The document discusses language planning in multilingual countries, highlighting the roles of governmental, legal, and educational bodies in determining the status of different languages. It details the processes of language planning, such as selection, codification, elaboration, and implementation, alongside the historical context of language reform in Turkey led by the Turkish Language Association. Additionally, it notes the challenges of maintaining a national language amid cultural history and foreign influence, particularly in terms of vocabulary adaptation.

1. December 28, 2015
Anadolu University Eskişehir

2. When two or more languages are spoken in a
country, how is the decision made?
Government, legal and educational bodies
have to plan which one to be used for official
business.

3. Language planning
is all conscious efforts that aim at changing the
linguistic behavior of a speech community.

4. Language status is the position or standing of a
language other languages.
Juridical Status
Sole official language (e.g. French in France and Turkish in
Turkey)
Joint official language (e.g. English and French in Canada;
French, German, Italian and Romansh in Switzerland)

5. Regional official language
(e.g. Igbo in Nigeria; Marathi in
India)
Promoted language – lacks
official status on a national or
regional level but is promoted
and sometimes used by public
authorities for specific functions
(e.g.Spanish in New Mexico)
Tolerated language – neither
promoted nor proscribed;
acknowledged but ignored
(e.g. Native American
languages in the United States)

6. Proscribed language – discouraged by official
sanction or restriction (e.g. Macedonian in
Greece)

8. Codification
Elaboration Implementation
The process of language planning:
Selection
Acceptance

9. Educational, legal and government systems
gradually introduce a language as the ‘official
language’
Codification Standard variety is established via basic
grammars, dictionaries and written models
Elaboration
Standard variety is developed for use in all
aspects of social life and the appearance of a
body of literary work written in the standard
Implementation Government attempts to encourage
the use of the standard
Acceptance
Substantial majority of the population use
the standard, and to think of it as the
national language, playing a part in not
only social, but also national identity

10. Language Reform – deliberate change in specific aspects
of language, like orthography, spelling, or grammar, in
order to facilitate use. (Nahir 2003)
Language reform and modern Turkish
After the foundation of the Republic of Turkey and
the script reform, the Turkish Language
Association (TDK) was established in 1932 with the aim
of conducting research on Turkish. One of the tasks of
the newly established association was to initiate
a language reform to replace words of Arabic and
Persian origin with Turkish equivalents.

11. While the generations born before the 1940s tend to
use the older terms of Arabic or Persian origin, the
younger generations favor new expressions.
Atatürk himself, in his lengthy speech to the
new Parliament in 1927, used a style of Ottoman
which sounded so alien to later listeners that it had to
be "translated" three times into modern Turkish: first
in 1963, again in 1986, and most recently in 1995.

12. TDK
Banning the usage of imported words in the press, the
association succeeded in removing several hundred
foreign words from the language. While most of the
words introduced to the language by the TDK were
newly derived from Turkic roots, it also opted for
reviving Old Turkish words which had not been used
for centuries.

13. In 2005, 93% of the population of Turkey were native speakers
of Turkish, about 67 million at the time, with Kurdish making
up the biggest minority. However, most linguistic minorities in
Turkey are bilingual, speaking Turkish with native-like
fluency.

14. The past few decades have seen the continuing work
of the TDK to coin new Turkish words to express new
concepts and technologies as they enter the language,
mostly from English. Many of these new words
technology terms have received widespread
acceptance. However, the TDK is occasionally
criticized for coining words which sound artificial.

15. Dejenerasyon: Yozlaşma, Depresyon: Çökkünlük,
Deterjan: Kirgideren, Endoskop: İçgöreç,
Migren: Yarım Baş Ağrısı, Nüks: Depreşme,
Refleks: Tepke, Halusinasyon: Varsanım,
Akut: İvegen, Kronik: Süreğen, Radyoaktif: Işınetkin,
Nazal: Burundan, Makyöz: Düzgüncü-Yüzyapan,
Grip: Paçavra Hastalığı, Kürtaj: Kazıma,
Epilasyon: Kılsızlaştırma, Traş Bıçağı: Kılkeser,
Prospektüs: Tanıtmalık, Mazoşist: Özezer,
Anestezi: Uyuşturum