The document provides an overview of the nervous system, its development, injuries, and diseases. It discusses the main tissues of the nervous system including neurons, neuroglia, microglia and meninges. Common developmental anomalies like spina bifida and hydrocephalus are described. Infections of the nervous system such as meningitis, encephalitis and brain abscesses are summarized. Additionally, the document outlines cerebrovascular diseases, trauma to the central nervous system, tumors of the CNS, and increased intracranial pressure.
Central nervous system tuberculosis (CNS TB) can manifest as tuberculous meningitis, tuberculomas, or spinal tuberculous arachnoiditis. It accounts for 1-2% of active TB cases and 8% of extrapulmonary TB. The document discusses the pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of CNS TB. It provides details on the types of CNS TB, their characteristics, and treatment involving antitubercular drugs with or without corticosteroids and intrathecal therapy.
A brain abscess is a focal, suppurative brain infection that is typically surrounded by a vascularized capsule. It most commonly presents with headache, fever, and a focal neurological deficit. Diagnosis is made through neuroimaging such as MRI or CT scan. Treatment involves intravenous antibiotics, surgical drainage or excision of the abscess, and anticonvulsant medication to prevent seizures.
This document provides an overview of central nervous system infections, focusing on acute bacterial meningitis. It describes the typical causes, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, complications and treatment of bacterial meningitis. Key points include that the most common causes are Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. Bacteria reach the subarachnoid space via the bloodstream or direct invasion. Typical symptoms are fever, headache, vomiting and signs of meningeal irritation. Diagnosis involves CSF analysis showing cloudy appearance, high pressure, neutrophil pleocytosis, elevated proteins and low glucose. Complications can include subdural effusions, hydrocephalus and brain damage.
This document provides an overview of central nervous system infections, focusing on acute bacterial meningitis. It describes the typical causes, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, complications and treatment of bacterial meningitis. Key points include that the most common causes are Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. Bacteria reach the subarachnoid space via the bloodstream or direct invasion. Typical symptoms are fever, headache, vomiting and signs of meningeal irritation. Diagnosis involves CSF analysis showing cloudy appearance, high pressure, neutrophil pleocytosis, elevated proteins and low glucose. Complications can include subdural effusions, hydrocephalus and brain damage.
The document discusses various types of intracranial infections including meningitis, encephalitis, abscesses and empyemas. It describes the typical causative organisms, clinical presentations, imaging findings and complications for each type. Advanced neuroimaging techniques like MRI, PET and SPECT are now used to aid in the evaluation and diagnosis of intracranial infections beyond traditional CT scanning.
This document provides information on meningitis, including its causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic evaluation, and management. It begins by defining meningitis as an inflammation of the meninges caused by various infectious microorganisms or non-infectious etiologies. The major causes are categorized as infective, including bacteria (such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae), viruses, fungi, and parasites, or non-infective such as cancers or autoimmune disorders. Clinical presentation varies depending on age but may include headache, fever, vomiting, seizures, and neck stiffness. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture for cerebrospinal fluid analysis along with imaging and lab tests. Management is
Meningitis is an inflammation (swelling) of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. A bacterial or viral infection of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord usually causes the swelling. However, injuries, cancer, certain drugs, and other types of infections also can cause meningitis.
This document discusses various intracranial complications that can arise from chronic otitis media, including:
1. Meningitis, which is the most common complication and occurs when infection spreads from the middle ear to the membranes covering the brain.
2. Extradural and subdural abscesses, which develop when infection spreads through the bone and collects between the skull and brain or between the brain's membranes.
3. Brain abscesses, which usually form when infection extends from the middle ear into the brain tissue, commonly through areas of bone dehiscence. Lateral sinus thrombophlebitis involves infection and clot formation within the venous sinus near the ear.
Central nervous system tuberculosis (CNS TB) can manifest as tuberculous meningitis, tuberculomas, or spinal tuberculous arachnoiditis. It accounts for 1-2% of active TB cases and 8% of extrapulmonary TB. The document discusses the pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of CNS TB. It provides details on the types of CNS TB, their characteristics, and treatment involving antitubercular drugs with or without corticosteroids and intrathecal therapy.
A brain abscess is a focal, suppurative brain infection that is typically surrounded by a vascularized capsule. It most commonly presents with headache, fever, and a focal neurological deficit. Diagnosis is made through neuroimaging such as MRI or CT scan. Treatment involves intravenous antibiotics, surgical drainage or excision of the abscess, and anticonvulsant medication to prevent seizures.
This document provides an overview of central nervous system infections, focusing on acute bacterial meningitis. It describes the typical causes, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, complications and treatment of bacterial meningitis. Key points include that the most common causes are Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. Bacteria reach the subarachnoid space via the bloodstream or direct invasion. Typical symptoms are fever, headache, vomiting and signs of meningeal irritation. Diagnosis involves CSF analysis showing cloudy appearance, high pressure, neutrophil pleocytosis, elevated proteins and low glucose. Complications can include subdural effusions, hydrocephalus and brain damage.
This document provides an overview of central nervous system infections, focusing on acute bacterial meningitis. It describes the typical causes, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, complications and treatment of bacterial meningitis. Key points include that the most common causes are Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. Bacteria reach the subarachnoid space via the bloodstream or direct invasion. Typical symptoms are fever, headache, vomiting and signs of meningeal irritation. Diagnosis involves CSF analysis showing cloudy appearance, high pressure, neutrophil pleocytosis, elevated proteins and low glucose. Complications can include subdural effusions, hydrocephalus and brain damage.
The document discusses various types of intracranial infections including meningitis, encephalitis, abscesses and empyemas. It describes the typical causative organisms, clinical presentations, imaging findings and complications for each type. Advanced neuroimaging techniques like MRI, PET and SPECT are now used to aid in the evaluation and diagnosis of intracranial infections beyond traditional CT scanning.
