This document discusses meningitis in farm animals. It begins by defining meningitis as inflammation of the meninges, and noting the common clinical signs. For each major farm animal, it lists common causes of meningitis, including various bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. It then covers the pathogenesis of meningitis, typical clinical findings observed, diagnostic testing including CSF analysis, potential necropsy findings, and recommended treatments which primarily include various antibiotics.
Prevalence of canine leptospirosis has increased in recent years.
As many as 8.2% of dogs are shedding leptospires, some asymptomatically.49
Weather changes, population growth, and habitat encroachment have all increased human and canine exposure to pathogens and their carriers.
Transmission of leptospirosis can occur through direct contact or indirectly through environmental exposure.
Leptospires enter the body through mucous membranes in the mouth, eyes, or nose, or through abraded or water-softened skin.
Leptospires multiply in a host animal's bloodstream.
Leptospires move from the bloodstream to the kidneys and other tissues to continue reproducing.
Leptospires pass from the kidneys into the urine; then are shed back into the environment.
Other dogs, wild animals, or people can become infected through direct or indirect contact.
clinical signs
Fever
Lethargy
Weight loss
Anorexia
Depression
Acute renal failure
Jaundice
Abdominal discomfort
Vomiting and diarrhea
Blood in urine is uncommon, but may occur
Respiratory distress
Dogs at risk
Dogs at risk for developing leptospirosis include those with
Access to ponds, lakes, streams, or standing water
Exposure to urine from other infected animals, including:
Other dogs in shelters or other pet care facilities
Wildlife (e.g. rodents, racoons, opossum, deer), either through direct contact with urine or through contaminated water
Morbidity threats
As leptospirosis progresses, it can result in
Leptospiremia
Leptospires can multiply in the bloodstream and spread to many tissues and organs
Vascular damage/thrombocytopenia
Can lead to kidney failure and interfere with liver function
Contributes to coagulatory abnormalities and hemorrhages
Severe kidney and liver damage
Acute renal failure occurs in dogs with severe clinical signs
Acute hepatic dysfunction or chronic hepatitis have been caused by specific serovars
Babesiosis is the diseased state caused by the protozoal (single celled) parasites of the genus Babesia. Infection in a dog may occur by tick transmission, direct transmission via blood transfer from dog bites, blood transfusions, or transplacental transmission.
etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
Diagnosis and Treatment of Canine Pyodermaupstatevet
Ed Jazic, DVM, DACVD
The prevalence of Canine Pyoderma is increasing very quickly and the clinical condition can present in a variety of ways. It is a common secondary manifestation of a variety of clinical conditions like allergic skin diseases, endocrinopathies, autoimmune skin diseases, and keratinization disorders. An efficient and correct diagnosis is essential as is proper therapy in the face of ever-increasing development of Canine Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcal Pyoderma.
Prevalence of canine leptospirosis has increased in recent years.
As many as 8.2% of dogs are shedding leptospires, some asymptomatically.49
Weather changes, population growth, and habitat encroachment have all increased human and canine exposure to pathogens and their carriers.
Transmission of leptospirosis can occur through direct contact or indirectly through environmental exposure.
Leptospires enter the body through mucous membranes in the mouth, eyes, or nose, or through abraded or water-softened skin.
Leptospires multiply in a host animal's bloodstream.
Leptospires move from the bloodstream to the kidneys and other tissues to continue reproducing.
Leptospires pass from the kidneys into the urine; then are shed back into the environment.
Other dogs, wild animals, or people can become infected through direct or indirect contact.
clinical signs
Fever
Lethargy
Weight loss
Anorexia
Depression
Acute renal failure
Jaundice
Abdominal discomfort
Vomiting and diarrhea
Blood in urine is uncommon, but may occur
Respiratory distress
Dogs at risk
Dogs at risk for developing leptospirosis include those with
Access to ponds, lakes, streams, or standing water
Exposure to urine from other infected animals, including:
Other dogs in shelters or other pet care facilities
Wildlife (e.g. rodents, racoons, opossum, deer), either through direct contact with urine or through contaminated water
Morbidity threats
As leptospirosis progresses, it can result in
Leptospiremia
Leptospires can multiply in the bloodstream and spread to many tissues and organs
Vascular damage/thrombocytopenia
Can lead to kidney failure and interfere with liver function
Contributes to coagulatory abnormalities and hemorrhages
Severe kidney and liver damage
Acute renal failure occurs in dogs with severe clinical signs
Acute hepatic dysfunction or chronic hepatitis have been caused by specific serovars
Babesiosis is the diseased state caused by the protozoal (single celled) parasites of the genus Babesia. Infection in a dog may occur by tick transmission, direct transmission via blood transfer from dog bites, blood transfusions, or transplacental transmission.
etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
Diagnosis and Treatment of Canine Pyodermaupstatevet
Ed Jazic, DVM, DACVD
The prevalence of Canine Pyoderma is increasing very quickly and the clinical condition can present in a variety of ways. It is a common secondary manifestation of a variety of clinical conditions like allergic skin diseases, endocrinopathies, autoimmune skin diseases, and keratinization disorders. An efficient and correct diagnosis is essential as is proper therapy in the face of ever-increasing development of Canine Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcal Pyoderma.
Meningitis is an inflammation (swelling) of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. A bacterial or viral infection of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord usually causes the swelling. However, injuries, cancer, certain drugs, and other types of infections also can cause meningitis.
Identify the most common parasitic diseases that affect the CNS.
