Cns i brain tumours
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This document discusses cerebral edema, hydrocephalus, and brain tumors. It defines cerebral edema as excess water in the brain parenchyma, and classifies it as vasogenic, cytotoxic, or interstitial. Hydrocephalus is defined as excess water in the ventricular system, and is classified as primary, secondary, or congenital. Brain tumors are classified based on their cell of origin, including glial cells, arachnoidal cells, nerve sheath cells, lymphoreticular cells, and primitive neuroectodermal cells. Specific brain tumors discussed include astrocytomas, meningiomas, pituitary adenomas, and childhood brain tumors.
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This document provides a summary of neurosurgery topics including neuroembryology, neural tube defects, posterior fossa malformations, syringomyelia, neuroanatomy, dural venous sinuses, intracranial pressure, CSF physiology, common neurosurgical questions, and raised ICP management. Key points include:
- Neural tube formation begins in the third week of development and involves neural plate elevation and fusion.
- Common neural tube defects include spina bifida, anencephaly, and Chiari malformations.
- Posterior fossa malformations include Chiari I/II malformations and Dandy-Walker syndrome.
- Syringomyelia causes dissociated
Neural tube defects
This document discusses neural tube defects, which result from failure of the neural tube to close during early development. It describes the classification, diagnosis, investigations, management, and prevention of various neural tube defects including anencephaly, encephalocele, spina bifida, meningocele, and myelomeningocele. Prenatal screening and folic acid supplementation are important for prevention, while management requires a multidisciplinary approach to address physical, developmental, and cognitive issues.
Cerebrospinal fluid
this ppt includes how CSF is formed, circulated and absorbed in our body; functions of CSF; brief description of blood brain barrier and its importance
BRAIN-TUMORS.pptx
Brain tumors can be primary (arise from brain tissue) or secondary (metastatic tumors from other areas). Primary tumors are often classified based on the brain tissue they originate from, such as gliomas arising from glial cells. Common types include glioblastomas, meningiomas, pituitary adenomas, and acoustic neuromas. Brain tumors can cause increased intracranial pressure, seizures, focal neurological deficits, and hormonal issues depending on their location in the brain. Diagnosis involves imaging like MRI and biopsy. Treatment goals are tumor removal through surgery with adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy.
BRAIN-TUMORS.pptx
Brain tumors can be primary (arise from brain tissue) or secondary (metastatic tumors from other areas). Primary tumors are often classified based on the brain tissue they originate from, such as gliomas arising from glial cells. Common types include glioblastomas, meningiomas, pituitary adenomas, and acoustic neuromas. Brain tumors can cause increased intracranial pressure, seizures, focal neurological deficits, and hormonal issues depending on their location in the brain. Diagnosis involves imaging like MRI and biopsy. Treatment goals are tumor removal through surgery with adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy.
intracranial space occupying lession (pediatrics)
This document discusses intracranial space occupying lesions (ICSOL) in children, including their causes, signs and symptoms, and clinical features. ICSOLs put pressure on the brain and cause damage by disrupting nearby structures, raising intracranial pressure, and causing electrical disturbances. Common causes include tumors, infections like abscesses and cysticercosis, and vascular lesions. Signs and symptoms vary depending on the location of the lesion but can include headaches, vomiting, seizures, cranial nerve palsies, and neurological deficits. Diagnosis is typically made using imaging tests like CT or MRI scans. Treatment involves managing increased intracranial pressure, addressing the underlying cause, and sometimes surgery.
Central nervous system pathology
This document discusses cellular reactions and pathologies in the central nervous system. It begins by outlining the typical reactions of neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and other glial cells to injury. It then describes various inclusion bodies, degenerative changes, and proliferative reactions that may occur. The rest of the document covers topics like cerebral edema, hydrocephalus, herniation, malformations and developmental disorders of the brain. It includes detailed descriptions and diagrams of various neural tube defects, forebrain anomalies, and other congenital central nervous system abnormalities.
