Code switching refers to alternating between two or more languages or language varieties in conversation. It occurs when speakers switch between languages to quote someone, give emphasis, or establish group membership. There are general rules that govern when and where code switching can occur within sentences based on matching grammar points between languages or determining the dominant language frame. While code switching demonstrates language proficiency, some communities view frequent code switching negatively.
Sociolinguistics - Chapter Two - Language choice in multilingual communitiesAyu Retno Aditya
This document discusses language choice and code switching in multilingual communities. It defines code switching as alternating between two or more languages in discourse, with one language typically dominant. Code mixing occurs when speakers use two languages below the clause level. The codes chosen convey how the speaker wishes to be viewed by others. Diglossia refers to using distinct language varieties for different social functions, with the "high" variety not used in everyday conversation. Code switching is intentional based on factors like topic or audience, while code mixing has no specific purpose and inserts words from another language.
LANGUAGE CHOICE IN MULTILINGUAL COMMUNITIES.pptxArnanPahmi
In multilingual communities, speakers can choose from multiple languages or varieties depending on social context. Code switching refers to alternating between languages for specific purposes, such as changing the topic or accommodating other speakers. Code mixing occurs when speakers insert words or phrases from another language without a clear purpose. How and when people switch or mix codes is influenced by who they are speaking to, the location, topic, and function of the interaction. Living in a multilingual environment requires the ability to use at least two languages and often results in code switching or mixing.
Code-switching refers to alternating between two or more languages or language varieties in a single conversation. It occurs when multilingual speakers incorporate elements of the other languages they know into the one they are primarily using. Code-switching happens both intersententially, between sentences, and intrasententially, within sentences. It is governed by syntactic constraints and tends to occur at points where the grammar of the languages aligns. Borrowing involves adopting words from another language, while code-switching can happen at the syntactic level or above.
Code-switching occurs when a speaker alternates between two or more languages in a single conversation. It is most common in bilingual communities, where speakers will sometimes switch between languages depending on the topic, situation, or person they are speaking to. For example, two people conducting business in English in Tanzania might switch to Swahili for more personal discussions. Code-switching can fulfill communication needs when a speaker is less fluent, express solidarity with a social group, or exclude others who don't understand the second language.
The document defines various linguistic terms related to code switching including code, monolingual, bilingual, and multilingual. It then discusses types of code switching such as inter-sentential, intra-sentential, and tag code switching. Finally, it outlines some common reasons for code switching such as to fulfill a need, show solidarity, reflect social status, based on topic, to express affection, and to persuade an audience.
Code switching and code mixing refer to alternating between two or more languages or varieties of the same language in conversation. It is common in bilingual communities. Code switching involves changing languages between sentences while code mixing incorporates small units like words from one language into sentences of another language. Whether code switching or mixing occurs depends on factors like the topic, situation, participants in the conversation, and the speaker's intentions.
This document defines and distinguishes between code switching and code mixing. It begins by defining key terms like code, monolingual, bilingual, and multilingual. It then discusses factors that influence code choice and the different types of code switching, including intra-sentential, inter-sentential, and tag switching. Finally, it defines code mixing, the reasons for it, and examples of intra-sentential and intra-lexical code mixing.
Code switching refers to alternating between two or more languages or language varieties in conversation. It occurs when speakers switch between languages to quote someone, give emphasis, or establish group membership. There are general rules that govern when and where code switching can occur within sentences based on matching grammar points between languages or determining the dominant language frame. While code switching demonstrates language proficiency, some communities view frequent code switching negatively.
Sociolinguistics - Chapter Two - Language choice in multilingual communitiesAyu Retno Aditya
This document discusses language choice and code switching in multilingual communities. It defines code switching as alternating between two or more languages in discourse, with one language typically dominant. Code mixing occurs when speakers use two languages below the clause level. The codes chosen convey how the speaker wishes to be viewed by others. Diglossia refers to using distinct language varieties for different social functions, with the "high" variety not used in everyday conversation. Code switching is intentional based on factors like topic or audience, while code mixing has no specific purpose and inserts words from another language.
