Bones pathology
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Bones are composed of an organic matrix containing collagen and proteoglycans, as well as an inorganic component of calcium hydroxyapatite. Bones contain osteoprogenitor, osteoblast, osteocyte, and osteoclast cells. Bone formation involves the production of osteoid by osteoblasts, mineralization of osteoid, and remodeling by resorption and reformation mediated by osteoclasts and osteoblasts respectively. Bones form through endochondral ossification from cartilage or membranous/periosteal ossification from connective tissue. Common bone abnormalities include congenital defects, metabolic bone diseases such as osteoporosis, bone infections, bone tumors, and fractures.
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01 bone introduction
The skeleton is composed of bone and cartilage.
Importance of skeletal system
Mechanical support
Role in mineral homeostasis
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Size and shape of body
Bone is a type of connective tissue.
Composed of
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This document summarizes key information about bone structure, cells, formation, metabolism, and fracture repair. It describes that bone has structural and reservoir functions, is remodeled through modeling and remodeling, and contains osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Bone formation occurs through endochondral, intramembranous, or appositional ossification. Fracture repair involves hematoma formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation, and remodeling to restore bone structure.
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This document summarizes the structure and formation of normal bone as well as some common congenital bone disorders. It describes the organic and inorganic components of bone, the cells involved in bone formation and resorption, and the process of ossification. It also discusses three specific bone disorders - achondroplasia, which causes dwarfism; osteogenesis imperfecta, which results in fractures and fragile bones; and osteopetrosis, known as marble bone disease, which causes bones to harden excessively.
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Bones grow in length through endochondral ossification at the epiphyseal plate. Chondrocytes proliferate and are replaced by bone on the diaphyseal side, increasing bone length over time. Many factors influence bone growth, including nutrients, hormones, and weight-bearing exercise. Bones also remodel throughout life, with osteoclasts resorbing old bone and osteoblasts depositing new bone to maintain strength.
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Bone repair occurs in 4 stages:
1. Hematoma formation where a blood clot forms at the fracture site.
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3. Bony callus formation where the callus hardens into spongy bone to strengthen the fracture site.
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this powerpoint is about the basic introduction about bones which is useful for first year medical, paramedical and physiotherapy students. if you like, support me by liking, sharing and saving this file. thank you.
Recommended
01 bone introduction
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Hematopoietic elements
Protection
Size and shape of body
Bone is a type of connective tissue.
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Bones grow in length through endochondral ossification at the epiphyseal plate. Chondrocytes proliferate and are replaced by bone on the diaphyseal side, increasing bone length over time. Many factors influence bone growth, including nutrients, hormones, and weight-bearing exercise. Bones also remodel throughout life, with osteoclasts resorbing old bone and osteoblasts depositing new bone to maintain strength.
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Bone repair occurs in 4 stages:
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Lines border between perichondrium and matrix
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Reside in a space called the lacuna
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CHONDROBLAST:Progenitor of chondrocytes
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Ensheaths the cartilage
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This document summarizes several types of inflammatory and infectious arthritis. It describes seronegative spondyloarthritis as arthritis that is negative for rheumatoid factor but affects the sacroiliac joints and spine, often associated with HLA-B27. Ankylosing spondylitis is a type of seronegative spondyloarthritis that causes chronic inflammation of the lumbar and sacroiliac regions. Reactive arthritis and Reiter's syndrome can develop after genitourinary or gastrointestinal infections and present as a triad of arthritis, urethritis, and conjunctivitis. Psoriatic arthritis is associated with the skin condition psoriasis. Suppurative arthritis is caused by bacterial infections like
Joints 1
Synovial joints allow for movement between articulating bone surfaces that are covered by hyaline cartilage. There are two main types of cells in the synovial membrane - type A macrophages that remove debris, and type B cells that produce lubricating proteins. Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis and affects over 80% of elderly individuals. It is a degenerative joint disease caused by aging, repetitive joint use, obesity, genetics and prior joint injury. The cartilage in osteoarthritis breaks down over time, reducing its ability to absorb pressure and lubricate the joint, leading to pain and stiffness. Treatment focuses on relieving pain through medications and joint replacement if needed to restore function.
Epilepsy
Epilepsy can be classified as either generalized or partial. Generalized epilepsy involves seizures that affect both sides of the brain, and partial epilepsy involves seizures that affect one area. Diagnosing epilepsy involves taking a medical history and conducting investigations. Management depends on the epilepsy classification and involves anti-seizure medications. Evaluation includes assessing seizure type, frequency, medication history, and psychosocial factors.
