1. Gustavo Duarte Viana is a student at Kursk State Medical University who wrote a document about cerebrospinal fluid in 2012 as part of a group project.
2. The document discusses the anatomy, formation, circulation, functions, and clinical analysis of cerebrospinal fluid. It describes how CSF is produced in the ventricles of the brain and circulates around the central nervous system to perform important protective and nutrient functions.
3. The document provides details on how CSF is sampled and analyzed, including normal ranges for various chemical components and abnormalities that can be observed. It also briefly discusses meningitis and Dandy-Walker syndrome as conditions related to CSF.
Vascular crowding in the ventricle of brain is the chorioid plexus, the primary function of which is to secrete CSF has immensely diverse function which is still the huge scope in neuroscience exploration.
this ppt includes how CSF is formed, circulated and absorbed in our body; functions of CSF; brief description of blood brain barrier and its importance
Vascular crowding in the ventricle of brain is the chorioid plexus, the primary function of which is to secrete CSF has immensely diverse function which is still the huge scope in neuroscience exploration.
this ppt includes how CSF is formed, circulated and absorbed in our body; functions of CSF; brief description of blood brain barrier and its importance
Cerebrospinal fluid (csf) D. ARAVINTH RAJ.ARAVINTH RAJ
The ppt is about CSF,
A. Introduction.
B. Physical properties and composition.
C. Functions.
D. Formation.
E. Circulation.
F. CSF analysis.
G. Blood-Brain Barrier.
H. Hydrocephalus.
Hydrocephalus is the buildup of fluid in the cavities (ventricles) deep within the brain. The excess fluid increases the size of the ventricles and puts pressure on the brain. Cerebrospinal fluid normally flows through the ventricles and bathes the brain and spinal column.
Cerebrospinal fluid (csf) D. ARAVINTH RAJ.ARAVINTH RAJ
The ppt is about CSF,
A. Introduction.
B. Physical properties and composition.
C. Functions.
D. Formation.
E. Circulation.
F. CSF analysis.
G. Blood-Brain Barrier.
H. Hydrocephalus.
Hydrocephalus is the buildup of fluid in the cavities (ventricles) deep within the brain. The excess fluid increases the size of the ventricles and puts pressure on the brain. Cerebrospinal fluid normally flows through the ventricles and bathes the brain and spinal column.
Review of Nervous System, Unconsciousness, and CVA. The Nursing Core FunctionsAyinla Kazeem
This presentation was made at several sessions of Mandatory Continuing Professional Development Programme for Nigerian Nurses in Kwara State, and have undergone series of editing till date. While still working on the final editing to totally conform with global standard of practice, I deemed it necessary to share it in this forum.
Meningitis is the inflammation of the meninges which covers the brain and the spinal cord.
It may be caused due to various viruses, bacteria, and other microorganisms
THIS PRESENTATION IS UPLOADED TO HELP THE EDUCATOR OF MEDICAL, NURSING & ALLIE HEALTH SCIENCES TO TEACH THEIR STUDENTS ABOUT THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. IT WILL ALSO CREATE AWARENESS AMONG THE COMMON PEOPLE REGARDING NERVOUS SYSTEM.
cerebrovascular accidents - types, causes and its managementVarunMahajani
This PowerPoint presentation provides in-depth knowledge regarding cerebrovascular accidents types, stages of management, medical management, surgical management, nursing management, complications and their management
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
2. Clear liquid, derived from
the plasma and
circulates around the
brain and its cavities
(ventricles) and spinal cord.
3. The volume of spinal fluid in an adult is approximately
2.0 ml per kg, or approximately 150ml. In infants up to
4 weeks, average 10 to 60 mL.
500mL/day about.
4. Cerebrospinal fluid originates
in the choroid
plexus. The choroid plexus is
composed of a mass of tiny
blood vessels that are located
in the lateral third and
fourth ventricles.
The remaining CSF,
approximately 30%, is formed
in other places like the sub-
arachnoid
and ependymal layer of the
ventricles.
