Cloning, Animal cloning, clone
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its a good type of ppt for understanding cloning and its types. It also enlists the idea of procedure in the lab to initiate initial division of embryo by electric current.
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Animal Cloning Procedure, Problems and Perspectives
Cloning in farm animals has problems and perspectives. Key issues include developmental anomalies in cloned animals, the large offspring syndrome observed in cattle and sheep clones, and safety apprehensions regarding meat and milk from cloned animals. However, cloning also has potential applications for transgenic animal production, creating disease models, bioreactors, and research into xenotransplantation. It allows the propagation of elite livestock and conservation of endangered species. Further optimization is needed to improve cloning efficiency and resolve health issues.
Animal cloning
This document discusses animal cloning, specifically somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). It provides information on the history of cloning, animals that have been cloned, the SCNT process, challenges to successful cloning including reprogramming differentiated cells, and problems seen in cloned animals including embryonic and postnatal abnormalities. Applications of cloning such as restoring endangered species, generating transgenic animals, and gene knockout in farm animals are also covered.
Embryo splitting
EMBRYOSPLITTING IS THE TECHNIQUE WHEREBY AN EARLY STAGE EMBRYO SPLIT INTO TWO OR MORE GENETICALLY IDENTICAL EMBRYOS. THERE ARE CURRENTLY NUMBER OF TECHNIQUES USED TO CREATE CLONED EMBRYOS, SUCH AS SOMATIC CELL NUMCLEAR TRANSFER, THERAPEUTIC CLONING, EMBRYO SPLITTING AND PARTHENIGENESIS.
EMBRYO SPLITTING IS ALSO KNOWN AS ARTIFICIAL TWINS, MAMMALIAN EMBRYOS SPLITING HAS SUCCESFULLY BEEN ESTABLISHED IN FARM ANIMALS.
Animal cloning
This document discusses cloning, including its definition, history, process, advantages, disadvantages, applications, and future. It provides definitions of cloning and discusses some of the first animals cloned, like Dolly the sheep. It also outlines legal and ethical issues with animal cloning, benefits of GE animals, the cloning process, and advantages and disadvantages of animal cloning. Some disadvantages are low success rates and health issues in cloned animals. Applications include biomedical research and livestock breeding. The future of cloning may include protecting endangered species and enhancing animal traits, but it also poses risks.
Method of gene transfer
Transfection involves introducing foreign DNA into host cells to produce a new phenotype. There are two main methods of transfection - vector-mediated and non-vector mediated. Vector-mediated transfection uses bacteriophage, retroviral, cosmid, baculovirus, and plasmid vectors to introduce DNA. Non-vector mediated methods include direct techniques like microinjection, electroporation, and particle bombardment, and indirect techniques like calcium phosphate precipitation and DEAE-dextran. Retroviral vectors are modified retroviruses that can introduce foreign DNA into host chromosomal DNA. Microinjection involves injecting DNA directly into cells using a micropipette under a microscope. Electroporation uses electric pulses to create temporary
Embryo sexing
This document discusses modern techniques for pre-selecting the sex of embryos, which can be done either through sperm sorting by looking for X or Y chromosomes, or by determining the sex of pre-implantation embryos. There are invasive methods like cytogenetic analysis of chromosomes and DNA probes, and non-invasive methods like detecting the H-Y antigen or differences in growth between male and female embryos. These techniques allow for altering the male to female ratio in farm animals to increase milk and meat production.
Cell cloning, animal cell culture
Introduction
History
Cell culture techniques
Species cloned
Approaches of cell cloning
Monolayer culture- Dilution cloning
Microtitration plate
Suspension culture- Cloning in agar
Cloning in methocel
Isolation of clone
By clonal rings
By suspension clone
Application of cell cloning
Conclusion
Reference
Xenotransplantion
The document provides guidelines and information on xenotransplantation. It discusses the concept of xenotransplantation, using animal organs or tissues for human transplantation to address organ shortages. The history of xenotransplantation is reviewed, noting early attempts dating back to the 1600s using animal bone and skin for human grafts. Guidelines from the Indian Council of Medical Research on experimental xenotransplantation are presented, focusing on oversight, long-term studies, and case-by-case approval. Recent research efforts led by George Church are also summarized, using CRISPR gene editing to modify pig embryos in an attempt to eliminate viruses and reduce immune response when transplanting pig organs into humans.
Recommended
Animal Cloning Procedure, Problems and Perspectives
Cloning in farm animals has problems and perspectives. Key issues include developmental anomalies in cloned animals, the large offspring syndrome observed in cattle and sheep clones, and safety apprehensions regarding meat and milk from cloned animals. However, cloning also has potential applications for transgenic animal production, creating disease models, bioreactors, and research into xenotransplantation. It allows the propagation of elite livestock and conservation of endangered species. Further optimization is needed to improve cloning efficiency and resolve health issues.
Animal cloning
This document discusses animal cloning, specifically somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). It provides information on the history of cloning, animals that have been cloned, the SCNT process, challenges to successful cloning including reprogramming differentiated cells, and problems seen in cloned animals including embryonic and postnatal abnormalities. Applications of cloning such as restoring endangered species, generating transgenic animals, and gene knockout in farm animals are also covered.