Epilepsy 2
This document discusses the evaluation and management of epilepsy. It recommends optimal use of EEG and MRI studies to diagnose partial or focal epilepsy. It emphasizes finding an adequate level of seizure control without side effects through individualizing treatment, monitoring for underlying causes, and considering epilepsy surgery for refractory cases. Non-epileptic seizures also require differential diagnosis and intervention for any underlying psychological issues. A multidisciplinary approach is advocated including lifestyle management, addressing medical comorbidities, anti-epileptic drugs, epilepsy surgery evaluation, and other treatments for refractory epilepsy.
Cnslm immunology mind map
This document is an outline for a lecture on immunology and autoimmunity, listing 10 topics that will be covered: 1) Tolerance and Autoimmunity, 2) Mechanism of Tissue Damage, 3) Laboratory Tests for Autoimmunity, 4) Rheumatoid Arthritis, 5) Laboratory Monitoring of Connective Tissue Disease, 6) Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, 7) Antiphospholipid Syndrome, 8) Primary Vasculitis, 9) Secondary Vasculitis, and 10) Connective Tissue Disease or Vasculitis. It was created by Muhammad Iqbal A Ghani for colleagues at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and was presented
Bone 5
This document summarizes key information about low back pain, including:
- Low back pain is very common and one of the most frequent causes of general practitioner visits. The majority (90%) of cases have a mechanical cause.
- Mechanical causes include injury to the disk, ligaments, muscles or bones. Non-mechanical causes include conditions like spondyloarthropathy, osteoporosis, cancer, and infection.
- "Red flags" that warrant further investigation or concern include major trauma, fever/weight loss, intractable pain, neurological symptoms, morning pain/stiffness, history of cancer, or significant neurological deficit.
Bone 4
This document summarizes different types of bone tumors. It discusses that bone tumors in children are usually primary tumors, while in adults they are often secondary tumors or myeloma. It separates bone tumors into those that form bone and those that form cartilage. Bone forming tumors include benign osteomas and malignant osteosarcomas. Cartilage forming tumors include benign osteochondromas and malignant chondrosarcomas. It provides details on specific bone tumors such as osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma, osteosarcoma, enchondroma, chondroblastoma, and Ewing's sarcoma.
Bone 3
This document summarizes several bone diseases and conditions:
Osteodystrophy refers to bone diseases associated with chronic renal disease, which can cause hypocalcemia, high phosphate levels, and osteitis fibrosa cystica. Osteomalacia is caused by loss of renal mass. Paget's disease causes abnormal bone remodeling in three phases - initial bone loss, mixed bone loss and formation, and final bone thickening. Osteonecrosis is bone infarction due to reduced blood supply from trauma, thrombosis, steroids or radiation. Pathologic fractures occur in weakened bone from conditions like osteomalacia or Paget's disease. Bone healing involves hematoma formation, osteoprogenitor cell differentiation, and external and internal
Bone 2
This document summarizes osteoporosis and osteomalacia/rickets. Osteoporosis is a common disorder characterized by progressive reduction in bone mass despite normal mineralization. It is more common in females, Asians, Caucasians, those with sedentary lifestyles or who smoke. It can be caused by aging, menopause, genetics, immobility, low calcium intake, or steroid use. This leads to decreased bone formation and resorption, thinning and increased porosity of bones, and increased risk of fractures. Osteomalacia and rickets feature inadequate bone mineralization. Rickets occurs in children and causes bone deformities, while osteomalacia occurs in
Skin disease brief overview
This document discusses skin diseases and their diagnosis and treatment. It covers a range of skin diseases from neoplastic and malignant cancers like basal cell carcinoma and melanoma, to inflammatory diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Common risk factors for skin diseases include sun exposure, fair skin, age, and genetic disorders. Dermoscopy is used to diagnose skin lesions by examining features like asymmetry, irregular borders, color variation, diameter, and changes in the lesion over time. Treatment options depend on the disease but may include surgical excision, cryotherapy, or radiotherapy, with prognosis based on the cancer staging system.
Malignant neoplasm of the skin
This document summarizes the key characteristics of pre-malignant and malignant skin cancers. It describes the epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, treatment, and prognosis for the main types of skin cancer: actinic keratosis, Bowen's disease, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma. The summary focuses on the distinguishing clinical features and management considerations for each cancer type.