This document provides information on meningitis, including its causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic evaluation, and management. It begins by defining meningitis as an inflammation of the meninges caused by various infectious microorganisms or non-infectious etiologies. The major causes are categorized as infective, including bacteria (such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae), viruses, fungi, and parasites, or non-infective such as cancers or autoimmune disorders. Clinical presentation varies depending on age but may include headache, fever, vomiting, seizures, and neck stiffness. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture for cerebrospinal fluid analysis along with imaging and lab tests. Management is
Meningitis is an inflammation (swelling) of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. A bacterial or viral infection of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord usually causes the swelling. However, injuries, cancer, certain drugs, and other types of infections also can cause meningitis.
This document discusses various intracranial complications that can arise from chronic otitis media, including:
1. Meningitis, which is the most common complication and occurs when infection spreads from the middle ear to the membranes covering the brain.
2. Extradural and subdural abscesses, which develop when infection spreads through the bone and collects between the skull and brain or between the brain's membranes.
3. Brain abscesses, which usually form when infection extends from the middle ear into the brain tissue, commonly through areas of bone dehiscence. Lateral sinus thrombophlebitis involves infection and clot formation within the venous sinus near the ear.
The document provides information on diseases of the spinal cord. It begins by describing the anatomy of the spinal cord and its white and gray matter. It then discusses different types of compressive and non-compressive myelopathies, including tumors, abscesses, hemorrhages, spondylosis, herniated discs, transverse myelitis, multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, bacterial and tuberculous meningitis, and leprosy. For each condition, it describes causes, symptoms, imaging findings, diagnostic criteria and complications. Approaches to patients with spinal cord diseases focus on distinguishing compressive from non-compressive etiologies through history, exam and imaging.
This presentation briefly summarizes pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of different types of tuberculosis of brain and spinal cord.
The document discusses various central nervous system infections, how they can be classified, their routes of entry and imaging appearances. It covers congenital infections including TORCH infections, acquired pyogenic infections such as meningitis, abscesses and ventriculitis. It also discusses viral, parasitic and fungal infections of the CNS. For each type of infection, the causative pathogens, locations, presentations and characteristic imaging findings are outlined.
This document provides information on brain abscesses, including their history, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, investigations, management, and surgical treatment. Some key points:
- Brain abscesses are focal intracranial infections that start as cerebritis and evolve into a collection of pus surrounded by a capsule. The most common causes are spread from a contiguous infection or hematogenous dissemination.
- Clinical features are often non-specific but may include headache, fever, focal neurological deficits, and altered mental status. Investigations like CT and MRI are used to identify location, size, and stage of the abscess.
- Treatment involves antibiotics along with surgical evacuation for abscesses over 2.5cm
This document discusses pyogenic meningitis (acute bacterial meningitis). It begins by defining pyogenic infections and describing the anatomy of the meninges. It then covers the epidemiology, causes, clinical features, diagnostic process, treatment, and potential sequelae of bacterial meningitis. Key points include that the most common causes are pneumococcus, meningococcus, and H. influenzae. Clinical features include headache, fever, neck stiffness, and signs of meningeal irritation. Diagnosis involves CSF analysis showing pleocytosis and low glucose. Treatment involves intravenous antibiotics and supportive care. Potential long term effects include deafness, epilepsy, or neurological deficits.
Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. It is commonly caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infections, leading to symptoms like fever, headache, stiff neck, and sensitivity to light. The meninges are made up of three layers (dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater) that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. Pathogens can enter the meninges through the bloodstream or nearby infections and cause inflammation. This inflammation puts pressure on the brain and can impair brain function if not promptly treated.
This document outlines various potential complications of chronic rhinosinusitis that can affect the orbit, intracranial cavity, and bones. It describes orbital complications such as preseptal cellulitis, orbital cellulitis, subperiosteal abscess, orbital abscess, and cavernous sinus thrombosis. Intracranial complications discussed include meningitis, epidural abscess, subdural abscess, intracerebral abscess, cavernous sinus thrombosis, and sagittal sinus thrombosis. Bone complications include osteomyelitis (Pott's puffy tumor). Chronic complications include mucocoeles.
2. Meningitis diseses of the brain membrane.pptxabdinuh1997
The meninges, which cover the brain and spinal cord, become inflamed in meningitis. Bacterial meningitis is more severe and can cause death or brain damage if untreated. Viral meningitis is usually mild and self-limiting. A lumbar puncture collects cerebrospinal fluid which can be analyzed to distinguish between bacterial and viral meningitis and identify the specific cause. Common symptoms include headache, fever, and neck stiffness, while signs include Kernig's sign and Brudzinski's sign.
This document provides information on various neurological infections. It discusses meningitis, defining it as an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It notes that meningitis can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or other toxins. It also discusses types of meningitis such as bacterial, viral, and chronic meningitis. Additionally, it covers encephalitis, defining it as an inflammation of the brain tissue and membranes. It notes various causes of encephalitis and discusses associated clinical manifestations and treatment approaches.
Imaging in multiple ring enhancing brain lesionsSumiya Arshad
A 29-year-old female presented with headache and gait imbalance. She had a history of pulmonary tuberculosis treated for one year. MRI of the brain showed multiple supra-tentorial lesions with ring enhancement, the largest in the right temporal lobe extending into the midbrain. Based on the history of tuberculosis and imaging findings, the lesions were determined to be multiple tuberculomas. Differential diagnoses for multiple ring-enhancing lesions include infections like tuberculomas and abscesses, as well as tumors and inflammatory conditions. Distinguishing between neoplastic and non-neoplastic causes is important to guide appropriate treatment.