5. The CSF is formed in the lateral ventricles, circulates through the
interventricular foramen ( foramen of Monro) into the third ventricle which
has one more choroid plexus and is going accumulating, and then via the
cerebral aqueduct into the fourth ventricle, where has one more choroid
plexus to produce more cerebrospinal fluid. Here the fluid scapes via the
lateral apertures (Luschka, opening to the brain) and the medial foramen
(Magendie, opening to the spinal cord) of the fourth ventricle into the
subarachnoid spaces, where it diffuses over the brain and spinal cord and
from the cisterns it circulates through the freely communicating
subarachnoid cisterns at the base of the brain, most of the CSF is directed
upward over the cerebral hemispheres and smaller amounts pass downward
around the spinal cord. It has been calculated that 430 to 500 ml of CSF are
produced every day, so the fluid must be changed every 6 to 7 hours.
Respiratory and circulatory changes are believed to change the pressure
within the closed system and promote the mixing and diffusion of fluid for
reabsorption into venous sinus blood via arachnoids granulations.
6.
7. Protecting the brain and spine trauma.
Supplying nutrient to the nervous tissue.
Remove degradation products of cellular metabolism.
Serves as a pathway for pineal secretions to reach the
pituitary gland
8. Chemical level
Sodium 136.0 – 150 .0 m Eg/L
Potassium 2.3 – 2.7 m Eg/L
Chloride 1180.0 – 130.0 m Eg/L
Magnesium 2.4 – 3.0 m Eg/L
Protein 20 – 4 gm/dl (normally diffuses in
blood-brain-barrier)
Glucose 45.0 – 60.0 gm/dl
Calcium 2.1- 2.7 m Eg/L
Cholesterol Present in small amount
Creatinine 0.5 – 1.2 gm/dl
Latic acid deohydrogenase Present in small amount
Phosphorus (inorganic) 1.0 – 2.0 gm/dl
Urea 6.0 – 16.0 gm/dl
Uric acid 0.5 – 3.0 gm/dl
9. 1. Pulsation of the cerebral & spinal arteries
2. Movements of the vertebral column
3. Respiration & coughing
4. Changing of the positions
10. CSF sample is obtained by a physician, usually
via lumbar puncture in the region L3 andL4.
Sterile technique is often used to reduce the risk of
infection.
Care must be taken to avoid damage to neural tissue.
Although the sub-araquinoid can be accessed
from other levels, the lower back is
preferable, because the needle is inserted below the
end of the spinal cord.
11. A syringe is used to collect 6 to
15 ml (babies and small
children).
Sample is divided into 3
or 4 tubes (glass tubes should
be avoided due to cell
adhesion).
2 to 4 ml are placed in each
tube.
The tubes are numbered in
the order they are obtained.
12.
13. Tube 1: chemical and serological test
Tube 2: Microbiological test
Tube 3: Hematological test
Tube 4: cytological and Miscellaneous
14. The opening pressure is always measured (90-180 mm of
water), it is high, greater than200 mm, not more than 2 mL
of CSF should be removed.
High pressure:
Eg ICC, meningitis, cerebral edema.
Reduced pressure:
Eg dehydration, circulatory collapse, loss of CSF.
15. colorless
clear
Absence of clot
Density 1.006 to 1.008
pH 7.3
When the sample is received in the laboratory microscopic
examination is performed immediately.
16. One or more are found:
•turbidity
•Clot / film
•bloody appearance
•xanthochromic
17. Turbidity can be caused
by leukocytes, erythrocytes, fungi, bacteria, parasites, c
ontrast media, etc.
200 WBC / microl can cause slight turbidity, the
greater number of leukocytes = higher turbidity,
At least 400 RBC / microl are needed to
cause slight turbidity,
May appear oily after radiological procedures
18. Clot is always abnormal and is always due to increased
level of proteins, especially fibrinogen,
The clot formation is common in protein levels above
1,000 mg / dL (also present at lower levels)
Film is composed of fibrinogen and white blood cells,
19. Specimens from patients
who suffered subarachnoid hemorrhage or cerebral
haemorrhage may have a pink-
colored supernatant and yellow when the sample is
centrifuged within an hour after you collected.