Discuss the Imaging features of these diseases.
Clarify the significances of Imaging in diagnosis and assessment of pathological features of these diseases.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. MENINGITIS
Inflammation of the meninges.
Meningitis is usually associated with a bacterial
infection and is manifested clinically by fever,
cutaneous hyperesthesia, and rigidity of muscles.
Although meningitis may affect the spinal cord or
brain specifically, it commonly affects both.
Meningoencephalitis is common in neonatal farm
animals.
3. DO YOU KNOW ?
Compared with adults, bacterial meningitis is more
common in neonates because their immune system is
immature, the blood-brain barrier is incomplete, and
umbilical infections are common, providing a nidus of
infection.
4. ETIOLOGY
Cattle
Viral diseases including bovine malignant catarrh,
sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis
Bacterial diseases including listeriosis, H. somni,
chronic lesions elsewhere in the body possibly
associated with meningitis in adult animals; rarely
tuberculosis.
5. Sheep
Melioidosis, S. aureus (tick pyemia) in newborn lambs
Pasteurella multocida in lambs
Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica in lambs.
Pigs
Glasser’s disease, erysipelas, salmonellosis;
S. suis type 2 in weaned and feeder pigs.
8. Inflammation of the meninges causes local swelling
and interference with blood supply to the brain and
spinal cord.
The signs produced by meningitis are thus a
combination of those resulting from irritation of both
central and peripheral nervous systems.
Defects of drainage of CSF occur in both acute and
chronic inflammation of the meninges and produce
signs of increased intracranial pressure.
9. In spinal meningitis, there is muscular spasm with
rigidity of the limbs and neck, arching of the back, and
hyperesthesia with pain on light touching of the skin.
When the cerebral meninges are affected, irritation
signs, including muscle tremor and convulsions, are
the common manifestations.
Meningitis is usually bacterial in origin, fever and
toxemia can be expected if the lesion is sufficiently
extensive.
10. CLINICAL FINDINGS
Acute meningitis usually develops suddenly and is
accompanied by fever and toxemia in addition to
nervous signs.
There is trismus, opisthotonus, and rigidity of the
neck and back.
11. Motor irritation signs include tonic spasms of the
muscles of the neck causing retraction of the head,
muscle tremor, and paddling movements.
There may be disturbance of consciousness manifested
by excitement or mania in the early stages, followed by
drowsiness and eventual coma.
12. Blindness is common in cerebral meningitis but not a
constant clinical finding.
In young animals, ophthalmitis with hypopyon may
occur, which supports the diagnosis of meningitis.
The pupillary light reflex is usually much slower than
normal.
Examination of the fundus of the eyes may reveal
evidence of optic disc edema, congestion of the retinal
vessels, and exudation.
13. In uncomplicated meningitis the respiration is usually
slow and deep, and often phasic in the form of
Cheyne–Stokes breathing (a breathing pattern
characterized by a period of apnea followed by a
gradual increase in the depth and rate of respiration)
or Biot’s breathing (an irregular breathing pattern
characterized by groups of quick, shallow inspirations
followed by periods of apnea).
Terminally there is quadriplegia and clonic
convulsions.
14. CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
Cerebrospinal Fluid CSF collected from the
lumbosacral space or cisterna magna.
In meningitis contains elevated protein
concentrations, has a high cell count, and usually
contains bacteria.
Hematology - Hemogram usually reveals a marked
leukocytosis, reflecting the severity of the systemic
illness secondary to septicemia.
15. NECROPSY FINDINGS
Hyperemia, the presence of hemorrhages, and
thickening and opacity of the meninges, especially
over the base of the brain, are the usual macroscopic
findings.
The CSF is often turbid and may contain fibrin. A local
superficial encephalitis is often present.
16. Lesions
Gross lesions are extremely variable depending on
cause and location and whether the disease is diffuse
or multifocal. Pathologic changes characteristic of
meningitis include diffuse infiltration of leukocytes
into the leptomeninges.
17. Listeriosis uniquely causes microabscesses deep within
the CNS parenchyma, which consist of accumulations
of neutrophils and microglial cell reaction with central
liquefactive necrosis.
18. Diagnosis
The analysis of CSF is the most reliable and accurate
means to identify an encephalitis, meningitis, or
meningoencephalitis.
The protein content of the CSF is usually also
significantly increased (>100 mg/dL), with an increase
in the globulin component of CSF.
19. Occasionally, bacteria are seen on cytologic
examination of the CSF and identified with Gram
stain.
Fungi and occasionally protozoa have been identified
in CSF, but serology is usually necessary to confirm
mycotic and protozoal infections in vivo.
Serologic testing is available for most viral
encephalitides.
20. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
Hyperesthesia, severe depression, muscle rigidity, and
blindness are the common clinical findings in cerebral
meningitis, but it is often difficult to differentiate
meningitis from encephalitis and acute cerebral
edema.
Analysis of CSF is very useful in the differential
diagnosis of diseases of the nervous system of
ruminants.
21. TREATMENT
The most promising antimicrobial agents for the
treatment of bacterial meningitis in farm animals are
trimethoprim-sulfonamide combinations, the third-
generation cephalosporins, and fluoroquinolones.
22. Excellent with or without inflammation
Sulfonamides
Third-generation
Cephalosporins
Cefoperazone,
cefotaxime
23. Good only with inflammation
Ampicillin
Carbenicillin
Cephalothin
Cephaloridine