Embryo splitting
EMBRYOSPLITTING IS THE TECHNIQUE WHEREBY AN EARLY STAGE EMBRYO SPLIT INTO TWO OR MORE GENETICALLY IDENTICAL EMBRYOS. THERE ARE CURRENTLY NUMBER OF TECHNIQUES USED TO CREATE CLONED EMBRYOS, SUCH AS SOMATIC CELL NUMCLEAR TRANSFER, THERAPEUTIC CLONING, EMBRYO SPLITTING AND PARTHENIGENESIS.
EMBRYO SPLITTING IS ALSO KNOWN AS ARTIFICIAL TWINS, MAMMALIAN EMBRYOS SPLITING HAS SUCCESFULLY BEEN ESTABLISHED IN FARM ANIMALS.
Animal cloning
This document discusses cloning, including its definition, history, process, advantages, disadvantages, applications, and future. It provides definitions of cloning and discusses some of the first animals cloned, like Dolly the sheep. It also outlines legal and ethical issues with animal cloning, benefits of GE animals, the cloning process, and advantages and disadvantages of animal cloning. Some disadvantages are low success rates and health issues in cloned animals. Applications include biomedical research and livestock breeding. The future of cloning may include protecting endangered species and enhancing animal traits, but it also poses risks.
Method of gene transfer
Transfection involves introducing foreign DNA into host cells to produce a new phenotype. There are two main methods of transfection - vector-mediated and non-vector mediated. Vector-mediated transfection uses bacteriophage, retroviral, cosmid, baculovirus, and plasmid vectors to introduce DNA. Non-vector mediated methods include direct techniques like microinjection, electroporation, and particle bombardment, and indirect techniques like calcium phosphate precipitation and DEAE-dextran. Retroviral vectors are modified retroviruses that can introduce foreign DNA into host chromosomal DNA. Microinjection involves injecting DNA directly into cells using a micropipette under a microscope. Electroporation uses electric pulses to create temporary
Embryo sexing
This document discusses modern techniques for pre-selecting the sex of embryos, which can be done either through sperm sorting by looking for X or Y chromosomes, or by determining the sex of pre-implantation embryos. There are invasive methods like cytogenetic analysis of chromosomes and DNA probes, and non-invasive methods like detecting the H-Y antigen or differences in growth between male and female embryos. These techniques allow for altering the male to female ratio in farm animals to increase milk and meat production.
Cell cloning, animal cell culture
Introduction
History
Cell culture techniques
Species cloned
Approaches of cell cloning
Monolayer culture- Dilution cloning
Microtitration plate
Suspension culture- Cloning in agar
Cloning in methocel
Isolation of clone
By clonal rings
By suspension clone
Application of cell cloning
Conclusion
Reference
Xenotransplantion
The document provides guidelines and information on xenotransplantation. It discusses the concept of xenotransplantation, using animal organs or tissues for human transplantation to address organ shortages. The history of xenotransplantation is reviewed, noting early attempts dating back to the 1600s using animal bone and skin for human grafts. Guidelines from the Indian Council of Medical Research on experimental xenotransplantation are presented, focusing on oversight, long-term studies, and case-by-case approval. Recent research efforts led by George Church are also summarized, using CRISPR gene editing to modify pig embryos in an attempt to eliminate viruses and reduce immune response when transplanting pig organs into humans.
MICROINJECTION GENE TRANSFER METHOD
Microinjection is a gene transfer technique where DNA is directly injected into cells using a fine glass micropipette. It is highly efficient at the individual cell level and was originally used for transfecting hard-to-transfect cells. The procedure involves holding a cell using one pipette while another pipette is used to inject DNA into the cell's cytoplasm or nucleus. It allows for stable transfection efficiencies of around 20% and is used to generate transgenic animals by injecting DNA into oocytes, eggs or embryos. However, it is time-consuming and can only be done for a small number of cells.
Somatic cell nuclear_transfer
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a cloning method that involves removing the nucleus from a somatic cell and placing it in an egg cell. The key steps are removing the nucleus from the organism being cloned and an egg cell, placing the organism's nucleus into the egg cell, stimulating the egg cell with a shock, and allowing it to divide. SCNT is mostly used for animal cloning and produced Dolly the sheep, but has limitations as it requires many attempts and does not perfectly transfer all DNA.
Embryo splitting
This topic is basically on the topic of embryo splitting, what is embryo splitting, procedure, applications etc.
Transgenic mice
Introduction
Definition
History
Why are the transgenic animals being produced
Transgenic mice
Mice: as model organism
Methods of creation of transgenic mice
knock-out mice
Application of transgenic mice
Conclusion
References
Techniques of cell cloning
Introduction
What is cloning?
Why we want to do cloning?
History
Technique of cell cloning
Dolly โ the sheep
Species cloned
Why persue animal cloning research?
Conclusion
Introduction
What is cloning?
Why we want to do cloning?
History
Technique of cell cloning
Dolly โ the sheep
Species cloned
Why persue animal cloning research?
Conclusion
Cell culture based vaccines
This document discusses cell culture based vaccine production. It begins by introducing different types of vaccines and traditional egg-based vaccine production methods and their limitations. It then describes the importance and advantages of cell culture based methods, including types of cells used. The key steps of the cell culture based production process are outlined, including strain selection, bulk production, purification, virus inactivation, formulation, quality control testing, and lot release. Specific cell culture based vaccines for influenza, rabies, dengue, and Ebola are discussed. The conclusion emphasizes the potential for cell culture to replace egg-based methods by producing vaccines faster and in larger quantities to meet global demand.
