It is a basic review presentation on cancer, world's second most dreadful disease followed by cardiovascular events, involving basic defination, pathophysiology, screening methods, types of tumor, tumor origin, cancer cell lines, treatment, recent advancements made in the field and diagnosis.
It is about the cancer initiation, progression, metastasis and angiogenesis. In addition to that viruses responsible for the cancer. oncogenes- protooncogenes, factors responsible for cancer, treatment, cell signaling mechanisms involved.
It is about the cancer initiation, progression, metastasis and angiogenesis. In addition to that viruses responsible for the cancer. oncogenes- protooncogenes, factors responsible for cancer, treatment, cell signaling mechanisms involved.
diagnosis of cancer, bioluminescent detection, diagnosis of cancer, haplotype mapping, imaging gene expression in vivo, types of cancer diagnosis method, ultrasound imaging
Presentation for the cytology (cell biology) course on cancer/tumour. A document with more information can be found for better presenting and understanding of the material.
Microsatellite instability testing is an important part in diagnostics in Metastatic cancer settings after the FDA has given approval for tissue agnostic indications in almost all solid cancers. MSI by PCR and MMR status by IHC is also helpful for evaluation of genetic risk in Colon and Endometrial cancers
Cancer, also called malignancy, is an abnormal growth of cells.
There are more than 100 to 200 types of cancer, including breast cancer, skin cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, and lymphoma. Symptoms vary depending on the type.
Cancer treatment may include chemotherapy, radiation, and/or surgery.
Etiopathogenesis and natural history of ca cervixNiranjan Chavan
CERVICAL CANCER , the 2nd most common cancer in India can be easily prevented with proper adequate screening and awareness.
Adequate sex education is necessary to inculcate safe sexual practices to prevent HPV infection.
What is biomarker?
What is the purpose of biomarker
Processes of biomarker development?
Types of Biomarkers
What is biomarker testing for cancer treatment?
Uses of Biomarkers in Cancer Medicine
Uses of Biomarkers in Cancer Drug Discovery
Principles of cancer chemotherapy: a deep insight, by RxVichuZ!!RxVichuZ
This presentation deals with PRINCIPLES OF CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY.
The following headings are included:
A. PRINCIPLES OF ONCOLOGY
B. CELL-CYCLE
C. PRINCIPLES OF CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY
Precise details have been provided.
Do go through!!
diagnosis of cancer, bioluminescent detection, diagnosis of cancer, haplotype mapping, imaging gene expression in vivo, types of cancer diagnosis method, ultrasound imaging
Presentation for the cytology (cell biology) course on cancer/tumour. A document with more information can be found for better presenting and understanding of the material.
Microsatellite instability testing is an important part in diagnostics in Metastatic cancer settings after the FDA has given approval for tissue agnostic indications in almost all solid cancers. MSI by PCR and MMR status by IHC is also helpful for evaluation of genetic risk in Colon and Endometrial cancers
Cancer, also called malignancy, is an abnormal growth of cells.
There are more than 100 to 200 types of cancer, including breast cancer, skin cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, and lymphoma. Symptoms vary depending on the type.
Cancer treatment may include chemotherapy, radiation, and/or surgery.
Etiopathogenesis and natural history of ca cervixNiranjan Chavan
CERVICAL CANCER , the 2nd most common cancer in India can be easily prevented with proper adequate screening and awareness.
Adequate sex education is necessary to inculcate safe sexual practices to prevent HPV infection.
What is biomarker?
What is the purpose of biomarker
Processes of biomarker development?
Types of Biomarkers
What is biomarker testing for cancer treatment?
Uses of Biomarkers in Cancer Medicine
Uses of Biomarkers in Cancer Drug Discovery
Principles of cancer chemotherapy: a deep insight, by RxVichuZ!!RxVichuZ
This presentation deals with PRINCIPLES OF CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY.
The following headings are included:
A. PRINCIPLES OF ONCOLOGY
B. CELL-CYCLE
C. PRINCIPLES OF CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY
Precise details have been provided.
Do go through!!
Dendrimers is an advanced source of pharmaceutical dosage forms. It improves the ease of drug delivery and better patient compliance. This technique can be used as the prodrug. It can be better used in Anti-Cancer therapy for better results.