LANGUAGE CHOICE IN MULTILINGUAL COMMUNITIES.pptxArnanPahmi
In multilingual communities, speakers can choose from multiple languages or varieties depending on social context. Code switching refers to alternating between languages for specific purposes, such as changing the topic or accommodating other speakers. Code mixing occurs when speakers insert words or phrases from another language without a clear purpose. How and when people switch or mix codes is influenced by who they are speaking to, the location, topic, and function of the interaction. Living in a multilingual environment requires the ability to use at least two languages and often results in code switching or mixing.
Code-switching refers to alternating between two or more languages or language varieties in a single conversation. It occurs when multilingual speakers incorporate elements of the other languages they know into the one they are primarily using. Code-switching happens both intersententially, between sentences, and intrasententially, within sentences. It is governed by syntactic constraints and tends to occur at points where the grammar of the languages aligns. Borrowing involves adopting words from another language, while code-switching can happen at the syntactic level or above.
Code-switching occurs when a speaker alternates between two or more languages in a single conversation. It is most common in bilingual communities, where speakers will sometimes switch between languages depending on the topic, situation, or person they are speaking to. For example, two people conducting business in English in Tanzania might switch to Swahili for more personal discussions. Code-switching can fulfill communication needs when a speaker is less fluent, express solidarity with a social group, or exclude others who don't understand the second language.
The document defines various linguistic terms related to code switching including code, monolingual, bilingual, and multilingual. It then discusses types of code switching such as inter-sentential, intra-sentential, and tag code switching. Finally, it outlines some common reasons for code switching such as to fulfill a need, show solidarity, reflect social status, based on topic, to express affection, and to persuade an audience.
Code switching and code mixing refer to alternating between two or more languages or varieties of the same language in conversation. It is common in bilingual communities. Code switching involves changing languages between sentences while code mixing incorporates small units like words from one language into sentences of another language. Whether code switching or mixing occurs depends on factors like the topic, situation, participants in the conversation, and the speaker's intentions.
This document defines and distinguishes between code switching and code mixing. It begins by defining key terms like code, monolingual, bilingual, and multilingual. It then discusses factors that influence code choice and the different types of code switching, including intra-sentential, inter-sentential, and tag switching. Finally, it defines code mixing, the reasons for it, and examples of intra-sentential and intra-lexical code mixing.
This document discusses language choice in multilingual communities. It defines key concepts like domains of language use, settings, diglossia, polyglossia, code-switching, and lexical borrowing. Domains involve typical interactions between participants about topics, like family or employment. Settings refer to physical places like home or school. Diglossia describes communities with high and low language varieties used in formal vs informal situations. Code-switching is moving between languages or styles, while lexical borrowing adopts words from another language due to vocabulary lack. Understanding these factors helps explain language choice in multilingual settings.
Sociolinguistics chapter 4 introduction to sociolinguisticsmehdi alba
This document discusses language contact and multilingualism. When languages come into contact, there can be language shift, where speakers adopt a majority language, or language maintenance, where minority languages are continued. Factors like status, territorial distribution, and institutional support influence whether languages are maintained. In multilingual settings, contact languages emerge and languages can converge through shared vocabulary. Code switching and multilingual discourse also occur when speakers mix linguistic elements. Language attitudes are shaped by ideologies like monoglossicism and pluralism. Diglossia describes separate high and low varieties used in different social contexts. Accommodation and audience design influence how speakers adapt their language based on their audience.
I am a lecturer in English at Khawaja Fared Govt. College Rahim Yar Khan. Here is my humble effort to discuss How to choose variety or code in multilingual society.
This document discusses code switching, which is when multilingual speakers alternate between two languages or varieties of the same language in a single conversation. It defines code switching as the process of keeping the linguistic features of each language while switching between them to facilitate conversation. There are three main types of code switching: inter-sentential, which occurs at sentence boundaries; intra-sentential, which occurs within sentences; and tag switching, where a word or phrase from another language is inserted into the conversation. Examples of each type are provided.
Language choice in multilingual communities.pptxAshKlein91
This document discusses language choice in multilingual communities. It defines key concepts like code switching, code-mixing, diglossia, bilingualism, and multilingualism. Code switching refers to alternating between two or more languages in discourse. Code-mixing incorporates elements of two languages within an utterance. Diglossia describes a situation where two language varieties are used differently in a community. Bilingualism is using two languages interchangeably, while multilingualism is the ability to communicate in three or more languages. The document also discusses language registers, styles, jargon, and slang.