L75- Pathology of CNS Tumors.ppt
The document discusses various types of central nervous system (CNS) tumors. It notes that CNS tumors comprise 10% of all tumors and are most common in children and the fifth decade of life. Primary CNS tumors are infiltrative while metastases are well-demarcated. Common primary tumor types include meningiomas, gliomas such as astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas, and nerve sheath tumors like schwannomas. Clinical features can include increased intracranial pressure, neurological deficits, and seizures. Microscopic features help distinguish tumor types, such as psammoma bodies in meningiomas and pseudopalisades in glioblastomas.
BRAIN TUMOR prepared by MS. Neha kewat.pptx
A brain tumor is a mass or growth of abnormal cells in the brain. It can be primary, originating from brain cells, or secondary/metastatic, spreading from other parts of the body. Primary brain tumors are classified based on their origin and include gliomas, meningiomas, and pituitary adenomas. Common symptoms include headache, vomiting, seizures, and visual/sensory changes depending on the location of the tumor in the brain. Diagnosis involves neurological exams, imaging like CT/MRI, and other tests. Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and medications to relieve symptoms.
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Presentation1.pptx, congenital malformation of the brain.
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Skin tumour 2
This document summarizes several types of skin tumors and lesions. It discusses non-melanoma skin cancers like basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), which are locally invasive but rarely spread. Malignant melanoma has more potential to metastasize and outcomes depend on stage of diagnosis. Risk factors for skin cancers include ultraviolet light exposure, radiation, and immunosuppression. Treatment involves surgical excision. The document also covers pre-cancerous lesions like actinic keratosis and describes benign pigmented lesions.
Skin tumour 1
The document discusses three common types of skin malignancies: basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and melanoma. It compares their risk factors, clinical behavior, risks of metastasis and death. Prognosis in melanoma depends on how early it is detected and staging. Melanoma risk is higher in some groups. Benign pigmented skin lesions are common, but melanoma poses the greatest threat due to potential spread. The document also describes skin structure from epidermis to subcutaneous fat.
Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's disease is a neurological disorder caused by loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra. Its main symptoms are tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, and impaired balance and coordination. Diagnosis is based on medical history and clinical examination showing the characteristic motor symptoms. Treatment aims to control symptoms and preserve function, primarily using dopamine replacement therapy such as levodopa and dopamine agonists. Other options include deep brain stimulation surgery for advanced cases with motor fluctuations or dyskinesia.
Multiple sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the central nervous system characterized by demyelination of nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord. Common symptoms include vision problems, muscle weakness, numbness, and impaired coordination. The cause is believed to be an autoimmune reaction where the immune system attacks myelin. A diagnosis requires evidence of lesions in both time and space on clinical examination and MRI imaging. While there is no cure, treatments aim to reduce inflammation and relapse rate to slow progression of disability.
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This document summarizes information about different types of skin cancer:
- Basal cell carcinoma arises from basal cells and does not metastasize but can invade bone and cartilage. It appears as small nodules that ulcerate and form raised edges, most commonly on the face. Treatment includes surgery, cryotherapy, and radiotherapy.
- Malignant melanoma arises from melanocytes and is increasing in incidence at 6% per year. It can arise from pre-existing moles. Types include superficial spreading, nodular, lentigo maligna melanoma. Staging uses Breslow thickness and Clarke levels. Treatment includes wide local excision and immunotherapy.