This document provides information on infections of the nervous system, including:
1. Inflammation vs infection, routes of infection like hematogenous spread, and terminology for infections in different compartments like meningitis and encephalitis.
2. Common causes of different infections are described, like bacteria being the most common cause of meningitis and viruses often causing encephalitis.
3. The pathological changes, clinical manifestations, and complications of various infections are outlined, for examples like purulent exudate and neutrophils in bacterial meningitis and perivascular lymphocytic infiltrates in viral encephalitis.
Complications of csom Dr.sithanandha Kumar,29.02.2016ophthalmgmcri
Complications of chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) can include both intracranial and extracranial complications. Intracranial complications include meningitis, lateral sinus thrombosis, brain abscess, otitic hydrocephalus, and extradural/subdural abscesses. Extracranial complications involve spread of infection to nearby structures like the mastoid bone, petrous bone, facial nerve, and labyrinth. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of complications is important to prevent morbidity.
Complications of csom dr.sithanandha kumar,29.02.2016ophthalmgmcri
Complications of chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) can include both intracranial and extracranial complications. Intracranial complications include meningitis, lateral sinus thrombosis, brain abscess, otitic hydrocephalus, and extradural/subdural abscesses. Extracranial complications involve spread of infection to nearby structures like the mastoid bone, petrous bone, facial nerve, and labyrinth. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of complications is important to prevent morbidity.
Neuroradiology of cns funfal infectionsNeurologyKota
This document discusses the neuroradiology of central nervous system (CNS) fungal infections. It covers the common fungal pathogens that can cause CNS infections such as Cryptococcus neoformans and Aspergillus fumigatus. Imaging findings for various fungal infections like cryptococcosis, aspergillosis, and mucormycosis are described. Cryptococcal meningitis most commonly presents as leptomeningeal enhancement on MRI. Aspergillosis can cause hemorrhagic or infarcted lesions. Mucormycosis often involves paranasal sinus infection with intracranial extension. The document also briefly discusses spinal fungal infections and references
1. The document discusses various parasitic diseases that can infect the central nervous system (CNS), including their clinical manifestations and imaging features.
2. Common parasitic infections that can affect the CNS discussed include neurocysticercosis, toxoplasmosis, strongyloidiasis, baylisascariasis, angiostrongyliasis, and gnathostomiasis.
3. Imaging modalities like CT and MRI play an important role in the diagnosis of parasitic CNS infections by revealing characteristic lesion patterns and anatomical involvement that can help differentiate between infections.
The document discusses meningitis and encephalitis. It defines meningitis as an inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known as the meninges. There are various causes of meningitis including bacterial, viral, parasitic and non-infectious. Common symptoms include headache, fever and neck stiffness. Diagnosis involves spinal fluid analysis and imaging. Treatment depends on the cause but may include antibiotics, antivirals and steroids. Encephalitis additionally involves inflammation of the brain tissue and can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi or parasites. It presents with fever and neurological symptoms. Treatment focuses on treating the underlying infection and managing complications.
The document discusses meningitis and encephalitis. It defines meningitis as an inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known as the meninges. There are various causes of meningitis including bacterial, viral, parasitic and non-infectious. Common symptoms include headache, fever and neck stiffness. Diagnosis involves spinal fluid analysis and imaging. Treatment depends on the cause but may include antibiotics, antivirals or antifungals. Encephalitis additionally involves inflammation of the brain tissue and can be caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi. It presents with fever and neurological symptoms. Treatment focuses on the underlying cause and management of symptoms.
Tuberculous infection of the central nervous system (CNS) can occur via hematogenous spread or direct extension from a local infection. It most commonly manifests as tuberculous meningitis or tuberculomas. Tuberculous meningitis involves thick exudate in the subarachnoid space and can lead to hydrocephalus or ischemic infarcts. Tuberculomas appear as ring-enhancing lesions on imaging. Pott's disease is spinal tuberculosis that causes vertebral body collapse and kyphosis. Management involves antituberculous medications for at least 6-9 months.
Meningitis is an infection of the protective membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is usually caused by viruses, bacteria, or fungi. Common symptoms include fever, headache, stiff neck, nausea, confusion, and seizures. Diagnosis involves examination of cerebrospinal fluid obtained via lumbar puncture. Treatment involves administering antibiotics intravenously. Complications can include brain damage, hearing loss, learning disabilities, and death if not treated promptly. Prognosis depends on the cause and health of the individual.
The document discusses Health Management Information Systems (HMIS), including:
- The objectives and benefits of HMIS in health services management.
- The key components and purpose of HMIS including data collection, storage, analysis and use for management decisions.
- Examples of indicators and data sources used in HMIS.
- The six steps involved in restructuring health MIS, such as identifying information needs and developing data collection instruments.
- Ways to enhance the use of information in decision-making, including improving data quality and communication between data collectors and managers.
This document provides an overview of seizure disorders including definitions, etiology, pathophysiology, types of seizures, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, complications, management, and nursing considerations. It aims to define seizure disorder, describe the different types, understand the causes and disease process, recognize signs and symptoms, diagnose and treat seizures, and prevent complications through medication adherence and lifestyle modifications. Nursing focuses on safety during seizures, airway protection, education, medication administration, and enhancing patient self-esteem and independence.
The document provides information on diseases of the spinal cord. It begins by describing the anatomy of the spinal cord and its white and gray matter. It then discusses different types of compressive and non-compressive myelopathies, including tumors, abscesses, hemorrhages, spondylosis, herniated discs, transverse myelitis, multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, bacterial and tuberculous meningitis, and leprosy. For each condition, it describes causes, symptoms, imaging findings, diagnostic criteria and complications. Approaches to patients with spinal cord diseases focus on distinguishing compressive from non-compressive etiologies through history, exam and imaging.
