This document discusses language planning, which involves deliberate efforts to influence or change aspects of language use within a community. There are three main types of language planning: status planning determines a language's social functions and prestige; corpus planning focuses on structural changes through standardization and modernization; and acquisition planning aims to change how languages are learned. The goals and ideologies behind language planning vary but often include selecting an official language, developing writing systems, expanding vocabulary, and increasing a language's social domains and number of speakers. Effective language planning requires addressing issues of language rights and obtaining reliable linguistic data.
Description of the subsystems of language and how teachers can draw on their knowledge of language and its subsystems to support ELs in their acquisition of language
Origin of Pidgin and Creole , Theories of origin i.e. Baby Talk Theory, Nautical Jorgan Theory, Independent Parallel Development Theory, Monogenetic/Relaxification theory ,Universalist Theory.
Also the development stages are discussed here:
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Description of the subsystems of language and how teachers can draw on their knowledge of language and its subsystems to support ELs in their acquisition of language
Origin of Pidgin and Creole , Theories of origin i.e. Baby Talk Theory, Nautical Jorgan Theory, Independent Parallel Development Theory, Monogenetic/Relaxification theory ,Universalist Theory.
Also the development stages are discussed here:
For help you can whatsapp me 03015822364
Social factors governing language variationZaraAnsari6
It is a presentation, presenting some social factors that govern language. All the factors are really well elaborated separately with no ambiguity. This presentation will be very beneficial for students to learn about social factors governing language variation.
This presentation answers some questions like: ''How are languages planned in multilingual countries?, What is the role of TDK in Turkish language reform?, What are the processes of Language Planning?'' Language planning in Switzerland, Canada, India and USA is mentioned in this presentation.
Social factors governing language variationZaraAnsari6
It is a presentation, presenting some social factors that govern language. All the factors are really well elaborated separately with no ambiguity. This presentation will be very beneficial for students to learn about social factors governing language variation.
This presentation answers some questions like: ''How are languages planned in multilingual countries?, What is the role of TDK in Turkish language reform?, What are the processes of Language Planning?'' Language planning in Switzerland, Canada, India and USA is mentioned in this presentation.
Overview of issues around language education, identity, oppression and migration in diverse and changing European society. Specific reference is made to Ireland and the case of the Irish language. Language as a mark of power and acces to resources - or otherwise.
I thanks go to Naeem, Sher Azam, Monica Gill, Syed Aziz and Samia Kausar at Quaid e Azam University, Islamabad. I have tried to acknowledge all sources and true to the original data as much as possible, however there are undoubtedly still corrections to be made. If anyone who reads this acknowledgements find a piece of data that needs correction, please notify me at ahdihassan441@gmail.com.
English Phonetics and Phonology By Peter Roach
A Practical course
Second Edition
This presentation is not my own creation.
Just uploaded on Slideshare for the help of others.
This book doesn`t belong to me.
I uploaded it for educational purpose.
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1. Umm-e-Rooman Yaqoob
Roll # 3
B.S (English) 4th semester
“LANGUAGE PLANNING”
Language planning:
Language planningisa deliberate efforttoinfluence the function,structure,oracquisitionof languages
or language varietywithinaspeechcommunity.
It isoftenassociatedwithgovernmentplanning,butisalsousedbya varietyof non-governmental
organizations,suchasgrass-rootsorganizationsandevenindividuals.
The goals of language planningdifferdependingonthe nationor organization,butgenerally include
makingplanningdecisionsandpossiblychangesforthe benefitof communication.
Some specificideologiesare workingbehindlanguage planning.The bureaucrats, the government
officials,upperclass,landlordsare involvedinlanguage planningandtheytake the helpof linguistsand
lexicographers.
Definition:
“Language planningis governmentauthorized,longterm sustainedand
consciouseffortsto alter a language functionin a society for the purpose ofsolvingcommunication
problems” (Weinstein 1980 pg. 56)
Origin:
The term language planningwasintroducedbyAmericanlinguistlaterin1950s to 1960s. It is a
consciousefforttochange the linguisticbehaviourof society.Language policyissometimesusedfor
language planning,itisalanguage practice.
It happenedin1950s to 1960s that many nationsgotindependentinAfricaand Asiaandtheyfacedthe
problemthatwhichlanguage wouldbe official andthenconflictsstarts.