Transgenic technology
Rishabh Maheshwari presents information on transgenic techniques. Transgenics involve introducing foreign DNA into a host organism's genome, typically using a mouse as the host. This allows for engineering organisms with DNA from another source as part of their genetic material. Common methods to create transgenic animals include DNA microinjection, retrovirus-mediated gene transfer, sperm-mediated gene transfer, and embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer. Transgenic technology has applications in disease models, pharmaceutical production, agriculture, and industry. While it has benefits, there are also concerns regarding animal welfare and environmental impacts.
Stem cell culture, its application
Introduction.
Properties of Stem Cells.
Key Research events.
Embryonic Stem Cell.
Stem cell Cultivation.
Stem cells are central to three processes in an organism.
Research & Clinical Application of stem cell.
Research patents.
Conclusion.
Reference.
Animal Cloning
This document provides information about animal cloning, including its history, processes, examples of cloned animals, and ethical issues. It discusses the three main types of cloning - reproductive cloning, gene cloning, and therapeutic cloning. Reproductive cloning aims to produce genetically identical copies of animals and was used to create Dolly the sheep in 1996, the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell. While cloning may help protect endangered species and improve livestock, it also raises ethical concerns about technical safety, personal identity, and the commercialization of life.
GENE TRANSFER METHODS IN ANIMALS
Gene transfer methods in animals can be natural or artificial. Natural methods include conjugation, transformation, and transduction which transfer genes between bacteria. Artificial methods like microinjection, biolistics, liposome mediated transfer, calcium phosphate mediated transfer, and electroporation are used to directly insert genes into cells. These techniques transfer genes into organisms for genetic engineering applications such as producing transgenic animals, developing vaccines, and gene therapy to treat diseases.
Plant transformation methods
the presentation is provided with information about how the foreign genes are transferred to plant genome.
Gene knockout
Gene knock out technology involves replacing or disrupting an existing gene with artificial DNA to study gene function. The first knockout mouse was created in 1989. Knockout mice and microorganisms are commonly used animal models for studying genes in the laboratory. The procedure involves isolating the target gene, engineering a new DNA sequence with a marker gene, introducing this into stem cells via electroporation, and breeding mice with the knocked out gene. Knockout technology allows determining gene functions, creating mouse models of human diseases, and characterizing genetic regulatory regions.
BioPharming (Molecular Farming)
1. Biopharming involves the production of therapeutic proteins through transgenic animals and offers advantages over conventional production methods like lower costs, higher yields, and proper post-translational modifications.
2. The mammary gland is often used for expression since milk can be easily collected and purified. Therapeutic proteins are commonly expressed at grams per liter of milk.
3. While biopharming has promise, challenges remain around low success rates, animal health issues, and concerns about transgene escape into the environment. Ongoing work aims to improve efficiency and safety.
Gene knockout
Gene knockout is a technique used to study gene function by inactivating genes in living organisms. It involves using gene targeting to disrupt a gene, preventing it from functioning normally. Researchers developed methods for knocking out genes in mice using embryonic stem cells, which won them the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The basic process involves engineering a construct to disrupt a target gene, introducing it into embryonic stem cells, generating a knockout mouse, and studying the effects of the disrupted gene. Gene knockout is a valuable tool for biomedical research and understanding disease mechanisms.
Electroporation
Electroporation is a method that uses electric pulses to create temporary pores in cell membranes, allowing molecules like DNA to enter cells. It can be used to introduce foreign genes into host cells for transformation or transfection. The electric pulses temporarily permeabilize the membrane, and the DNA enters through newly formed pores and incorporates into the host cell genome. Electroporation has applications in biotech for bacterial, yeast, and plant transformation, as well as gene therapy, cell therapy, and tumor treatment. It allows efficient delivery of DNA vaccines and other molecules into cells with minimal amounts of material.
Somatic cell cloning
This document discusses genetic manipulation techniques for animals, including somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) cloning. It provides details on the SCNT process, including the Roslin technique used to create Dolly the sheep. Applications of SCNT are described for agriculture, conservation, and medical therapeutics. The document also discusses the success of SCNT, limitations, and ethical concerns regarding genetic manipulation of animals.
Organ culture- animal tissue culture
Organ culture involves maintaining small fragments of whole organs or tissues in culture media while retaining their three-dimensional structure and spatial distribution of cells. There are several methods of organ culture including culturing on plasma clots, agar, liquid media, or raft methods. Organ culture has various applications and allows studying cell interactions in a way that mimics the in vivo organ. It is currently being used to develop replacement organs and tissues for applications such as growing bladders, lungs, and heart patches. While progress is being made, developing fully functional human organs remains a challenge.
Micromanipulation.pptx
Micromanipulation refers to procedures performed using microscopic instruments to manipulate eggs, sperm, and embryos. This includes techniques like partial zone dissection, subzonal insemination, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, somatic cell nuclear transfer, and gene transfer through microinjection. These techniques are used to increase fertilization and pregnancy rates, overcome male infertility, produce clones and chimeras, and enable genetic modification. They have helped advance reproductive biotechnologies and achieve major milestones like IVF births and the first animal clone. However, some argue that manipulating animals causes them suffering and poses ethical and environmental risks.
RETROVIRUS MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER AND EXPRESSION CLONING
- The retroviral virion is a spherical particle 80-100 nm in diameter composed of a lipid bilayer envelope containing glycoproteins and a capsid containing two copies of the viral RNA genome and enzymes.