The MTT assay and the MTS assay are colorimetric assays for measuring the activity of enzymes that reduce MTT or close dyes (XTT, MTS, WSTs) to formazan dyes, giving a purple color The main application allows to assess the viability (cell counting) and the proliferation of cells (cell culture assays)
It can also be used to determine cytotoxicity of potential medicinal agents and toxic materials, since those agents would stimulate or inhibit cell viability and growth
A tumor marker is a substance present in or produced by a tumor or by the tumor’s host in response to the tumor’s presence that can be used to differentiate a tumor from normal tissue or to determine the presence of a tumor based on measurement in the blood or secretions.
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. These contrast with benign tumors, which do not spread to other parts of the body.
## To understand how cancer develops and progresses, researchers first need to investigate the biological differences between normal cells and cancer cells. This work focuses on the mechanisms that underlie fundamental processes such as cell growth, the transformation of normal cells to cancer cells, and the spread, or metastasis, of cancer cells.
Oncology - For nursing students - tumors classification, cancer, differences between benign and malignant neoplasm,spread of cancer, pathophysiology with cancer cells, carcinogenesis, etiology, cancer screening, cancer prevention, management of cancer, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, bone marrow transplantation, oncologic emergencies
Normal cells have a defined lifespan – they grow, divide, and die in an orderly fashion. A critical balance is maintained between cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.
Its about cancer biology where it includes characteristics features of cancer, hallmarks of cancer, protooncogenes oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, chromosomal translocation, oncogenic viruses, cellular transformation to induce cancer, molecular basis of diagnosis of cancer, development of cancer, carcinogenes, types of cancer, mutation in developing cancer, prevelance of cancer, conversion of proto-oncogenes to oncogenes, oncogene in human cancer, oncogene fusion protein, oncogene activation by chromosomal translocation, BRCA1 and BRCA2, p53, oncogene targeted drugs, CAR-T-cell therapy, Immunotherapy, Monoclonal antibodies.
Cancer is a disease in which some of the body’s cells grow uncontrollably and spread to other parts of the body. Here in this presentation cancer and its characteristics are discussed along with anti-cancer drugs, in brief.
A tumor marker is a substance found in your blood, urine, or body tissue. The term "tumor markers" may refer to proteins that are made by both healthy
....
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
Join us as we delve into the crucial realm of quality reporting for MSSP (Medicare Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).
In this session, we will explore how a robust quality management solution can empower your organization to meet regulatory requirements and improve processes for MIPS reporting and internal quality programs. Learn how our MeasureAble application enables compliance and fosters continuous improvement.
CANCER: A REVIEW: WORLD'S SECOND MOST FEARED DIAGNOSIS
1. RESEARCH GUIDE: RESEARCH SCHOLAR:
Dr. V. P. Rasal Miss Charu Pundir
VICE PRINCIPAL & HOD M.PHARM II YEAR
Department of Pharmacology
KLE COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, BELGAUM
OCT. 25TH 2014
2. Contents
• Introduction
• Cancer incidence
• Pathogenesis
• Causes of cancer
• Diagnosis
• Treatment
• Limitations
• Cancer models
• Cancer research organizations
• Recent advances
• Future trends
• Conclusion
• References
4. Introduction
• Term neoplasia/ tumor means new growth.
• All new growth are not neoplasms as an example-
– Embryogenesis
– Regeneration and repair
– Hyperplasia &
– Hormonal stimulation
• Neoplasm or tumor is a mass of tissue formed as a result of
abnormal, excessive, uncoordinated, autonomous and
purposeless proliferation of cells.
5. Introduction
• Cancer cells are defined by 2 heritable properties-
Reproducing in defiance of normal restraints on cell division.
Invading & colonizing territories normally reserved for other cells.
• Clustered neoplastic tumors are benign that can be removed
surgically.
• Tumor is considered cancerous only if it is malignant, which
acquired the ability to invade surrounding tissue.
• Invasiveness usually implies an ability to break loose, enter
bloodstream or lymphatic vessels, & form secondary tumors,
called metastases.
6. Lymphoma
• Lymphoma is the most common blood cancer.
• The two main forms of lymphoma-
Hodgkin lymphoma (HL)
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)
• Lymphoma occurs when lymphocytes, a type of white blood
cell, grow abnormally.