This presentation briefly summarizes pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of different types of tuberculosis of brain and spinal cord.
The document discusses various central nervous system infections, how they can be classified, their routes of entry and imaging appearances. It covers congenital infections including TORCH infections, acquired pyogenic infections such as meningitis, abscesses and ventriculitis. It also discusses viral, parasitic and fungal infections of the CNS. For each type of infection, the causative pathogens, locations, presentations and characteristic imaging findings are outlined.
This document provides information on brain abscesses, including their history, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, investigations, management, and surgical treatment. Some key points:
- Brain abscesses are focal intracranial infections that start as cerebritis and evolve into a collection of pus surrounded by a capsule. The most common causes are spread from a contiguous infection or hematogenous dissemination.
- Clinical features are often non-specific but may include headache, fever, focal neurological deficits, and altered mental status. Investigations like CT and MRI are used to identify location, size, and stage of the abscess.
- Treatment involves antibiotics along with surgical evacuation for abscesses over 2.5cm
This document discusses pyogenic meningitis (acute bacterial meningitis). It begins by defining pyogenic infections and describing the anatomy of the meninges. It then covers the epidemiology, causes, clinical features, diagnostic process, treatment, and potential sequelae of bacterial meningitis. Key points include that the most common causes are pneumococcus, meningococcus, and H. influenzae. Clinical features include headache, fever, neck stiffness, and signs of meningeal irritation. Diagnosis involves CSF analysis showing pleocytosis and low glucose. Treatment involves intravenous antibiotics and supportive care. Potential long term effects include deafness, epilepsy, or neurological deficits.
Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. It is commonly caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infections, leading to symptoms like fever, headache, stiff neck, and sensitivity to light. The meninges are made up of three layers (dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater) that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. Pathogens can enter the meninges through the bloodstream or nearby infections and cause inflammation. This inflammation puts pressure on the brain and can impair brain function if not promptly treated.
This document outlines various potential complications of chronic rhinosinusitis that can affect the orbit, intracranial cavity, and bones. It describes orbital complications such as preseptal cellulitis, orbital cellulitis, subperiosteal abscess, orbital abscess, and cavernous sinus thrombosis. Intracranial complications discussed include meningitis, epidural abscess, subdural abscess, intracerebral abscess, cavernous sinus thrombosis, and sagittal sinus thrombosis. Bone complications include osteomyelitis (Pott's puffy tumor). Chronic complications include mucocoeles.
2. Meningitis diseses of the brain membrane.pptxabdinuh1997
The meninges, which cover the brain and spinal cord, become inflamed in meningitis. Bacterial meningitis is more severe and can cause death or brain damage if untreated. Viral meningitis is usually mild and self-limiting. A lumbar puncture collects cerebrospinal fluid which can be analyzed to distinguish between bacterial and viral meningitis and identify the specific cause. Common symptoms include headache, fever, and neck stiffness, while signs include Kernig's sign and Brudzinski's sign.
This document provides information on various neurological infections. It discusses meningitis, defining it as an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It notes that meningitis can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or other toxins. It also discusses types of meningitis such as bacterial, viral, and chronic meningitis. Additionally, it covers encephalitis, defining it as an inflammation of the brain tissue and membranes. It notes various causes of encephalitis and discusses associated clinical manifestations and treatment approaches.
Imaging in multiple ring enhancing brain lesionsSumiya Arshad
A 29-year-old female presented with headache and gait imbalance. She had a history of pulmonary tuberculosis treated for one year. MRI of the brain showed multiple supra-tentorial lesions with ring enhancement, the largest in the right temporal lobe extending into the midbrain. Based on the history of tuberculosis and imaging findings, the lesions were determined to be multiple tuberculomas. Differential diagnoses for multiple ring-enhancing lesions include infections like tuberculomas and abscesses, as well as tumors and inflammatory conditions. Distinguishing between neoplastic and non-neoplastic causes is important to guide appropriate treatment.
This document provides information on infections of the nervous system, including:
1. Inflammation vs infection, routes of infection like hematogenous spread, and terminology for infections in different compartments like meningitis and encephalitis.
2. Common causes of different infections are described, like bacteria being the most common cause of meningitis and viruses often causing encephalitis.
3. The pathological changes, clinical manifestations, and complications of various infections are outlined, for examples like purulent exudate and neutrophils in bacterial meningitis and perivascular lymphocytic infiltrates in viral encephalitis.
Complications of csom Dr.sithanandha Kumar,29.02.2016ophthalmgmcri
Complications of chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) can include both intracranial and extracranial complications. Intracranial complications include meningitis, lateral sinus thrombosis, brain abscess, otitic hydrocephalus, and extradural/subdural abscesses. Extracranial complications involve spread of infection to nearby structures like the mastoid bone, petrous bone, facial nerve, and labyrinth. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of complications is important to prevent morbidity.
Complications of csom dr.sithanandha kumar,29.02.2016ophthalmgmcri
Complications of chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) can include both intracranial and extracranial complications. Intracranial complications include meningitis, lateral sinus thrombosis, brain abscess, otitic hydrocephalus, and extradural/subdural abscesses. Extracranial complications involve spread of infection to nearby structures like the mastoid bone, petrous bone, facial nerve, and labyrinth. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of complications is important to prevent morbidity.