The results of our group discussion on sociolinguistics. We take this material from several book references. We uploaded this presentation with the aim that we can learn together especially sociolinguistics. We hope that readers can understand the contents of the material. There are many mistakes please forgive us. Thank you.
This document discusses the complex relationship between language and dialect. It begins by defining key terms like language, dialect, accent, and register. It then examines different ways languages and dialects have been categorized, such as by mutual intelligibility, prestige, size, and through the family tree model of tracing linguistic descent. However, the document notes there is no clear distinction between language and dialect, as variations exist on a continuum. Factors like politics, history and social perceptions further complicate defining and delimiting languages versus dialects.
What is Code switching?
Types of code switching
Example of code switching in print media
Code Mixing
Code Borrowing
Code Switching of Pakistan Languages
Examples from Urdu Text Books & Spoken
This document discusses several key linguistic concepts:
1) Internal variation refers to different ways of expressing the same meaning within a language like "lorry-truck" or "underground-subway".
2) A dialect is a variety of a language spoken by a group that has systematic differences in structure or vocabulary compared to other varieties.
3) An idiolect is the unique variety of language used by an individual based on their personal vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciations.
This document defines and distinguishes between code switching and code mixing in bilingual communication. It explains that code switching involves changing languages unpredictably to fit the environment, and can occur between sentences or within a sentence. In contrast, code mixing involves borrowing words from one language into another without a change in topic, often within a single sentence. The document provides examples and discusses reasons for using code switching or code mixing, including lack of a word in one language, emphasis, or expressing group identity.
This document discusses how language varies based on social context. It explains that speakers use different linguistic varieties, or registers, depending on the social situation. These registers can be characterized by differences in vocabulary and terminology. Formality is also an important factor, and languages may contain distinct formal and informal styles. In some communities like Javanese, there are discrete speech levels that correspond to different social contexts. The document also describes diglossia, where two distinct language varieties exist in a community and are assigned different social functions, like formal vs. informal domains. Language or dialect switching may occur between styles or varieties based on social factors.
This document discusses code switching and borrowing in sociolinguistics. It defines code switching as using more than one language or variety within an utterance. There are three types of code switching: inter-sentential, intra-sentential, and extra-sentential. Code switching serves directive, expressive, referential, phatic, metlinguistic, and poetic functions. Borrowing occurs when a word is adopted from another language and naturalized. There are direct and core types of borrowing. Social factors that influence code switching and borrowing include situation, participant attitudes, topics, quoting others, group identity, and lexical need.
The document discusses code-switching, which refers to alternating between two languages or dialects during conversation. It provides several definitions of code-switching, including Gumperz's distinction between situational, metaphorical, intersentential, and intrasentential code-switching. The document also discusses reasons and functions for code-switching, such as filling gaps, avoiding misunderstanding, adding emphasis, or maintaining privacy. Finally, it notes that code-switching in the classroom can help students by providing instructions, explaining concepts, and defining difficult words to enhance communication.
This document provides an overview of Module 1 of the California Teachers of English Learners (CTEL) program, which focuses on language and language development. It covers key topics like language structure and use, first and second language development, factors affecting language development, and analyzing oral and written discourse. The document lists learning objectives for each section and provides guidance for students to evaluate their existing knowledge and make predictions about upcoming content.
This document discusses social variation in language and key concepts in sociolinguistics. It covers social dialects defined by education and occupation. It also discusses speech styles that vary based on formality, as well as speech accommodation theories of convergence and divergence. Registers are varieties used for different purposes, and examples of jargon, slang, and taboo terms are provided. The document also summarizes African American English as a vernacular continuum and describes some typical sound changes observed.
This document discusses language, dialects, and registers. It begins by defining the difference between a language and dialect, noting that a dialect is a regional variety of a larger language. It then discusses two types of dialects: geographical/regional dialects, which vary based on geographic location; and social dialects, also called sociolects, which vary based to social factors like occupation, age, or class. Finally, it defines language registers as levels of formality, outlining five main registers from frozen to intimate and factors like audience and purpose that influence register choice.
The document discusses the history and emergence of code-switching research, defining it as the alternation between two languages used by bilingual speakers. It examines reasons for and functions of code-switching, including to ease communication, convey social and linguistic meanings, emphasize points, and show group identity. Attitudes toward code-switching are also explored, having traditionally been viewed negatively but now seen as a natural part of bilingual communication.
