Brain damage can be caused by physical trauma, stroke, tumors, infections, toxins, genetic factors, or lack of oxygen. The main types of brain damage are traumatic brain injury from blows to the head, stroke from blocked or burst blood vessels in the brain, brain tumors which can be cancerous or non-cancerous, and infections from bacteria or viruses. Brain injuries can also result from chemical exposure, genetic disorders like Down syndrome, or cell death processes in the brain.

1. 
-DEEKSHANA
BRAIN DAMAGE

2. 
 Brain damage or brain injury is the destruction or
degeneration of brain cells.
 Possible causes - prolonged hypoxia, poisoning,
infection, and neurological illness.
 Common causes - physical trauma (traumatic brain
injury), stroke, aneurysm, or neurological illness.
BRAIN DAMAGE

3. 
 A brain tumor is an abnormal mass of tissue inside the
skull, which is caused by cells dividing at an increased
speed.
 Two types of brain tumor:
 Malignant/cancerous, tumors – invade surrounding
tissue & spread - other parts - through the blood
stream/lymphatic system
METASTASES
 Benign/non-cancerous, tumors – grow more slowly & do
not spread
BRAIN TUMOR

4. 
 Emergency condition - disruption of blood supply -
part of the brain, leading to brain injury.
Ischemic stroke: blood clot - blood vessel causes -
blockage of blood flow
Haemorrhagic stroke: weakened blood vessel bursts -
causing blood - leak into the brain.
STROKE

5. 
 Brain injuries produced by blows that do not penetrate
the skull are called closed-head injuries.
 Contusions are closed-head injuries that involve damage
to the cerebral circulatory system.
contrecoup injuries
 Disturbance of consciousness - blow to the head & no
evidence of a contusion or other structural damage –
concussion
punch-drunk syndrome
CLOSED HEAD INJURIES

6. 
 Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain, most
often caused by infections
 Common types of brain infections:
bacterial infections : SYPHILIS
viral infections : RABIES
INFECTIONS

7. 
 The nervous system can be damaged by exposure to
any one of a variety of toxic chemicals, which can
enter general circulation from the gastrointestinal
tract, from the lungs, or through the skin
 Tardive dyskinesia A condition affecting the nervous
system, often caused by long-term use of some
psychiatric drugs.
NEUROTOXINS

8. 
 Normal human cells – 23 pairs of chromosomes -
sometimes accidents of cell division occur &
fertilized egg ends up with an abnormal
chromosome/abnormal number of normal
chromosomes.
 DOWN SYNDROME A genetic chromosome 21
disorder causing developmental and intellectual
delays.
GENETIC FACTORS

9. 
 Necrosis - the damaged neuron swells and breaks
apart, beginning in the axons and dendrites and
ending in the cell body. This fragmentation leads to
inflammation.
 Apoptosis of a neuron proceeds gradually, starting
with shrinkage of the cell body.
PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH

10. 