Connective tissue disease
This document discusses several potential mechanisms that can lead to autoimmune diseases, including the release of sequestered antigens, molecular mimicry, superantigen infection, and mutations in genes regulating the immune response. It also provides an overview of different types of hypersensitivity reactions (types I-IV) and lists some common organ-specific and non-organ-specific autoimmune diseases. Finally, it briefly touches on epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, investigations, and management of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's disease is a neurological disorder caused by loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra. Its main symptoms are tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, and impaired balance and coordination. Diagnosis is based on medical history and clinical examination showing the characteristic motor symptoms. Treatment aims to control symptoms and preserve function, primarily using dopamine replacement therapy such as levodopa and dopamine agonists. Other options include deep brain stimulation surgery for advanced cases with motor fluctuations or dyskinesia.
Meningitis and brain abscess
This document discusses meningitis and brain abscess. It defines meningitis as inflammation of the meninges due to infection, which can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or protozoa. Common bacterial causes include Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae type b. Symptoms vary depending on age but include fever, headache, neck stiffness, vomiting, and confusion. Treatment involves antibiotics, steroids, and supportive care. Brain abscesses are usually secondary to infections elsewhere, like sinusitis or otitis media. Common causative agents are streptococci, staphylococci, and anaerobic bacteria. Diagnosis involves imaging and treatment
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Bones pathology
- 1. Bones
- 3. Component of bone • Organic matrix - Type I collagen: Osteoid + proteoglycan - Type II collagen: cartillage • Inorganic component eg; Ca hydroxyapatite • Cells - Osteoprogenitor - Osteoblast - Osteocytes -Osteoclast • Tissue: Periosteum
- 4. Bone formation • Production of Osteoid • Mineralization of osteiod • Remodelling by resoption & reformation Osteoblast (Production) Osteoid (Mineralization) Woven bone (Remodelling) Lamellar bone.
- 6. Ossification • Endochondrial Ossification –frm cartillage
- 7. • Membranous / Periosteal Ossification – frm connective tissue
- 8. Quiz: Fn of bone???
- 9. Involvement of: PTH Vit D Calcitonin
- 10. Bone Abnormalities 1. Cogenital 2. Metabolic bone Dx 3. Inflammation 4. Malignancies 5. Trauma/ Fractures
- 11. 1. Congenital • Achondroplasia • Osteogenesis Imperfecta • Osteopetrosis
- 12. 2. Metabolic Bone Dx • Osteoporosis • Osteomalacia, Rickets • Paget’s Dx (of bone!!)/ Oteitis deformans • Renal Bone Dx/ Renal osteodystrophy • Hyperparathyroidism
- 13. 3. Inflammation • Osteomyelitis (osteon, meaning bone, myelo- meaning marrow, and -itis meaning inflammation)
- 14. 4. Malignancies Bone tumors Primary Bone Forming Tumors Cartillage Producing Tumors Others Ewing’s Sarcoma Myeloma Solitary plasmacytoma Multiple Myeloma Osteoclastoma (Giant cell tumors) Secondary
- 15. Malignancies Bone Forming Tumors Benign Osteoma Osteoid Osteoma Ostoeblastoma Malignant Osteosarcoma
- 17. Malignancies • Malignant Primary (what it produce) Secondary (metastasis) *most common bone tumours in children and young adult Primary Bone Tumours * most common bone tumours in older adult Myeloma and Mets from other site (brest, prostate, lung, kidney)
- 18. 5. Trauma/ Fractures • Comminuted • Displaced • Spiral • Complicated • Depressed • Stress fracture • Pathologic fracture (tumours, osteoporosis, osteomalacia, Paget’s, cogenital)
- 19. Healing of bone Haematoma Granulation Procallus formation (soft tissue) OssificationRemodelling
Editor's Notes
- osteoid is the unmineralized, organic portion of the bone matrix that forms prior to the maturation of bone tissue. Osteoblasts begin the process of forming bone tissue by secreting the osteoid as several specific proteins An osteocyte, a star-shaped cell, is the most abundant[citation needed] cell found in compact bone. Cells contain a nucleus and a thin ring of cytoplasm. When osteoblasts become trapped in the matrix they secrete, they become osteocytes. Up to fifty percent of bone is made up of a modified form of the inorganic mineral hydroxylapatite (known as bone mineral).[
- Ossification (or osteogenesis) is the process of laying down new bone material by cells