• Cancerous lymphocytes can travel to many parts of the body,
including the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, blood or
other organs, and can accumulate to form tumors.
Introduction
7. Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL)
• Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is the most common cancer of the
lymphatic system, a part of the immune system. Broadly divided
into two major groups:
B-cell lymphomas
T-cell lymphomas.
• B-cell lymphomas develop from abnormal B-lymphocytes and
account for 85 percent of all NHLs.
• T-cell lymphomas develop from abnormal T-lymphocytes and
account for the remaining 15 percent of all NHLs.
• Non-Hodgkin lymphomas may also be classified as-
Indolent (slow-growing)
Aggressive (fast-growing).
Introduction
8. Classification- based on origin
• Arising from epithelial cells: Carcinoma
• Arising from mesenchymal tumors: Sarcomas
• Carcinoma of Melanocytes- Melanoma
• Carcinoma of hepatocytes- Hepatoma
• Malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue- Lymphoma
• Malignant tumor of testes- Seminoma
• Cancer of blood forming cells- Leukaemia
11. Cancer incidence
• 8.2 million people worldwide died from cancer in 2012.
• 60% of world’s total new annual cases occur in Africa, Asia
and Central and South America.
• 30% of cancers could be prevented.
• More than 1 million new cases of cancer are diagnosed every
year in a population of 1·2 billion.
• An estimated 600 000—700 000 deaths in India were caused
by cancer in 2012
• Around 325,000 people were diagnosed with cancer in 2010
in the UK (approximately 890 people per day). More than 1 in
3 people in the UK will develop some form of cancer during
their lifetime. It remains the most common cause of death
(29%) followed by circulatory diseases(28%) such as heart
disease and strokes.
13. Pathogenesis
• Biology of tumor growth-
Malignant tumors can be divided into 4 phases:
Malignant change in target cell (Transformation)
Growth of the transformed cells
Local invasion
Distant metastasis
14. • Rates of growth
It is determined by 3 main factors:
Doubling time of tumor cells
Fraction of tumor cells that are in the replicative pool
Rate at which cells are shed & lost in the growing lesion.
Pathogenesis
15. Characteristics Benign Malignant
Differentiation/anaplasia Well differentiated;
structure may be typical
tissue of origin
Some lack of differentiation with
anaplasia; structure is often
atypical
Rate of growth Usually progressive & slow;
may come to a standstill or
regress; mitotic figures are
rare & normal
Erratic & may be slow to rapid;
mitotic figures may be numerous
& abnormal
Local invasion Usually cohesive & expansile
well-demarcated masses
that do not invade or
infiltrate surrounding
normal tissues
Local invasive, infiltering the
surrounding normal tissues;
sometimes may be seemingly
cohesive & expansile
Metastasis absent Frequently present; the larger &
more undifferentiated the
primary, the more likely are
metastasis
Pathogenesis
16. Pathways of spread-
Dissemination of cancers may occur through one
of three pathways-
• Seeding of body cavities & surfaces
• Lymphatic spread
• Hematogenous spread
Pathogenesis
19. Grading & cancer staging
• These are the systems to determine the prognosis & choice of
treatment after a malignant tumor is detected.
• Grading- cancers may be graded grossly & microscopically,
based on histology- degree of anaplasia, & the rate of growth
• Grade I: well-differentiated (less than 25% anaplastic cells).
• Grade II: Moderately- differentiated (25-50% anaplastic cells).
• Grade III: Moderately- differentiated (50-75% anaplastic cells)
• Grade IV: Poorly-differentiated or anaplastic (more than 75%
anaplastic cells).
20. • Stage 0- in situ cancer
• Stage 1- localised cancer
• Stage 2- local spread stage, usually includes spread to the
nearest lymph nodes
• Stage 3- usually indicates more extensive lymph node
involvement
• Stage 4- always indicates distant spread.
Grading & cancer staging
22. Causes of cancer
Any cell in the body has the potential to mutate and become a
cancer cell.
Anything that can cause cancer is termed a “carcinogen”.