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2. POINTS TO BE DISCUSSED
Common Examples of CS
Introduction
Types of CS
CS Definition/types
CM Definition/Types
Code mixing: Situations
Difference between CS and CM
Borrowing
Causes of borrowing
Conclusion
3. INTRODUCTION
It is the use of more than one language, variety, or style by speaker within
an utterance or discourse, or between different interlocutors or situations.
Switching of the code usually occurs when there is more than one
language in communication (usually happens in bi/multilingual
environment).
The speaker uses his or her ability in another language, style, dialect on
different occasions.
Code switching and code mixing is the phenomenon of code choice.
4. TYPES OF CODE SWITCHING
• Inter sentential CS—It occurs between clause or sentence boundary,
where each clause or sentence is in one language or another. For
example:
Me tu yahan hoon. What happened? (U> E)
I can explain it to you. Kia ap ko mari baat ke samaj ai hai? (E>U)
5. TYPES OF CODE SWITCHING
(CON)
• Intrasentential CS --It occurs inside the same clause or sentence and contains
elements of both languages. The blending of syntax and morphology of both
languages are used by bilinguals with high levels of fluency. Example:
Roznama Express Peshawar ka lia assistant page maker ki zarorat hai
(It can also be called inter lexical code mixing)
• Tag switching. It is simply the insertion of a tag in one language in an utterance
which is entirely in the other language, e.g.
Uski tajweez achi hai. Isn’t it?
6. CODE MIXING- DEFINITION/TYPES
Code-mixing refers to any admixture of linguistic elements of two or more
language systems in the same utterance.
It has following types :
(1) phonological (Fatigue> fatik, strawberry>stoberi
(2) lexical (dokan ka lia saleman darkar hai)
(3) grammatical (changing the category of words)
7. CODE MIXING: SITUATIONS
Talking about a particular topic
Quoting somebody else, (quotation)
Being emphatic about something, (main na kitni dafa ya baat repeat ki , ap must
ain?)
Inserting sentence fillers (interjection) -Shit yar!
Repetition for the sake of clarification, ( samaj agai ?…. understand)
Expressing group identity (Islamabad united, Lahore Qalandars)
8. CODE MIXING: SITUATIONS
softening/strengthening request, (please, mara kam kar lain)
excluding other people (when a comment is intended for only a limited
audience)
real lexical need ( when a speaker is at a loss to find a word in lang A)
code mixing is found mainly in informal interactions (people feel free in
informal sit).
In formal situation, it occurs only as a matter of necessity)
9. CODE SWITICHING AND CODE
MIXING
Emphasis on switching
Usually occurs at sentence or clause ,
or discourse level
no adaptation or integration of words
Is done intentionally because speakers want to
express themselves with a personal style or
flavor
Emphasis on hybridization
Occurs at phrase or word level
or within a word
process of code mixing is
conceived as borrowing.
unintentionally simply
because they don't know the
correct word or phrase.
10. BORROWING
Borrowing is a word adopted from another language completely or
partially naturalized.
The language from which a word/s has been borrowed will be called
the donor language, and the language into which it has been
borrowed is the recipient language.
For example : Television: Tele from GREEK (Far off) Visio from
LATIN (to see) Pizza from ITALY Hamburger from GERMAN
Borrowing occurs through oral speech or in written ( through
books)
11. CAUSES OF BORROWING
When speakers of one language fall under the influence of another
language because there is something more “attractive” about that
language – the attraction largely being associated with the higher
prestige. (for example in Pakistan English Language is a symbol of high
prestige)
Is a consequence of cultural contact between two language
communities (Urdu lashkari zaban)
A borrowing word may be partly or fully naturalized in the receiving
language.
12. CONCLUSIONS
Language is a social phenomenon and code switching and mixing occurs both in
monolingual speech communities where people use different varieties of the
same language.
Moreover, it also occurs in bi/multilingual communities where two languages
are code switched or mixed.
The process of code switching and mixing occurs both within the sentence or
between sentences in a single conversation or discourse.
Lastly, languages borrow words from other languages as a result of social
prestige or cultural contact. A borrowed word may be fully naturalised or partly
naturalized with some modification in its form or sound.