Process of language planning:
Selection
One language isselectedamongmany.Andthatlanguage wouldbe selectedwhichwouldbe the
language of strongpeople.Itmaybe possible thatone language maybe selectedasofficialandone to
be selectedasnational
2. Codification
Anothername of language iscodification.Dictionariesandbooksare printedinthatlanguage.
Elaboration
Elaborationof that language byelectronicmedia,usingnewspapersandinschools.
Acceptance
People speakthatlanguage togeta specificstatusinsociety
Language planning goals:
ElevenLanguage PlanningGoalshave beenrecognized(Nahir2003):
Language Purification– Prescriptionsof usage inorderto preserve the “linguisticpurity”of language,
protectlanguage fromforeigninfluences,andguardagainstlanguage deviationfromwithin.
Language Revival – The attemptto turn a language withfew orno survivingnative speakersbackintoa
normal meansof communication.
Language Reform – Deliberate change inspecificaspectsof language,like orthography,spelling,or
grammar, inorderto facilitate use.
Language Standardization – The attemptto garnerprestige fora regional language ordialect,
transformingitintoone thatis acceptedas the majorlanguage,orstandard language,of a region.
Language Spread – The attemptto increase the numberof speakersof one language atthe expenseof
another.
Lexical Modernization– Word creationor adaptation
TerminologyUnification– Developmentof unifiedterminologies,primarilyintechnical domains
StylisticSimplification– Simplificationof language usage inlexicon,grammar,andstyle.Thatincludes
modifyingthe use of language insocial andformal contexts.
Interlingual Communication – Facilitationof linguisticcommunicationbetweenmembersof distinct
speechcommunities.
Language Maintenance – Preservationof the use of a group’snative language asa firstor second
language where pressuresthreatenorcause adecline inthe statusof the language.
Auxiliary-Code Standardization– Standardizationof marginal,auxiliaryaspectsof language suchas
signsforthe deaf,place names,orrulesof transliterationandtranscription.
3. Types of language planning:
It isan umbrellaterm. Language planninghasbeen dividedintothree types:
Status planning:
o Statusplanningisthe allocationorreallocationof alanguage orvarietyto functional domains
withinasociety,thusaffectingthe status,orstanding,of a language.
o Changesthe functionof the language
o Changesthe varietiesof the language
o Changesthe rightsof the speakersof thatlanguage (status)
Status of language planning
As a resultof statusplanningfollowingthingsare seen:
Official
Jointofficial
Regional official
Promotedlanguage
Toleratedlanguage
Discouragedlanguage
Corpus language:
o Corpusplanningreferstothe prescriptiveinterventioninthe formsof a language,whereby
planningdecisionsare made toengineerchangesinthe structure of the language.
o Corpusplanningactivitiesoftenariseas the resultof beliefsaboutthe adequacyof the formof a
language toserve desiredfunctions.
o There are three traditionallyrecognizedtypesof corpusplanning:graphization,standardization,
and modernization.
o Seekstodevelop avarietyof languge oro language tostandardize it.
o It may involve suchmattersasthe developmentsof orthographs,new sourcesof vocabulary,
dictionaries,literature.Sothatthe language mayextends itsuse intosuchareasas government,
education andtrade.
Ideologies:
Cobarruubias (1983)
Has definedfourtypesof typical ideologiesthatmaymotivate actual decisionmakinginlanguage
planningina particularsociety.They are
Linguistic assimilation :
4. Believe thateveryone regardlessof original shouldlearnthe dominantlanguageof society.Itwasfirst
appliedin France.Andnowitis appliedinBritainandAmericansociety.
Linguistic pluralism:
The recognitionof more thanone language.Itcan take the varietyof almsBelgium, Africaand
Switzerlandare examples.
Vernacularization:
Restorationandelaborationof an indigenous language.Anditsadaptationasanofficial language
“ bhaais”in Indonesia,“Hebrew”in Israel.
Internationalism:
It isthe adaptationof non-indigenous language of weakercommunicationeitherasanofficial language
or for such purposesaseducationortrade e.gEnglishinSingapore, India,Pakistan.
Issues:
2 issuesare involvedwhenyoudolanguage planning.
Language rights:
Rightsof the people speakingotherlanguage change.
Right kind of data:
The availabilityof righttype of dataisverydifficulttoavail.