Neuroradiology of cns funfal infectionsNeurologyKota
This document discusses the neuroradiology of central nervous system (CNS) fungal infections. It covers the common fungal pathogens that can cause CNS infections such as Cryptococcus neoformans and Aspergillus fumigatus. Imaging findings for various fungal infections like cryptococcosis, aspergillosis, and mucormycosis are described. Cryptococcal meningitis most commonly presents as leptomeningeal enhancement on MRI. Aspergillosis can cause hemorrhagic or infarcted lesions. Mucormycosis often involves paranasal sinus infection with intracranial extension. The document also briefly discusses spinal fungal infections and references
1. The document discusses various parasitic diseases that can infect the central nervous system (CNS), including their clinical manifestations and imaging features.
2. Common parasitic infections that can affect the CNS discussed include neurocysticercosis, toxoplasmosis, strongyloidiasis, baylisascariasis, angiostrongyliasis, and gnathostomiasis.
3. Imaging modalities like CT and MRI play an important role in the diagnosis of parasitic CNS infections by revealing characteristic lesion patterns and anatomical involvement that can help differentiate between infections.
The document discusses meningitis and encephalitis. It defines meningitis as an inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known as the meninges. There are various causes of meningitis including bacterial, viral, parasitic and non-infectious. Common symptoms include headache, fever and neck stiffness. Diagnosis involves spinal fluid analysis and imaging. Treatment depends on the cause but may include antibiotics, antivirals and steroids. Encephalitis additionally involves inflammation of the brain tissue and can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi or parasites. It presents with fever and neurological symptoms. Treatment focuses on treating the underlying infection and managing complications.
The document discusses meningitis and encephalitis. It defines meningitis as an inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known as the meninges. There are various causes of meningitis including bacterial, viral, parasitic and non-infectious. Common symptoms include headache, fever and neck stiffness. Diagnosis involves spinal fluid analysis and imaging. Treatment depends on the cause but may include antibiotics, antivirals or antifungals. Encephalitis additionally involves inflammation of the brain tissue and can be caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi. It presents with fever and neurological symptoms. Treatment focuses on the underlying cause and management of symptoms.
Tuberculous infection of the central nervous system (CNS) can occur via hematogenous spread or direct extension from a local infection. It most commonly manifests as tuberculous meningitis or tuberculomas. Tuberculous meningitis involves thick exudate in the subarachnoid space and can lead to hydrocephalus or ischemic infarcts. Tuberculomas appear as ring-enhancing lesions on imaging. Pott's disease is spinal tuberculosis that causes vertebral body collapse and kyphosis. Management involves antituberculous medications for at least 6-9 months.
Meningitis is an infection of the protective membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is usually caused by viruses, bacteria, or fungi. Common symptoms include fever, headache, stiff neck, nausea, confusion, and seizures. Diagnosis involves examination of cerebrospinal fluid obtained via lumbar puncture. Treatment involves administering antibiotics intravenously. Complications can include brain damage, hearing loss, learning disabilities, and death if not treated promptly. Prognosis depends on the cause and health of the individual.
The document discusses Health Management Information Systems (HMIS), including:
- The objectives and benefits of HMIS in health services management.
- The key components and purpose of HMIS including data collection, storage, analysis and use for management decisions.
- Examples of indicators and data sources used in HMIS.
- The six steps involved in restructuring health MIS, such as identifying information needs and developing data collection instruments.
- Ways to enhance the use of information in decision-making, including improving data quality and communication between data collectors and managers.
This document provides an overview of seizure disorders including definitions, etiology, pathophysiology, types of seizures, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, complications, management, and nursing considerations. It aims to define seizure disorder, describe the different types, understand the causes and disease process, recognize signs and symptoms, diagnose and treat seizures, and prevent complications through medication adherence and lifestyle modifications. Nursing focuses on safety during seizures, airway protection, education, medication administration, and enhancing patient self-esteem and independence.
This document provides an overview of blunt eye trauma, including a definition, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and complications. Key points covered include:
- Blunt eye trauma refers to eye injury from a dull impact rather than a sharp object and can damage the eyeball, bones around the eye, or eyelid.
- Common causes are sports injuries, car accidents, work injuries, violence, or falls.
- Diagnosis involves examination by an ophthalmologist and may include imaging tests.
- Treatment depends on severity but may include ice, medications, surgery, or protective eyewear.
- Complications can include long-term issues like blurred vision, double vision, or reduced
1. The document summarizes the care of visual and hearing impairments. It defines various types of visual impairments like hyperopia, myopia, astigmatism, and discusses their causes, diagnosis, and management.
2. Hearing impairment is defined and types like conductive, sensorineural, mixed and central hearing losses are explained along with their etiology and pathophysiology. Diagnostic tests for hearing impairment including Weber, Rinne and audiometry are also outlined.
3. Management approaches like use of hearing aids, cochlear implants, sign language and auditory rehabilitation are described. Surgical management and prevention of hearing loss is also discussed. Nursing diagnoses and interventions for patients with hearing
The document presents a seminar on encephalitis, defining it as inflammation of the brain and describing its main types, causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment including pharmacological and nursing management, complications, and prevention methods. Encephalitis is usually caused by a viral infection but can also be caused by bacteria, and symptoms may include fever, headache, nausea, and confusion.
This document discusses assessment and management of patients with chronic musculoskeletal system disorders. It provides details on rheumatoid arthritis, gouty arthritis, osteomyelitis, osteoporosis, and osteomalacia. For each condition, it describes etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, and pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment approaches. The overall objective is to educate students on identifying these joint, connective tissue, and bone disorders as well as implementing appropriate nursing care.
The document provides an outline and overview of a presentation on disorders of the esophagus. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the esophagus, defines different esophageal disorders including achalasia, hiatal hernia, GERD, esophageal varices, and esophagitis. For each disorder, it describes the etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment/nursing management. The presentation aims to educate about the types of esophageal disorders and their pathology and management.