- Retroviruses replicate by reverse transcribing their RNA genome into DNA which is then integrated into the host cell genome by an integrase enzyme to become a provirus, allowing transcription of viral genes.
- Retrovirus mediated gene transfer involves the virus producing a DNA copy of its genome using reverse transcriptase, with the DNA then integrating randomly into the host cell genome, allowing investigation of gene function.
Effective Safe Superovulation.
This document discusses effective protocols for superovulation when undergoing IVF treatment. It compares different ovarian stimulation protocols including long and short protocols using gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists or antagonists. It also examines the use of human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) versus recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (r-FSH), as well as adding luteinizing hormone (LH) to stimulation. Key factors discussed include number of eggs retrieved, egg and embryo quality, risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, and pregnancy rates. The document provides guidance on optimizing protocols based on patient characteristics and treatment goals.
Animal Cloning
Animal cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical organism by taking a single cell from the donor animal and using it to reproduce an identical individual. Scamper the horse was a champion barrel racer who won 10 consecutive world championships between 1984-1993. After retiring from competition, Scamper was cloned by an animal genetics corporation, producing a foal named Clayton born in 2006 that is genetically identical but cannot be registered with the American Quarter Horse Association due to cloning.
Dolly the sheep
Dolly the sheep was the first cloned mammal, born in 1996 in Scotland. Scientists took a cell from Dolly and developed it artificially so that it became an exact copy of her through somatic cell nuclear transfer. This involved transferring the nucleus of the adult cell into an egg cell that had its nucleus removed. The hybrid cell was stimulated to divide with an electric shock and implanted in a surrogate mother. Sadly, Dolly died in 2003 at the early age of six from lung disease and premature arthritis because her cells were already old when she was cloned. Cloning may help preserve endangered species and could be important for producing transgenic livestock in the future.
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MICROINJECTION GENE TRANSFER METHOD
Microinjection is a gene transfer technique where DNA is directly injected into cells using a fine glass micropipette. It is highly efficient at the individual cell level and was originally used for transfecting hard-to-transfect cells. The procedure involves holding a cell using one pipette while another pipette is used to inject DNA into the cell's cytoplasm or nucleus. It allows for stable transfection efficiencies of around 20% and is used to generate transgenic animals by injecting DNA into oocytes, eggs or embryos. However, it is time-consuming and can only be done for a small number of cells.
Somatic cell nuclear_transfer
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a cloning method that involves removing the nucleus from a somatic cell and placing it in an egg cell. The key steps are removing the nucleus from the organism being cloned and an egg cell, placing the organism's nucleus into the egg cell, stimulating the egg cell with a shock, and allowing it to divide. SCNT is mostly used for animal cloning and produced Dolly the sheep, but has limitations as it requires many attempts and does not perfectly transfer all DNA.
Embryo splitting
This topic is basically on the topic of embryo splitting, what is embryo splitting, procedure, applications etc.
Transgenic mice
Introduction
Definition
History
Why are the transgenic animals being produced
Transgenic mice
Mice: as model organism
Methods of creation of transgenic mice
knock-out mice
Application of transgenic mice
Conclusion
References
Techniques of cell cloning
Introduction
What is cloning?
Why we want to do cloning?
History
Technique of cell cloning
Dolly โ the sheep
Species cloned
Why persue animal cloning research?
Conclusion
Introduction
What is cloning?
Why we want to do cloning?
History
Technique of cell cloning
Dolly โ the sheep
Species cloned
Why persue animal cloning research?
Conclusion
Cell culture based vaccines
This document discusses cell culture based vaccine production. It begins by introducing different types of vaccines and traditional egg-based vaccine production methods and their limitations. It then describes the importance and advantages of cell culture based methods, including types of cells used. The key steps of the cell culture based production process are outlined, including strain selection, bulk production, purification, virus inactivation, formulation, quality control testing, and lot release. Specific cell culture based vaccines for influenza, rabies, dengue, and Ebola are discussed. The conclusion emphasizes the potential for cell culture to replace egg-based methods by producing vaccines faster and in larger quantities to meet global demand.
Transgenic technology
Rishabh Maheshwari presents information on transgenic techniques. Transgenics involve introducing foreign DNA into a host organism's genome, typically using a mouse as the host. This allows for engineering organisms with DNA from another source as part of their genetic material. Common methods to create transgenic animals include DNA microinjection, retrovirus-mediated gene transfer, sperm-mediated gene transfer, and embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer. Transgenic technology has applications in disease models, pharmaceutical production, agriculture, and industry. While it has benefits, there are also concerns regarding animal welfare and environmental impacts.
Stem cell culture, its application
Introduction.
Properties of Stem Cells.
Key Research events.
Embryonic Stem Cell.
Stem cell Cultivation.
Stem cells are central to three processes in an organism.
Research & Clinical Application of stem cell.
Research patents.
Conclusion.
Reference.
Animal Cloning
This document provides information about animal cloning, including its history, processes, examples of cloned animals, and ethical issues. It discusses the three main types of cloning - reproductive cloning, gene cloning, and therapeutic cloning. Reproductive cloning aims to produce genetically identical copies of animals and was used to create Dolly the sheep in 1996, the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell. While cloning may help protect endangered species and improve livestock, it also raises ethical concerns about technical safety, personal identity, and the commercialization of life.
