Bone 3
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This document summarizes several bone diseases and conditions: Osteodystrophy refers to bone diseases associated with chronic renal disease, which can cause hypocalcemia, high phosphate levels, and osteitis fibrosa cystica. Osteomalacia is caused by loss of renal mass. Paget's disease causes abnormal bone remodeling in three phases - initial bone loss, mixed bone loss and formation, and final bone thickening. Osteonecrosis is bone infarction due to reduced blood supply from trauma, thrombosis, steroids or radiation. Pathologic fractures occur in weakened bone from conditions like osteomalacia or Paget's disease. Bone healing involves hematoma formation, osteoprogenitor cell differentiation, and external and internal
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Cnslm immunology mind map
This document is an outline for a lecture on immunology and autoimmunity, listing 10 topics that will be covered: 1) Tolerance and Autoimmunity, 2) Mechanism of Tissue Damage, 3) Laboratory Tests for Autoimmunity, 4) Rheumatoid Arthritis, 5) Laboratory Monitoring of Connective Tissue Disease, 6) Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, 7) Antiphospholipid Syndrome, 8) Primary Vasculitis, 9) Secondary Vasculitis, and 10) Connective Tissue Disease or Vasculitis. It was created by Muhammad Iqbal A Ghani for colleagues at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and was presented
Bone 5
This document summarizes key information about low back pain, including:
- Low back pain is very common and one of the most frequent causes of general practitioner visits. The majority (90%) of cases have a mechanical cause.
- Mechanical causes include injury to the disk, ligaments, muscles or bones. Non-mechanical causes include conditions like spondyloarthropathy, osteoporosis, cancer, and infection.
- "Red flags" that warrant further investigation or concern include major trauma, fever/weight loss, intractable pain, neurological symptoms, morning pain/stiffness, history of cancer, or significant neurological deficit.
Bone 4
This document summarizes different types of bone tumors. It discusses that bone tumors in children are usually primary tumors, while in adults they are often secondary tumors or myeloma. It separates bone tumors into those that form bone and those that form cartilage. Bone forming tumors include benign osteomas and malignant osteosarcomas. Cartilage forming tumors include benign osteochondromas and malignant chondrosarcomas. It provides details on specific bone tumors such as osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma, osteosarcoma, enchondroma, chondroblastoma, and Ewing's sarcoma.
Bone 2
This document summarizes osteoporosis and osteomalacia/rickets. Osteoporosis is a common disorder characterized by progressive reduction in bone mass despite normal mineralization. It is more common in females, Asians, Caucasians, those with sedentary lifestyles or who smoke. It can be caused by aging, menopause, genetics, immobility, low calcium intake, or steroid use. This leads to decreased bone formation and resorption, thinning and increased porosity of bones, and increased risk of fractures. Osteomalacia and rickets feature inadequate bone mineralization. Rickets occurs in children and causes bone deformities, while osteomalacia occurs in
Bone 1
This document summarizes the structure and formation of normal bone as well as some common congenital bone disorders. It describes the organic and inorganic components of bone, the cells involved in bone formation and resorption, and the process of ossification. It also discusses three specific bone disorders - achondroplasia, which causes dwarfism; osteogenesis imperfecta, which results in fractures and fragile bones; and osteopetrosis, known as marble bone disease, which causes bones to harden excessively.
Skin disease brief overview
This document discusses skin diseases and their diagnosis and treatment. It covers a range of skin diseases from neoplastic and malignant cancers like basal cell carcinoma and melanoma, to inflammatory diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Common risk factors for skin diseases include sun exposure, fair skin, age, and genetic disorders. Dermoscopy is used to diagnose skin lesions by examining features like asymmetry, irregular borders, color variation, diameter, and changes in the lesion over time. Treatment options depend on the disease but may include surgical excision, cryotherapy, or radiotherapy, with prognosis based on the cancer staging system.
Malignant neoplasm of the skin
This document summarizes the key characteristics of pre-malignant and malignant skin cancers. It describes the epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, treatment, and prognosis for the main types of skin cancer: actinic keratosis, Bowen's disease, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma. The summary focuses on the distinguishing clinical features and management considerations for each cancer type.
Connective tissue disease
This document discusses several potential mechanisms that can lead to autoimmune diseases, including the release of sequestered antigens, molecular mimicry, superantigen infection, and mutations in genes regulating the immune response. It also provides an overview of different types of hypersensitivity reactions (types I-IV) and lists some common organ-specific and non-organ-specific autoimmune diseases. Finally, it briefly touches on epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, investigations, and management of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Bones pathology
Bones are composed of an organic matrix containing collagen and proteoglycans, as well as an inorganic component of calcium hydroxyapatite. Bones contain osteoprogenitor, osteoblast, osteocyte, and osteoclast cells. Bone formation involves the production of osteoid by osteoblasts, mineralization of osteoid, and remodeling by resorption and reformation mediated by osteoclasts and osteoblasts respectively. Bones form through endochondral ossification from cartilage or membranous/periosteal ossification from connective tissue. Common bone abnormalities include congenital defects, metabolic bone diseases such as osteoporosis, bone infections, bone tumors, and fractures.
Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's disease is a neurological disorder caused by loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra. Its main symptoms are tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, and impaired balance and coordination. Diagnosis is based on medical history and clinical examination showing the characteristic motor symptoms. Treatment aims to control symptoms and preserve function, primarily using dopamine replacement therapy such as levodopa and dopamine agonists. Other options include deep brain stimulation surgery for advanced cases with motor fluctuations or dyskinesia.
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Bone 3
- 1. BONE 3 Renal Osteodystr. The diseases Osteitis fibrosa cystica Osteomalacia Osteoporosis Osteosclerosis Patho Chr. Renal Disease hypocalcemia hi phosphate Compensatory hi PTH --> OFC Loss of renal mass --> osteomala. Aluminum inhib. bone resorption Steroid therapy --> osteoporosis Paget's Disease Feature Common esp. in elder "Collagen matrix madness" More common in whites Patho Three phases 1 = initial osteolytic phase (reduce bone defor) 2 = mixed osteolytic-osteoblastic 3 = quiescent osteosclerotic (gain mass) Morpho. = "mosaic pattern" Complic. Bone pain Fractures (bone grow too fast) Deformity Nerve or cord compression (e.g. deafness) Osteonecrosis Infarction of bone & marrow Cause = ischemia trauma thrombosis/ embolism steroid therapy radiation Major site = head of femur, scaphoid Fracture Types Complete VS Greenstick (incomplete) Simple VS Compound (protrude thru skin) Comminuted or Displaced or Spiral Complicated or Depressed or Stress Pathologic fracture Pathologic Fracture of weakened bone osteomalacia, osteoporosis, paget's Healing of bone Haematoma formation Organisation of haematoma Osteoprogen. cells become osteoblast Prolif. & produce osteoid External callus bridge the outside Internal callus bridge in the medul. cavity Then ossification & remodelling Factors of bone healing Type of fracture Alignment Degree of immobilisation Blood supply Steroid, DM, nutrition Complic. Delayed union Malunion Non union Osteomyelitis Tx Immobilisation Internal fixator External fixator BONE 3.mmap - 06/01/2010 - Mindjet