Some of these include:
• Genetics
• Tobacco, smoking
• Diet deficiencies
• Racial & geographical factors
• Physical Activity
• Radiation carcinogenesis
• Non- radiation Physical Carcinogenesis
• Biologic Carcinogenesis- Parasites, Fungus, Bacteria
• Viral Carcinogenesis (introducing foreign DNA into the cell)
32. Cancer chemotherapy
Drugs acting directly on cells (cytotoxic drugs)
1. Alkylating agents- forms covalent bonds with DNA & thus
impede replication.
Mechlorethamine, Busulfan
2. Antimetabolites- Block or subvert one or more of the
metabolic pathways involved in DNA synthesis.
Methotrexate, 6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP)
3. Vinca alkaloids- specifically affect microtubule function
Vincristine, Vinblastine
38. Cancer In-vitro models
• In- vitro methods-
- Tetrazolium Salt Assay (Microculture Tetrazolium Test or MTT)
- Sulphorhodamine B Assay
- 3H-thymidine Uptake Assay
- Fluorescence
- Dye Exclusion Tests
- Clonogenic Assays
- Cell Counting Assay
39. MTT assay
• Developed by Mossman 1
• Cell proliferation assay
• For determination of cell growth rates
• Testing drug action
• Cytotoxic agents
• Screening biologically active compounds.
• Most rapid & large scale assay
Cancer In-vitro models
40. MTT assay
Principle:
MTT ( 3-4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium
(water soluble)
Conversion
Insoluble formazen
Further solubilisation, using DMSO
Concentration determined by O.D at 570 nm
Cancer In-vitro models
41. Cancer In-vitro models
MERITS
• Less time consuming
• More cost effective
• Small quantities & large
number of compounds can
be tested.
• Easy to manage
• Can be cultured under
controlled environment (pH,
temperature, humidity, O2 ,
CO2
DEMERITS
• Furnish false positive results
& false negative results
• There is need for in-vivo
biotransformation
• Pharmacokinetics can not
be determined
• Difference lies in solid
tumor geometry of in- vivo
& in- vitro experiments.
42. Cancer In-vivo models
• In- vivo methods-
Chemically Induced Tumor Models
Models involving cell line /tumor pieces implantation
43. Chemically Induced Tumor Models-
- DMBA-induced Mouse Skin Papillomas
- N-methyl, N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced Rat Mammary Gland
Carcinogenesis
- DMBA-induced Rat Mammary Gland Carcinogenesis
- MNU-induced Tracheal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Hamster.
Cancer In-vivo models
44. - N,N-Diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced Lung Adenocarcinoma
in Hamster
- 1,2-Dimethylhydralazine (DMH)-induced Colorectal
Adenocarcinoma in Rat & Mouse
- Azoxymethane (AOM)- induced Aberrant Crypt Foci in Rat
- N-Butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)- nitrosamine (OH-BBN)-induced
Bladder Carcinoma in Mouse
Cancer In-vivo models
45. Models involving cell line /tumor pieces implantation-
Specified number of cells of a particular cell line are
inoculated into sensitive mouse strain.
Tumors can be developed rapidly as compared to chemical
carcinogen-induced tumors
Time saving
Cancer In-vivo models
46. Methods involving cell line /tumor pieces implantation-
• Hollow-fiber technique
• Use of xenografts
• Nude mouse model
• Transgenic mouse model
• Newborn rat model
Cancer In-vivo models
47. Merits
• Detect host mediated
activity
• Predictive
• Estimate therapeutic ratio
• Supports in-vitro results
Demerits
• Low sensitivity
• Costly
• Time consuming
• Large number of samples are
difficult to manage
• Toxicological profile of test
drug is needed.
Cancer In-vivo models
49. Cancer research organizations
• WHO
• Indian Cancer Society (ICS)
• Cancer aid society
• American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
• Union for International Cancer Control (UICC)
• Indian association of cancer research
• European cancer organisation (ECCO)
• Cancer association of south africa (CANSA)
51. Recent advances
• Circulating miRNAs: Roles in cancer diagnosis, prognosis and
therapy. 8
• Small-molecule SMAC mimetics as new cancer therapeutics. 9
• Development of new sonosensitizers for sonodynamic cancer
therapy. 10
• Potential of Cancer Cell– Derived Exosomes in Clinical
Application-The biomarkers detected in bodily fluid– derived
exosomes imply a potential for exosomes in cancer diagnosis.