GENE TRANSFER METHODS IN ANIMALS
Gene transfer methods in animals can be natural or artificial. Natural methods include conjugation, transformation, and transduction which transfer genes between bacteria. Artificial methods like microinjection, biolistics, liposome mediated transfer, calcium phosphate mediated transfer, and electroporation are used to directly insert genes into cells. These techniques transfer genes into organisms for genetic engineering applications such as producing transgenic animals, developing vaccines, and gene therapy to treat diseases.
Plant transformation methods
the presentation is provided with information about how the foreign genes are transferred to plant genome.
Gene knockout
Gene knock out technology involves replacing or disrupting an existing gene with artificial DNA to study gene function. The first knockout mouse was created in 1989. Knockout mice and microorganisms are commonly used animal models for studying genes in the laboratory. The procedure involves isolating the target gene, engineering a new DNA sequence with a marker gene, introducing this into stem cells via electroporation, and breeding mice with the knocked out gene. Knockout technology allows determining gene functions, creating mouse models of human diseases, and characterizing genetic regulatory regions.
BioPharming (Molecular Farming)
1. Biopharming involves the production of therapeutic proteins through transgenic animals and offers advantages over conventional production methods like lower costs, higher yields, and proper post-translational modifications.
2. The mammary gland is often used for expression since milk can be easily collected and purified. Therapeutic proteins are commonly expressed at grams per liter of milk.
3. While biopharming has promise, challenges remain around low success rates, animal health issues, and concerns about transgene escape into the environment. Ongoing work aims to improve efficiency and safety.
Gene knockout
Gene knockout is a technique used to study gene function by inactivating genes in living organisms. It involves using gene targeting to disrupt a gene, preventing it from functioning normally. Researchers developed methods for knocking out genes in mice using embryonic stem cells, which won them the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The basic process involves engineering a construct to disrupt a target gene, introducing it into embryonic stem cells, generating a knockout mouse, and studying the effects of the disrupted gene. Gene knockout is a valuable tool for biomedical research and understanding disease mechanisms.
Electroporation
Electroporation is a method that uses electric pulses to create temporary pores in cell membranes, allowing molecules like DNA to enter cells. It can be used to introduce foreign genes into host cells for transformation or transfection. The electric pulses temporarily permeabilize the membrane, and the DNA enters through newly formed pores and incorporates into the host cell genome. Electroporation has applications in biotech for bacterial, yeast, and plant transformation, as well as gene therapy, cell therapy, and tumor treatment. It allows efficient delivery of DNA vaccines and other molecules into cells with minimal amounts of material.
Somatic cell cloning
This document discusses genetic manipulation techniques for animals, including somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) cloning. It provides details on the SCNT process, including the Roslin technique used to create Dolly the sheep. Applications of SCNT are described for agriculture, conservation, and medical therapeutics. The document also discusses the success of SCNT, limitations, and ethical concerns regarding genetic manipulation of animals.
Organ culture- animal tissue culture
Organ culture involves maintaining small fragments of whole organs or tissues in culture media while retaining their three-dimensional structure and spatial distribution of cells. There are several methods of organ culture including culturing on plasma clots, agar, liquid media, or raft methods. Organ culture has various applications and allows studying cell interactions in a way that mimics the in vivo organ. It is currently being used to develop replacement organs and tissues for applications such as growing bladders, lungs, and heart patches. While progress is being made, developing fully functional human organs remains a challenge.
Micromanipulation.pptx
Micromanipulation refers to procedures performed using microscopic instruments to manipulate eggs, sperm, and embryos. This includes techniques like partial zone dissection, subzonal insemination, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, somatic cell nuclear transfer, and gene transfer through microinjection. These techniques are used to increase fertilization and pregnancy rates, overcome male infertility, produce clones and chimeras, and enable genetic modification. They have helped advance reproductive biotechnologies and achieve major milestones like IVF births and the first animal clone. However, some argue that manipulating animals causes them suffering and poses ethical and environmental risks.
RETROVIRUS MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER AND EXPRESSION CLONING
- The retroviral virion is a spherical particle 80-100 nm in diameter composed of a lipid bilayer envelope containing glycoproteins and a capsid containing two copies of the viral RNA genome and enzymes.
- Retroviruses replicate by reverse transcribing their RNA genome into DNA which is then integrated into the host cell genome by an integrase enzyme to become a provirus, allowing transcription of viral genes.
- Retrovirus mediated gene transfer involves the virus producing a DNA copy of its genome using reverse transcriptase, with the DNA then integrating randomly into the host cell genome, allowing investigation of gene function.
Effective Safe Superovulation.
This document discusses effective protocols for superovulation when undergoing IVF treatment. It compares different ovarian stimulation protocols including long and short protocols using gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists or antagonists. It also examines the use of human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) versus recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (r-FSH), as well as adding luteinizing hormone (LH) to stimulation. Key factors discussed include number of eggs retrieved, egg and embryo quality, risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, and pregnancy rates. The document provides guidance on optimizing protocols based on patient characteristics and treatment goals.
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RETROVIRUS MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER AND EXPRESSION CLONING
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Animal Cloning
Animal cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical organism by taking a single cell from the donor animal and using it to reproduce an identical individual. Scamper the horse was a champion barrel racer who won 10 consecutive world championships between 1984-1993. After retiring from competition, Scamper was cloned by an animal genetics corporation, producing a foal named Clayton born in 2006 that is genetically identical but cannot be registered with the American Quarter Horse Association due to cloning.