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This document summarizes key information about different types of soft tissue tumors:
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This document summarizes several types of inflammatory and infectious arthritis. It describes seronegative spondyloarthritis as arthritis that is negative for rheumatoid factor but affects the sacroiliac joints and spine, often associated with HLA-B27. Ankylosing spondylitis is a type of seronegative spondyloarthritis that causes chronic inflammation of the lumbar and sacroiliac regions. Reactive arthritis and Reiter's syndrome can develop after genitourinary or gastrointestinal infections and present as a triad of arthritis, urethritis, and conjunctivitis. Psoriatic arthritis is associated with the skin condition psoriasis. Suppurative arthritis is caused by bacterial infections like
Joints 1
Synovial joints allow for movement between articulating bone surfaces that are covered by hyaline cartilage. There are two main types of cells in the synovial membrane - type A macrophages that remove debris, and type B cells that produce lubricating proteins. Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis and affects over 80% of elderly individuals. It is a degenerative joint disease caused by aging, repetitive joint use, obesity, genetics and prior joint injury. The cartilage in osteoarthritis breaks down over time, reducing its ability to absorb pressure and lubricate the joint, leading to pain and stiffness. Treatment focuses on relieving pain through medications and joint replacement if needed to restore function.
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Epilepsy can be classified as either generalized or partial. Generalized epilepsy involves seizures that affect both sides of the brain, and partial epilepsy involves seizures that affect one area. Diagnosing epilepsy involves taking a medical history and conducting investigations. Management depends on the epilepsy classification and involves anti-seizure medications. Evaluation includes assessing seizure type, frequency, medication history, and psychosocial factors.
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This document discusses the evaluation and management of epilepsy. It recommends optimal use of EEG and MRI studies to diagnose partial or focal epilepsy. It emphasizes finding an adequate level of seizure control without side effects through individualizing treatment, monitoring for underlying causes, and considering epilepsy surgery for refractory cases. Non-epileptic seizures also require differential diagnosis and intervention for any underlying psychological issues. A multidisciplinary approach is advocated including lifestyle management, addressing medical comorbidities, anti-epileptic drugs, epilepsy surgery evaluation, and other treatments for refractory epilepsy.
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This document summarizes key information about low back pain, including:
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This document summarizes different types of bone tumors. It discusses that bone tumors in children are usually primary tumors, while in adults they are often secondary tumors or myeloma. It separates bone tumors into those that form bone and those that form cartilage. Bone forming tumors include benign osteomas and malignant osteosarcomas. Cartilage forming tumors include benign osteochondromas and malignant chondrosarcomas. It provides details on specific bone tumors such as osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma, osteosarcoma, enchondroma, chondroblastoma, and Ewing's sarcoma.
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This document summarizes several bone diseases and conditions:
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Bone 1
This document summarizes the structure and formation of normal bone as well as some common congenital bone disorders. It describes the organic and inorganic components of bone, the cells involved in bone formation and resorption, and the process of ossification. It also discusses three specific bone disorders - achondroplasia, which causes dwarfism; osteogenesis imperfecta, which results in fractures and fragile bones; and osteopetrosis, known as marble bone disease, which causes bones to harden excessively.
Skin disease brief overview
This document discusses skin diseases and their diagnosis and treatment. It covers a range of skin diseases from neoplastic and malignant cancers like basal cell carcinoma and melanoma, to inflammatory diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Common risk factors for skin diseases include sun exposure, fair skin, age, and genetic disorders. Dermoscopy is used to diagnose skin lesions by examining features like asymmetry, irregular borders, color variation, diameter, and changes in the lesion over time. Treatment options depend on the disease but may include surgical excision, cryotherapy, or radiotherapy, with prognosis based on the cancer staging system.