The term that describes
the colored supernatant is xanthochromic. The
color varies with the substance that causes the
coloration and the time interval after the incident
that the sample is examined.
20.
21. Meningis are menbrane covering the brain and spinal
cord.
Meningis consists of three menbranes.
1- Dura mater 2- arachinoid mater 3- Pia mater
strong “tough mater” spidery, holds blood vessesl “delicate mother”
A- Falx cerebri
B- Falx cerebelli
C- Tentorium cerebelli
D- Diaphragma sella
22.
23. Thick dense inelastic membrane and the outermost layer of
the meninges.(pachymeninx)
Bilaminar:
• Endosteal layer:
◦Peristoneum, inner surface of the skull bone.
◦Not contineous with dura mater of the spinal cord.
• Meningeal layer:
◦Dura mater proper covering the brain and contineous
with dura mater of the spinal cord.
◦Folded inwards as 4 septa between part of the brain.
◦The function of this septa is restrict the rotatory
displacement of the brain.
They are closely united except along certain lines, where
they separate to form venous sinuses.
24. 1. Falx cerebri- lies between the cerebral hemisphere in the
longitudinal cerebral fissure.
◦contains the superior and inferior sagittal sinuses between its
two layers.
2. Falx cerebelli- it is a small sickle-shaped fold, attached to the
internal occipital crest and projects forward between the two
hemispheres of the cerebellum.
3. Temtorium sellae- separates posterior cranial fossa from the
middle cranial fossa.
◦ separates the occipital and temporal lobes from the
cerebellum and intentorial brainstem.
4. Diaphragma sellae – forms the roof of the hypophyseal fossa.
◦ contains an aperture through which the hypophyseal stalk
(infundibulum) passes.
27. Delicate, impermeable and avascular membrane
covering the brain.
Lying between dura and pia mater.
Separete from dura mater by a potential space, the
subdural space.
Separed from pia mater by the arachinoid space.
The outer and inner surface are covered with flattened
mosothelial cells.
28. 1- epidural space- is located between the peristoneum
and the outer layer of the Dura mater, contains venous
tissue, loose connective tissue and lymphatics.
2-subdural space – is a potential space between the
Dura and Arachinoid mater, intracranially transmits the
superior cerebral veins venous lacunae of the superior
sagittal sinus.
3- arachnoids space- located between the Arachinoid
and Pia mater, contains the CFS, surrounds the entire
brain and spinal cord.
29. Pia mater (leptomeninx) is a delicate and highly
vascular membrane, closely covers the surface of the
brain and spinal cord.
Filum terminale – extends from the conus medulares
to the end of the dural sac and fuses with it.
32. Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges. The infection occurs most often
in children, teens, and young adults. Also at risk are older adults and people
who have long-term health problems, such as a weakened immune system.
There are two main kinds of meningitis:
◦Viral meningitis is fairly common. It usually does not cause serious illness.
In severe cases, it can cause prolonged fever and seizures.
◦Bacterial meningitis is not as common but is very serious. It needs to be
treated right away to prevent brain damage and death.
The two kinds of meningitis share the same symptoms. It’s very important to
see a doctor if you have symptoms, so that he or she can find out which type
you have.
Meningitis can also be caused by other organisms and some medicines, but
this is rare.
Meningitis is contagious. The germs that cause it can be passed from one
person to another through coughing and sneezing and through close contact.
33. Dandy-Walker Syndrome: A congenital brain malformation of
the openings called foramina Luschka and Magendie, it is
characterized by increased fluid in the brain.
Symptoms of Dandy-walker Syndrome:
◦Hydrocephalus
◦Increased intracranial pressure
◦Sow motor development
◦Progressive macrocrania (abnormally enlarged of skull)
◦Irritability
◦Vomiting
◦Convulsions
◦Ataxia
◦Nystagmus (Jerky eyes)
34. The term hydrocephalus is derived from the Greek
words "hydro" meaning water and "cephalus"
meaning head.
It is excessive accumulation of fluid in the brain.
35. Nystagmus is a condition of involuntary eye movement, acquired in infancy or
later in life, that may result in reduced or limited vision, it is cause by the high
cranial pressure due the big amount of CSF.