Dolly the sheep
Dolly the sheep was the first cloned mammal, born in 1996 in Scotland. Scientists took a cell from Dolly and developed it artificially so that it became an exact copy of her through somatic cell nuclear transfer. This involved transferring the nucleus of the adult cell into an egg cell that had its nucleus removed. The hybrid cell was stimulated to divide with an electric shock and implanted in a surrogate mother. Sadly, Dolly died in 2003 at the early age of six from lung disease and premature arthritis because her cells were already old when she was cloned. Cloning may help preserve endangered species and could be important for producing transgenic livestock in the future.
cloning
Dolly the sheep was the first mammal successfully cloned from an adult cell. She was cloned at the Roslin Institute in the UK in 1996 from a cell taken from a six-year-old ewe. Dolly gave birth to six lambs over her lifetime and helped demonstrate that cloning is possible in mammals.
Cloning Powerpoint
Experiments in cloning date back to the 1950s with the successful cloning of tadpoles. The first cloned mammal was Dolly the sheep in 1996. Attempts at human cloning have occurred but with limited success and significant ethical concerns. While cloning may help treat disease or infertility, it also risks developmental issues and challenges ideas of what it means to be human. Religious and legal perspectives on cloning vary greatly due to its implications.
Gestation parturition
The document discusses gestation periods in farm animals. It describes gestation as consisting of three classes: the ovum period from fertilization to implantation, the embryo period from implantation to early organ formation, and the fetus period from organ formation to birth. The roles of the placenta, hormones, and changes to the female genital organs during gestation are also examined. Factors influencing the length of gestation and methods for examining gestation in farm animals are outlined.
Normal parturition process in large animals (bovine
This slide clearly reflects the idea of normal parturition in large animals and stress factors ass well. Stages are also describes by it.
Early Foal Care- Foaling and the 1st 24 hours
Client education seminar given December 6, 2011 discussing late term pregnancy, foaling and early foal care.
Animal cloning
Animal cloning has been successfully done in many species. The most famous early example was Dolly the sheep, born in 1996. Some advantages of animal cloning include producing genetically identical animals and furthering scientific research. However, cloned animals often have shorter lifespans than naturally bred animals. Some view cloning as taking embryos from animals for research purposes. Religious and governmental groups also have ethical concerns about cloning. A variety of species have been cloned, including cows, horses, deer, cats, and endangered species such as banteng, mouflon sheep, and African wildcats in an attempt to preserve their genetics. The first cloned mule and kitten were also achieved.
Aseptic techniques in plant tissue culture
Importance of practising Aseptic Techniques in plant tissue culture and what are these techniques what precautions should be taken when doing tissue culture
PLACENTA, PARTURITION AND LACTATION
The document discusses the placenta, parturition, and lactation. It describes the placenta's structure and functions, including nutrient exchange, hormone production, and forming the fetoplacental unit. Parturition involves three stages: cervical dilation, delivery of the fetus, and expulsion of the placenta. Lactation also occurs in stages from breast development during pregnancy to milk production and ejection in response to suckling. Key hormones like progesterone, estrogen, prolactin, and oxytocin regulate these reproductive processes.
Using Compilation/Decompilation to Enhance Clone Detection
The presentation slides for my talk at the 11th International Workshop on Software Clones 2017 in Klagenfurt, Austria.
Cloning
There are three main types of cloning: gene cloning, reproductive cloning, and therapeutic cloning. Gene cloning involves collecting DNA fragments from an organism and cloning them into vectors. Reproductive cloning produces a genetic duplicate of an existing organism, like Dolly the sheep. It is opposed by some due to safety and ethical concerns. Therapeutic cloning creates embryonic stem cells which researchers hope to use to grow healthy tissues to replace damaged or diseased ones. Cloning offers both potential medical benefits like organ transplants and stem cell therapies, as well as risks like uncertainty in the process, inheriting diseases, and potential for abuse. Any discussion on cloning must consider both its value and inherent risks.
Human Cloning
Well this is a presentation different from the common issues like internet or mobile or you take nuclear testing.
This is HUMAN CLONING,a beginning to a new era of Science and technology.
Come and enjoy the world within!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Somatic cell nuclear transfer ppt
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) involves transferring the nucleus of a somatic cell into an egg cell from which the nucleus has been removed. Dolly the sheep was the first mammal cloned using SCNT in 1996. SCNT has not been used to clone humans due to lack of government funding and ethical concerns regarding human cloning.
Physiology of normal labour
This document describes the four phases of parturition: quiescence, activation, stimulation, and involution. It discusses the factors that influence each phase such as hormones and uterine activity. There are three stages of labor: first stage involves cervical dilation, second stage is delivery of the baby, and third stage involves placental separation and expulsion. The document provides details on the characteristics of uterine contractions during labor, cervical dilation, formation of the lower uterine segment, and mechanisms of placental separation and hemostasis after delivery.
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Similar to Cloning, Animal cloning, clone
MSA
Cloning involves making a genetic duplicate of an organism with the same DNA. It can be done through somatic cell nuclear transfer where the nucleus of an adult cell is transferred into an egg cell with its nucleus removed. The reconstructed egg is stimulated to divide through electric currents or chemicals and develops into an embryo. Species that have been cloned include carp, mice, sheep, monkeys, pigs, and horses. Cloning can be used for reproductive purposes or to generate human embryos for medical research.
cloning.pdf
This document discusses mammalian cloning, embryonic stem cell technologies, and the ethical issues surrounding human cloning. It provides information on reproductive cloning and gene/DNA cloning. Gene cloning involves locating a gene of interest and copying it out of extracted DNA. Therapeutic cloning is described as cloning designed for medical treatment, using somatic cell nuclear transfer to generate embryonic stem cells with a patient's genome. Potential benefits of therapeutic cloning include organ transplants, treatment of diseases like leukemia, and tissue regeneration. However, the use of embryonic stem cells from aborted fetuses is considered morally problematic by some. Different sources of stem cells are outlined, including embryonic, fetal, and adult tissues.