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Bones pathology
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Cns i brain tumours
- 1. CNS I: Brain Tumour 1 SG5® A. CEREBRAL OEDEMA (Diffuse Brain Swelling) Definition: Excess water in ECF (cerebral parenchyma) which results in increase in cerebral volume! Classification of cerebral oedema: I. Vasogenic: due to blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction (tight junction open), leading to increased cerebral vascular permeability -causes of dysfunction: trauma and tumour II. Cytotoxic: due to cellular injury to neurone and glia, leading to membrane integrity lost and Na/K ATPase pump fails -causes of cellular injury: ischaemia III. Interstitial: due to damaged ventricular filling in hydrocephalus
- 2. CNS I: Brain Tumour 2 SG5® B. HYDROCEPHALUS Definition: Excess water in ventricular system Classification of hydrocephalus: I. Primary hydrocephalus - Due to: i. CSF overproduction – due to choroid plexus papilloma ii. CSF circulation blockage – at foramen of Monro, aqueduct of Sylvius and foramen of Luschka iii. CSF reabsorption failure - due to arachnoid granulations II. Secondary hydrocephalus - Due to: i. Loss of brain tissue (hydrocephalus ex vacuo) –due to stroke or injury which results in shrinkage of brain III. Congenital hydrocephalus -Arnold-Chiari malformation: Tonsilar herniation Elongated brainstem Small 4th ventricle Tectal beaking (fusion of midbrain) Hydrocephalus
- 3. CNS I: Brain Tumour 3 SG5® C. BRAIN TUMOUR (all brain tumours are lethal!) Never metastasis Always recur locally! Small volume of tumour is lethal Normal brain function until tumour reaches large size! All brain tumours potentially lethal! Irrespective of the grade Causes: (causes mostly unknown!) I. Genetic: Tuberous sclerosis Neurofibromatosis Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome II. Radiation III. Familial -relatives IV. Viral V. Chemical VI. Immunosuppresion Clinical presentations: I. Cerebral oedema II. Neurological deficit- progressive and focal III. Seizure IV. Behavioural change V. RIP (Raised intracranial pressure!)
- 4. CNS I: Brain Tumour 4 SG5® Classification of CNS tumour: Cells of origin CNS tumour Glial cells -Diffusely infiltrating -Blend with surrounding brain -Grow to large size before symptoms appear -Prognosis: i. Histological grade ii. Level of patient disability iii. Adequacy of resection astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma (1p19q deletion), ependymoma, glioblastoma Arachnoidal cells Meningioma Nerve sheath cells Schwannoma (unilateral nerve deafness), neurofibroma -if bilateral deafness, think of neurofibromatosis Lymphoreticular cells Lymphoma Primitive neuroectodermal cells (PNET) Medulloblastoma, neuroblastoma Pinealoma and pituitary adenoma! Development of normal brain tissues and neoplasm of brain tissue
- 5. CNS I: Brain Tumour 5 SG5® a) GLIOMA 1) Astrocytoma Classifications: Non-infiltrating -Juvenile pilocytic -Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma -Subependymoma Infiltrating -Astrocytoma (low grade) (No mitoses or necrosis) -Anaplastic astrocytoma (Mitoses) -Glioblastoma multiforme (Mitoses and necrosis) Tx: Surgery (resection) -Craniotomy + maximum safe debulking -Stereotactic volumetric resection Radiotherapy -Conventional external beam -Stereotactic radiation -Proton beam Chemotherapy -Systemic -Direct (into the tumour):- Gliadel Therapeutic resistances: Radical resection is difficult Radiotherapy constraints Tumour heterogeneity Blood tumour barrier
- 6. CNS I: Brain Tumour 6 SG5® b) TUMOUR OF ARACHNOIDAL CELLS 1) Meningioma Do not invade the brain Relatively easy to resect Lethal if not treated due to RIP!!! c) PITUITARY ADENOMA Classifications: Macroadenoma -Compress optic nerve bilateral hemianopia Microadenoma -Hypo and hyper secretions d) CHILDHOOD BRAIN TUMOURS more devastating than adult 70% below tentorium Treatments have negative impacts on developing nervous system Endocrine effects Psychological effects Behavioural effects Development effects Classifications: i. Cerebellar astrocytoma (morning headache and vomiting) Cystic Easily resected! No need additional therapy Excellent long term survival ii. Brain stem astrocytoma Impossible to resect! Craniopharyngioma/Rathke’s pouch tumour – tumour of pituitary gland of embryonic tissue 4C’s Childhood -growth retardation and blindness Cystic Calcified Cholesterol in cyst
- 7. CNS I: Brain Tumour 7 SG5® Consequences: -Major neurological defects -Obstructive hydrocephalus Low grade Palliative care indicated iii. Medulloblastoma (PNET) Pluripotent stem cell Divergent differentiation