treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma is a multidisciplinary practice
involving the use of surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and
possibly immunotherapy.
• Surgery is generally the first step in a combined therapeutic approach
• There are two main methods of chemotherapy treatment for RMS.
The VAC regimen, consisting of vincristin, actinomyocin-D,
and cyclophosphamide, and
The IVA regimen, consisting of ifosfamide, vincristin, and
actinomyocin - D.
• Radiation therapy, which kill cancer cells with focused doses of
radiation, is often indicated in the treatment of RMS and this therapy is
used when resecting the entirety of the tumor would involve
disfigurement or loss of important organs
11. Future ChallengesFuture Challenges
• For patients with localized disease who have an excellent chance of cure,
the development of less toxic therapy has the potential for decreasing
long-term morbidity and reducing the risk for secondary neoplasms.
• Patients with metastatic disease continue to do poorly despite dose
intensification, the use of multiagent chemotherapy, aggressive local
control, as well as other strategies, such as ABMT.
• Anti-angiogenic agents or agents aimed at specific targets involved in
metastatic behavior are potential modalities that are being explored.
• In animal models, the anti-angiogenic agent TNP-470 and an antibody to
vascular endothelial growth factor have been shown to inhibit RMS tumor
• Immunotherapy is a more recent treatment modality that is still in
development. This method involves recruiting and training the patient's
immune system to target the cancer cells.
TREATMENT:TREATMENT:
12. Conclusion:Conclusion:
• Rhabdomyosarcoma is a rare aggressive tumor manifesting in
children and young adults
• Localized forms have a good prognosis whereas metastatic
tumors show very poor results. A well-defined treatment
based on surgery and chemotherapy yields good results
• Radiotherapy is indicated in cases of residual foci and
retroperitoneal lymphnodes and strict follow-up has to be
instituted for all patients
13. REFERENCE:
American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2014. Atlanta, Ga: American Cancer
Society; 2014
Breitfeld PP, Meyer WH. Rhabdomyosarcoma: New windows of opportunity.
Oncologist. 2005;10:518-527.
Dome JS, Rodriguez-Galindo C, Spunt SL, Santana VM. Chapter 95: Pediatric solid
tumors. In: Niederhuber JE, Armitage JO, Doroshow JH, Kastan MB, Tepper JE, eds.
Abeloff’s Clinical Oncology. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier; 2014.
Hawkins DS, Spunt SL, Skapek SX; COG Soft Tissue Sarcoma Committee. Children’s
Oncology Group’s 2013 blueprint for research: Soft tissue sarcomas. Pediatr Blood Cancer.
2013:60:1001-1008.
Meza JL, Anderson J, Pappo AS, Meyer WH. Analysis of prognostic factors in patients
with nonmetastatic rhabdomyosarcoma treated on Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Studies
III and IV: The Children’s Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:3844-3851.