Cloning
It explains about what is cloning, types of cloning - Natural & artificial, further classification of artificial cloning with diagramatic images.
with the help of this PPt any individual can do self study
Cloning-Human Cloning
Cloning can be done through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) or artificial embryo twinning. SCNT involves transferring the nucleus of a somatic cell into an egg cell from which the nucleus has been removed. The embryo is then implanted into a surrogate mother. Dolly the sheep was the first mammal cloned using SCNT. Reproductive cloning has a high failure rate and cloned animals often have health issues. Alternatives like reproductive semi-cloning have been proposed to address ethical concerns while still helping infertility treatments.
Therapeutic cloning
Cloning involves making genetically identical copies of organisms through somatic cell nuclear transfer. John Gurdon first cloned frogs in the 1960s by transferring nuclei from intestinal cells into enucleated eggs. His work established the basis for cloning techniques still used today. Therapeutic cloning uses somatic cell nuclear transfer to generate patient-matched stem cells for research and potential medical treatments without creating human clones. However, technical challenges remain such as immune rejection and ethical issues around embryo use and destruction.
MAMMALIAN CLONING
1) The document discusses various cloning technologies including mammalian cloning, reproductive cloning, gene cloning, and therapeutic cloning.
2) Gene cloning involves locating and copying a gene of interest from an organism's DNA. Therapeutic cloning aims to produce patient-matched cells for transplantation through somatic cell nuclear transfer.
3) The benefits of therapeutic cloning discussed include potential alternatives for organ transplantation and treatment of diseases like leukemia and genetic disorders. However, using embryonic stem cells from aborted fetuses is considered morally problematic by some.
Cloning word doc
The document discusses different methods of cloning, including artificial embryo twinning, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), and parthenogenesis. It provides details on how Dolly the sheep was the first mammal cloned using SCNT. Additional details are given on cloning techniques used in other species and applications of cloning in areas like stem cell research and agriculture.
What is cloning
Cloning creates genetically identical organisms. There are two main methods - artificial embryo twinning, which splits an early embryo into multiple embryos that develop separately, and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), which transfers the nucleus from a somatic cell into an egg cell with its nucleus removed. SCNT was used to create Dolly the sheep, the first mammal cloned from an adult cell. Both cloning methods produce embryos with two sets of chromosomes, but they differ in where those chromosome sets originate - artificial twinning uses one fertilized egg, while SCNT uses the nucleus from a somatic cell. Cloning an organism makes an exact genetic copy, while cloning a gene isolates and copies only a specific gene.
#SciChallenge2017 Cloning
Cloning is the process of producing genetically identical individuals of an organism either naturally or artificially. Natural cloning occurs through asexual reproduction in bacteria, insects, and plants. Artificial cloning involves techniques used to clone DNA fragments, cells, or whole organisms. The first animal cloned was a frog in 1952. In 1996, Dolly the sheep was the first mammal cloned from an adult cell. Cloning works by transferring the nucleus of a donor adult cell into an egg cell with its nucleus removed. Potential benefits include species preservation and medical research applications like organ transplants. However, cloning faces ethical concerns and technical challenges like low success rates and premature aging.
Cloning
Cloning involves creating genetically identical organisms through artificial means. There are two main types of cloning: artificial embryo twinning, which splits an embryo into two, and somatic cell nuclear transfer, where the nucleus of an adult cell is transferred into an egg cell. In 1996, Dolly the sheep was the first mammal cloned from an adult cell using somatic cell nuclear transfer. Cloning may have medical benefits like organ transplants but also risks like developmental failures and depriving clones of individuality.
Cloning
Cloning involves creating genetically identical organisms through artificial means. There are two main types of cloning: artificial embryo twinning and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Artificial embryo twinning involves splitting an embryo into multiple parts that develop into genetically identical clones. Somatic cell nuclear transfer involves transferring the nucleus of an adult cell into an egg cell to produce a clone. In 1996, scientists in Scotland created Dolly the sheep using somatic cell nuclear transfer, proving mammals could be cloned from adult cells. Cloning may have medical benefits like organ transplants but also risks like developmental failures and depriving clones of individuality.
Group four(cloning) 2
This presentation contains various details from history of cloning to what one should expect in the future from cloning and also different cloning methods
8071790.ppt
Cloning involves making an identical organism through nonsexual means. There are three main types of cloning: recombinant DNA cloning, which transfers DNA between organisms; reproductive cloning, which generates an animal with the donor's nuclear DNA; and therapeutic cloning, which produces embryos for stem cell research. While cloning technologies offer potential medical benefits, current methods have low success rates and cloned animals often have health issues. More research is still needed to fully understand cloning and its risks.
Biotech2012 spring 10_cloning
Cloning involves the production of genetically identical individuals through asexual reproduction. Molecular cloning involves amplifying identical copies of DNA molecules using living organisms. The key steps of molecular cloning are fragmentation of DNA, ligation of DNA pieces into a desired sequence, transformation of cells by inserting new DNA, and selection of successfully transfected cells. Cloning has potential benefits but also risks, and human reproductive cloning remains controversial.