It can be used as a vehicle to selectively deliver therapeutic
nucleic-acid drugs or conventional drugs for tumor therapy. 11
53. Recent advances
• Cardiac dose sparing and avoidance techniques in breast cancer
radiotherapy-
Maneuvers that displace the heart from the field such as
coordinating the breathing cycle or through prone patient
positioning
Technological advances such as intensity modulated radiation
therapy (IMRT) or proton beam therapy (PBT)
Techniques that treat a smaller volume around the
lumpectomy cavity such as accelerated partial breast
irradiation (APBI), or intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT)
Akt and p53R2, partners that dictate the progression and
invasiveness of cancer. 12
54. Recent advances
•Advanced nanovehicles for cancer management & delivery of
drug–nucleic acid combinations for cancer treatment. 13
Figure: Schematics of the preparation process of the RBC
membrane coated poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA)
nanoparticles (NPs)
55. Recent advances
• Types of stem cell transplants for treating cancer-
Autologous stem cell transplants
Tandem transplants
Allogeneic stem cell transplants
Mini transplants (non-myeloablative transplants)
Syngeneic stem cell transplants – for those with an
identical sibling
Half-matched transplants
56. Recent advances
• The p53-mediated cytotoxicity of photodynamic therapy of
cancer. 14
• “Diamond” mammoplasty as a part of conservative
management of breast cancer. 15
• Stereotactic radiotherapy (SABR) for the treatment of primary
non-small cell lung cancer. 16
58. Future trends
• Clinical effectiveness of new drugs may improve if
developments in pharmacogenetics will be done.
• Computer-assisted surgery with three-dimensional imaging
allow the tumour and anatomy of the organ to be clearly
visible.
Intra-operative diagnosis will also be more prevalent.
Ultrasound scans used during surgery may show previously
undiscovered metastases, which can be dealt with
immediately.
• Efforts to mark tumours with a radioactive isotope so that a
Geiger counter passed over the body can detect distant
metastases, or with fluorescent markers that glow in the dark.
59. Future trends
• Minimization of toxicity of combination treatments.
• Elucidation & correlation of mechanism of action of individual
agents, their kinetics, pharmacologic activity, and the mode of
delivery.
• Design of delivery vectors with appropriate timing and
sequence of delivery of individual agents & combinations.
• Discovery of new drug–
Nucleic combinations that would extend beyond the
current dominant focus on overcoming drug resistance
Enhancing the effectiveness
Safety of drug–nucleic acid combinations. 13
60. Future trends
• p53 is the main inducer of p53R2, in order to understand the
precise role of p53R2 and how its levels are elevated in some
cancers, it is suggested to study the ability of mutant p53 in
induction of p53R2.
• On the other hand, since p21 has dual opposite roles in
regulation of cell cycle, and p53R2 can up-regulate p21, it is
better to focus future investigation on the role of p21 in
cancer progression and its association/interactions with
p53R2.
• The need to develop novel sonosensitizers with optimal
properties for treating human cancers. 10
62. Conclusion
• Basic research in cancer biology has provided new targets for
cancer drug development & has brought older targets into
sharper focus, leading to new & novel approaches to cancer
prevention & treatment.
• Conventional methods of drug screening are continuously
being refined or replaced with newer methods & thereby
accelerating the drug development process.
• Efforts are being done to achieve specific predefined locus of
action.
• It is inevitable that in the years to come we will see high
technology, high speed, high volume & information- intensive
approaches to the identification of novel targets genes,
proteins & drugs.
• However, the importance of basic research in the molecular
biology & pharmacotherapy of cancer remains critical.
64. References
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Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd; 2013.
2. Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM. Rang and Dale’s Pharmacology.
London: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2012.
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Medical Publishers; 2013.
4. Gupta SK. Drug Screening Methods. New Delhi: Jaypee
Brothers Medical Publishers; 2009.
5. Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N. Robbins and Cotron Pathologic
Basis of disease. Philadelphia: Saunders ; 2008.
6. Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Molecular Biology of the cell.
New York: Garland Science; 2008.
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new cancer therapeutics: Pharmacology & Therapeutics.
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progress in development of new sonosensitizers for
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12. Shah C, Badiyan S, Berry S, Khan AJ, Goyal S, Schulte K,
Nanavati A, Lynch M,Vicini FA. Cardiac dose sparing and
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