This document defines and describes toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) and Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS). It notes that TEN involves detachment of over 30% of the body surface area and a high mortality rate of 30%, while SJS involves detachment of under 10% of the surface area and a lower mortality of 5%. The document discusses the presentation, epidemiology, pathogenesis, etiologies, differential diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of these conditions.
Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a severe skin reaction involving the epidermis and mucous membranes. It is characterized by fever, painful skin lesions, blistering, and at least 30% of the body surface area involved. The condition is caused by a cytotoxic reaction and hypersensitivity to certain medications, infections, or other agents. Treatment involves immediate discontinuation of any offending agents, supportive care including wound care and monitoring for complications, and consideration of treatments like IVIG. Prognosis depends on factors like age, extent of skin detachment, and presence of other organ involvement.
This document provides an overview of superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) presented by Kedir Mohammed at Salale University College of Health Sciences. The presentation covers the anatomy and pathophysiology of SVCS, its typical etiologies such as lung cancer, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests including CT scans and classification systems. Treatment options discussed include treating the underlying cause, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, endovascular procedures like stenting and thrombolytic therapy, as well as conservative approaches involving bed rest, oxygen, and diuretics to manage symptoms. The objective is for participants to understand what causes SVCS, how to diagnose it, and how it is typically managed or treated.
The document provides guidance on assessing the breasts and axilla, including describing anatomy, demonstrating assessment techniques, differentiating normal and abnormal findings, and discussing breast self-examination. Assessment involves taking a history, inspecting for abnormalities, palpating the breasts and lymph nodes, and documenting findings. Teaching patients breast self-awareness and self-examination techniques is also covered.
This document provides an overview of superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) presented by Kedir Mohammed. It defines SVCS, describes the anatomy and pathophysiology, and discusses the etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, grading systems, management, and prognosis. The presentation covers the objective, introduction, anatomy, pathophysiology, etiology, clinical features, classification systems, diagnostic methods, management options including endovascular therapies, conservative management, treatment for benign cases, surgical treatments, prevention, nursing considerations, and concludes with key points about SVCS and references.
This document provides information on assessing and treating various ocular emergencies. It describes medical emergencies like conjunctivitis, iritis, periorbital cellulitis and glaucoma, outlining their symptoms, diagnostic tests and treatment plans. Surgical emergencies covered include corneal abrasion, retinal detachment, orbital fracture, chemical burns, hyphema and globe rupture. Assessment involves visual acuity tests, eye exams and diagnostics like CT scans. Treatments range from eye drops and patching to urgent referral and surgery depending on the emergency. Education of patients is also emphasized.
SVCS can be graded based on severity using a defined scale. A management algorithm is presented for SVCS that accounts for severity grading. The reference is a 2011 article from Respiratory Care that details an SVCS grading and management approach.
A patient presented with superior vena cava syndrome which is caused by obstruction of the superior vena cava leading to swelling of the head and neck. The obstruction was found to be due to small-cell lung cancer which had spread to the area around the superior vena cava. Typical clinical findings of superior vena cava syndrome include swelling of the head and neck, difficulty breathing, and cough.
This document provides guidance on assessing the breasts and axilla. It outlines the objectives, introduces the anatomy and physiology of breasts and axilla, and describes the techniques for physical examination including inspection and palpation. The physical examination involves inspecting the breasts, nipples, lymph nodes and axilla for abnormalities and palpating the breasts, nipples and lymph nodes using different levels of pressure to check for lumps or thickening. It also provides guidance on teaching patients breast self-examination techniques.
Final Group assignment Electrolytes Tests.pptxKhadiraMohammed
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Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
pathology group assignment.pptx
1. Introduction
There are 2 types of tissues in the nervous system:
Neuroectodermal tissues
which include neurons (nerve cells) and neuroglia, and
together form the predominant constituent of the CNS.
Mesodermal tissues
are microglia, dura mater, the leptomeninges (pia-arachnoid),
blood vessels and their accompanying mesenchymal cells.
The predominant tissues comprising the nervous system
and their general response to injury are briefly considered
are neurons, neuroglia, microglia, dura matter and pia
arachnoid.
2. Introduction cont…
Brain
Makes up 2 % (1.4 kg) of
body weight Consumes
20% of the energy.
Three major areas: the
cerebrum, the brain stem,
and the cerebellum.
Brain and spinal cord
covered by meninges (dura,
arachnoid, and pia mater)
which provide protection,
support, and nourishment
to the brain and spinal cord.
3. Developmental Anomalies
Spinal Cord Defects
Spina bifida: malformations of the vertebral column involving
incomplete embryologic closure of one or more of the vertebral
arches (rachischisis), most frequently in the lumbosacral region.
Meningocele: The herniated sac in meningocele consists of dura
and arachnoid.
meningomyelocele - spinal cord or its roots herniate through the
defect and are attached to the posterior wall of the sac.
Hydrocephalus- increased volume of CSF within the skull,
accompanied by dilatation of the ventricles.
internal hydrocephalus: it involving ventricular dilatation.
external hydrocephalus: A localized collection of CSF in the
subarachnoid space
4. Infections
A large number of pathogens comprising various kinds of
bacteria, fungi, viruses, rickettsiae and parasites can cause
infections of the nervous system.
The route of causes are Via blood stream, direct implantation,
local extension and along nerve.
1. Meningitis
is inflammatory involvement of the meninges.
may involve the dura called pachymeningitis, or the
leptomeninges (pia-arachnoid) termed leptomeningitis.
An extradural abscess may form by suppuration between the
bone and dura.
Further spread of infection may penetrate the dura and form
a subdural abscess
pachymeningitis are localised or generalised leptomeningitis
and cerebral abscess.