Biotech2012 spring 10_cloning_0
Cloning involves the production of genetically identical individuals through asexual reproduction. Molecular cloning involves amplifying identical copies of DNA molecules using living organisms. The key steps of molecular cloning are fragmentation of DNA, ligation of DNA pieces in a desired sequence, transformation of cells by inserting new DNA, and selection of successfully transfected cells. Cloning has potential benefits but also risks, and human reproductive cloning remains controversial.
Reproductive Biotechnology
Dr. B. Victor is a retired biology professor with over 32 years of experience teaching and researching reproductive technology in fishes. His presentation outlines various forms of reproduction including asexual, sexual, and parthenogenesis. It also discusses cloning technology such as embryo splitting, nuclear transfer, and the three main types of cloning - recombinant DNA cloning, reproductive cloning, and therapeutic cloning. The benefits and applications of cloning as well as techniques for transgenic animal production are also summarized.
Unit 4
Cloning involves making an exact genetic copy of an organism. There are two main methods - artificial embryo twinning and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), the method used to create Dolly the sheep. While cloning technology could help treat diseases, there are also significant ethical concerns about human cloning including challenges to individuality, legal issues, and potential health risks to cloned individuals. Overall, most experts argue that human reproductive cloning should not be allowed given current scientific limitations and serious ethical issues. Therapeutic cloning using SCNT to derive stem cells for research is seen as more promising but also raises ethical debates.
Cloning Bio-Informative
Cloning involves creating genetically identical copies of living organisms. Early cloning experiments in the 1900s involved separating sea urchin and salamander embryos. In 1952, frogs were successfully cloned using nuclear transfer. John Gurdon furthered this research in 1962 by cloning tadpoles using differentiated intestinal cells. His work demonstrated that specialized cells could be reprogrammed. Dolly the sheep, born in 1996, was the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell, proving nuclear transfer could produce viable offspring. Cloning research continues to provide insights into development and genetics while also having applications for producing therapies.
The cell cycle
The document summarizes the cell cycle and cell division process in eukaryotic cells. It discusses:
1) The cell cycle, which begins when a cell forms and ends when the cell divides to form two new identical cells.
2) Before dividing, the cell must make a copy of its DNA which is organized into structures called chromosomes.
3) Eukaryotic cell division involves three main stages - interphase where the cell grows and copies its contents, mitosis where chromosomes separate, and cytokinesis where the cell splits into two daughter cells.
4) Mitosis is the process of chromosome separation and occurs in five stages - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, teloph
The cell cycle
The document summarizes the cell cycle and cell division in eukaryotic cells. It discusses that (1) the cell cycle involves copying DNA and organelles before the cell divides, (2) mitosis is the process where the cell separates its chromosomes and splits into two identical daughter cells, and (3) the stages of mitosis are interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis where the cell membrane pinches the cell into two daughter cells each with their own nucleus.
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Cloning, Animal cloning, clone
- 2. Cloning Same phenotype Same identical copies of an individual Same genotype
- 3. Clone GeneDNA clone Molecular clone Embryo twinning clone Duplication of strings of DNA containing genes in a host bacterium Copies of a cell are made, resulting in a โcell lineโ Embryo which has already been formed sexually is split into two identical halves
- 4. โข CLONE Greek word โklonโ referring to process whereby a new plant is created from a twig โข Hans Driesch separated the blastomeres of a two-cell embryo of sea urchin โข (Driesch, 1891) โข Hans Spemann repeated in a vertebrate (salamander) using a hair from his baby boy to separate the cells (Spemann, 1902)
- 6. Cloning by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) Transferring the nucleus of a somatic cell into an oocyte. In Cattle, Mice, Pigs, Goats, Rabbits by Edward in 2001 Worldโs first cloned of mammal from adult somatic cells, Dolly, in 1996 by wilmut
- 7. Types of cloning Recombinant DNA / DNA Cloning/ Gene Cloning Reproductive Cloning Therapeutic Cloning/ Embryo Cloning
- 8. STEPS IN CLONING/procedure Collection of Ovaries/ oocytes In-Vitro Maturation of Oocytes Enucleation of oocytes Fusion of somatic cell nucleus with recipient oocyte Activation & Culture Of Embryos Embryo Transfer into recipient animal
- 9. enucleation reconstructed embryos blastocysts clones egg donor donor cell Somatic cell donor recipient cytoplast foster mother Cloning Procedure
- 10. Transgenic animal prodution by cloning enucleation reconstructed embryos blastocysts clones egg donor donor cell Somatic cell donor recipient cytoplast foster mother transgene
- 11. Induced division for cloning Cell collected from a sheepโs udder. Stage 1
- 12. Stage 2 Nucleus is removed from unfertilized egg of second sheep.
- 13. Stage 3 Udder cell nucleus is inserted into egg with no nucleus.
- 15. Stage 5 Electrical charge is supplied.
- 16. Stage 6 Cells begin to divide.
- 17. Clone application To produce desired individual To rapid propagate desired individuals To produce genetic target genes/ different organsClones of endangered species cloned animals is for testing new drugs and treatment To produce desired individuals for research purpose
- 18. Drawbacks of Clone Very expensive Time consuming Cell mutation may occur Organ Rejection Because of Cell Mutation Clones do not always look identical Some clone can not survive