5. Meningitis cont---
A. Acute Pyogenic Meningitis
Acute pyogenic or acute purulent meningitis is acute infection of the pia-
arachnoid and of the CSF enclosed in the subarachnoid space
Etiopathogenesis
Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus
pneumoniae
Route of causes- The blood stream, from an adjacent focus of infection and by
iatrogenic infection such as during operation or lumbar puncture.
Morphological features
Grossly, pus accumulates in the subarachnoid space so that normally clear CSF
becomes turbid or frankly purulent.
Clinical Manifestations
• fever, severe headache, vomiting, drowsiness, stupor, coma, and occasionally,
convulsions
6. Meningitis cont---
B. Acute Lymphocytic (Viral, Aseptic) Meningitis
etiologic agents are numerous viruses such as enteroviruses,
mumps, ECHO viruses, coxsackie virus, Epstein-Barr virus,
herpes simplex virus-2, arthropode-borne viruses and HIV
Morphologic Features
Grossly, some cases show swelling of the brain while others
show no distinctive change.
The clinical manifestations of viral meningitis are much the
same as in bacterial meningitis.
The CSF findings in viral meningitis: CSF pressure increased
(above 250 mm water)
7. Meningitis cont---
C. Chronic (tuberculosis and Cryptococcus) Meningitis
Tuberculosis meningitis: hematogenous spread of infection
from tuberculosis elsewhere in the body
Cryptococcus meningitis: occurs immunocompromised
persons via hematogenous from a pulmonary lesion.
Morphologic features
The subarachnoid space contains thick exudate, particularly
abundant in the sulci and the base of the brain
CSF Finding: Raised CSF pressure (above 300 mm water).
Clinical Manifestations: headache, confusion, malaise and
vomiting.
The clinical course in cryptococcal meningitis may fulminant
and fatal in a few weeks, or be indolent for months to years.
8. Encephalitis
It is parenchymal infection of brain.
caused by bacterial, viral, fungal and protozoal infections.
1. Bacterial Encephalitis- bacterial cerebritis that progresses to
form brain abscess
tuberculosis and neurosyphilis are the two primary bacterial
involvements of the brain parenchyma
Morphologically it appears as a localised area of
inflammatory necrosis and oedema surrounded by fibrous
capsule.
Microscopically, the changes consist of liquefactive necrosis in
the centre of the abscess containing pus.
9. Encephalitis cot…
Brain abscess
Caused by
By direct implantation of organisms e.g. following compound
fractures of the skull.
By local extension of infection e.g. chronic supportive otitis
media, mastoiditis and sinusitis.
hematogenous spread e.g. from primary infection in the
heart such as acute bacterial endocarditis, and from lungs
such as in bronchiectasis
Clinical Manifestations are fever, headache, vomiting, seizures
and focal neurological deficits depending upon the location of
the abscess
10. Encephalitis cot…
Tuberculoma: is an intracranial mass occurring secondary to
dissemination of tuberculosis elsewhere in the body.
Grossly, it has a central area of caseation necrosis surrounded
by fibrous capsule.
Microscopically, there is typical tuberculous granulomatous
reaction around the central caseation necrosis.
11. Cerebrovascular Diseases
Intracranial hemorrhage
Hemorrhage into the brain may be traumatic, non-traumatic,
or spontaneous
Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage occurs mostly in
patients of hypertension
Morphologic features.
Grossly and microscopically, the hemorrhage consists of dark
mass of clotted blood replacing brain parenchyma.
Clinical Manifestation
Clinically the onset is usually sudden with headache and loss
of consciousness
12. Cerebrovascular Diseases cont---
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Hemorrhage into the subarachnoid space is most commonly
caused by rupture of an aneurysm, and rarely, rupture of a
vascular malformation.
In more than 85% cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage,
the cause is massive and sudden bleeding from a berry
aneurysm on or near the circle of Willis.
Morphologic features.
Rupture of a berry aneurysm frequently spreads hemorrhage
throughout the subarachnoid space with rise in intracranial
pressure and characteristic blood-stained CSF.
13. Trauma to The CNS
1. Epidural Haematoma
• is accumulation of blood between the dura and the skull following
fracture of the skull, most commonly from rupture of middle
meningeal artery.
2. Subdural Haematoma
is accumulation of blood between the dura and subarachnoid.
15. Pathophysiology
Increased ICP from any cause decreases cerebral perfusion
Stimulates further swelling (edema)
Shifts brain tissue through openings in the rigid dura, resulting
in herniation, a dire, frequently fatal event.
Decreased Cerebral Blood Flow (resulting in ischemia and cell
death)
16. Pathophysiology cont…
The body’s response to a decreased CPP is to raise
blood pressure and dilate blood vessels in the brain
– This increases cerebral blood volume
– This increases ICP
– This decreases Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP)
– This causes normal body response
– This increases cerebral blood volume
– This increases ICP
– This decreases CPP
systemic pressure rises to maintain cerebral blood flow.
17. Manifestation
Changes first in LOC
Abnormal respiratory and vasomotor responses.
Restlessness
Stuporous
Comatose and exhibits abnormal motor responses
Pupils dilated and fixed and respirations impaired, death is usually
inevitable.
18. Complications
• Brain stem herniation
• The patient becomes volume-overloaded
• urine output diminishes, and serum sodium concentration
becomes dilute.
• Seizure
• Stroke
• Neurological damage and death.
19. CNS Tumors
Tumours of the CNS may originate in the brain or spinal cord
primary tumours, or may spread to the brain from another
primary site of cancer( metastatic tumours).
Secondary tumor is most common
Both benign and malignant CNS tumours are capable of
producing neurologic impairment depending upon their site.
20. Classification of Intracranial Tumours:
Tumours of neuroglia (gliomas)
Astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma and choroid
plexus papilloma
Tumours of neurons
Neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma and ganglioneuroma
Tumours of neurons and neuroglia
Ganglioglioma
Medulloblastoma, neuroblastoma, pnet(primitive
neuroectodermal tumor)
Tumours of meninges
Meningioma and meningeal sarcoma
23. General Considerations of Tumors
Most tumors are intracranial; tumors of the spinal cord are
much less frequent.
In adults, the majority of intracranial tumors are supratentorial.
In children, the majority of intracranial tumors are infratentorial
i.e lower back part of brain.
CNS tumors are the second most common form of malignancy in
children (only leukemia is more frequent).
Primary malignant CNS tumors rarely metastasize.
Benign intracranial tumors can result in devastating clinical
consequences due to compression phenomena.
Metastatic tumors to the brain are found more frequently than
primary intracranial neoplasms.
24. General Considerations Of Tumors cont…
the most common primary intracranial tumors in adults are
glioblastoma multiforme, meningioma, and acoustic neuroma.
The most common primary intracranial tumors in children are
cerebellar astrocytoma and medulloblastoma.
Gliomas
The term glioma is used for all tumors arising from neuroglia,
or more precisely, from neuroectodermal epithelial tissue.
Gliomas are the most common of the primary CNS tumors and
collectively account for 40% of all intracranial tumours.
Gliomas are disseminated to other parts of the CNS by CSF
but they rarely ever metastasize beyond the CNS.
25. Astrocytomas
Astrocytomas are the most common primary brain tumors.
They can be divided based on their infiltration into the
surrounding brain parenchyma.
Astrocytomas that do not infiltrate the brain include pilocytic
astrocytomas, pleomorphic xanthroastrocytomas,and
subependymal giant cell astrocytomas.
Diffuse astrocytomascan be further subdivided based on grade.
low-grade fibrillary astrocytomasare WHO grade II.
anaplastic astrocytomasare WHO grade III.
glioblastoma multiforme (gBM)is WHO grade IV.
26.
27. CNS Tumors cont…
Oligodendroglioma
This neoplasm presents as a slow-growing tumor in the middle-
age group and typically arises in the cerebral hemispheres.
Morphologic characteristics
Closely packed cells with large round nuclei surrounded by a clear
halo of cytoplasm (“fried egg” appearance)
Tumor divided into groups of cells by delicate capillary strands
Foci of calcification
Microscopically
the tumor is characterized by uniform cells with round to oval
nuclei surrounded by a clear halo of cytoplasm and well-defined
cell membranes.
28. CNS Tumors Cont…
Ependymoma
This neoplasm most frequently occurs in the fourth ventricle.
Peak incidence is in childhood and adolescence.
Histologic characteristics
Include tubules or rosettes with cells encircling vessels or
pointing toward a central lumen.
characteristically demonstrate blepharoplasts, rod-shaped
structures near the nucleus representing basal bodies of cilia.
Results may papillary growths that obstruct flow of CSF and lead
to hydrocephalus.
Microscopically
the tumour is composed of uniform epithelial (ependymal) cells
forming rosettes, canals and perivascular pseudorosettes.
29. CNS Tumors Cont…
Meningioma
This is the second most common primary intracranial neoplasm.
Most cases are benign
slow growing (WHO grade I) and certain subtypes show more
aggressive behavior;
the clear cell and chordoid variants are WHO grade II and
the papillary and rhabdoid variants are WHO grade III.
This neoplasm most often occurs after 30 years of age. It occurs
more frequently in women than in men.
The neoplasm originates in arachnoidal cells of the meninges; the
tumor is external to the brain and can often be successfully
removed surgically.
30. CNS Tumor cont…
This neoplasm occurs most frequently in the convexities of the
cerebral hemispheres and the parasagittal region; other
common locations falxcerebri, sphenoid ridge, olfactory area,
and suprasellar region.
Morphologic features:
meningioma is well-circumscribed, solid, spherical or
hemispherical mass of varying size (1-10 cm in diameter).
Histologic characteristics
a whorled pattern of concentrically arranged spindle cells and
laminated calcified psammoma bodies
31. CNS Tumors cont…
Medulloblastoma
This is one of the most common neoplasms of childhood.
It is a highly malignant tumor of the cerebellum.
Morphologic features:
the tumour typically protrudes into the fourth ventricle as a soft,
greywhite mass or invades the surface of the cerebellum.
Microscopically
is composed of small, poorly-differentiated cells with ill-defined
cytoplasmic and a tendency to be arranged around blood vessels
and occasionally forms pseudorosettes.
32. CNS Tumors cont…
Neuroblastoma
This neoplasm is closely related to neuroblastoma of the adrenal
medulla or sympathetic ganglia.
This is much less common than peripheral neuroblastoma.
Characteristics
a greater degree of amplification correlates with worse prognosis.
Hemangioblastoma
This neoplasm occurs most frequently in the cerebellum.
It may be associated with similar lesions in the retina and other
organs.
It sometimes produces erythropoietin, leading to secondary
polycythemia.
33. CNS Tumors cont…
Schwannoma (neurilemmoma)
This benign, slowly growing encapsulated tumor arises from
Schwann cells.
When intracranial, it is most frequently localized to the eighth
cranial nerve (acoustic neuroma,acoustic schwannoma);
Acoustic neuroma is the third most common primary intracranial
neoplasm.
It also originates frequently in posterior nerve roots and
peripheral nerves.
Histologically
Antoni A: interlacing bundles of elongated cells with palisading
nuclei
Antoni B: looser, less cellular pattern than Antoni A
34. CNS Tumors cont…
Metastatic tumors
These tumors are more common than any of the primary
intracranial neoplasms.
They originate most frequently from primary sites in lung,
breast, skin, kidney, gastrointestinal tract, and thyroid.