The document discusses gestation periods in farm animals. It describes gestation as consisting of three classes: the ovum period from fertilization to implantation, the embryo period from implantation to early organ formation, and the fetus period from organ formation to birth. The roles of the placenta, hormones, and changes to the female genital organs during gestation are also examined. Factors influencing the length of gestation and methods for examining gestation in farm animals are outlined.

3. ►Gestation periode beginning with fertilisationGestation periode beginning with fertilisation
to end with parturition of foetusto end with parturition of foetus
►Gestation consist 3 class :Gestation consist 3 class :
►ovum periodeovum periode
►embryo periodeembryo periode
►foetus periodefoetus periode

4. ►Ovum periode is periode from fertilisation toOvum periode is periode from fertilisation to
implantationimplantation
►Embryo periode is periode from implantationEmbryo periode is periode from implantation
to early visceral organ formed.to early visceral organ formed.
►Foetus periode is periode from visceralFoetus periode is periode from visceral
organ formed, ekstremitas to partusorgan formed, ekstremitas to partus
(Robert,1956).(Robert,1956).

5. Hafez (1974) statements :Hafez (1974) statements :
►Ovum periode : from ovulation toOvum periode : from ovulation to
fertilisation, Periode embrio dimulai sejakfertilisation, Periode embrio dimulai sejak
terjadi fertilisasi,terjadi fertilisasi,
►Embryo periode : from fertilisation,Embryo periode : from fertilisation,
implantation to visceral organ formedimplantation to visceral organ formed
►periode fetus :periode fetus : ekstremitas organ formedekstremitas organ formed
to parturitionto parturition

6. PlacentationPlacentation
►Placenta (Foetus membrane) is tissuePlacenta (Foetus membrane) is tissue
connection between embryo & momconnection between embryo & mom
►Placenta Function :Placenta Function :
► Food pathway from mom to embryoFood pathway from mom to embryo
► Rubbish substance pathway from embryoRubbish substance pathway from embryo
to momto mom

7. Early gestationEarly gestation  Change of trophoblastChange of trophoblast
morphology as :morphology as :
 1. Khorion (outer membrane)1. Khorion (outer membrane)
 2. Allantois (between khorion & amnion)2. Allantois (between khorion & amnion)
 3. Amnion (inner membrane)3. Amnion (inner membrane)

8. ►Placentation consists of :Placentation consists of :
1. Placenta materna ; endometrium1. Placenta materna ; endometrium
(Corunculae)(Corunculae)
2.Placenta foetalis ; trophoblast2.Placenta foetalis ; trophoblast
(Cotyledone)(Cotyledone)

9. MACROS & MICROS of PLACENTAMACROS & MICROS of PLACENTA
►After implantation of embryo atAfter implantation of embryo at
endometrium, next trophoblast &endometrium, next trophoblast &
endometrium fused, is called PLACENTA.endometrium fused, is called PLACENTA.
►Firs nutrition of embryo from uterine milkFirs nutrition of embryo from uterine milk
(histotroph/ susu uterus).(histotroph/ susu uterus).

10. ►Placenta devided 3 part:Placenta devided 3 part:
 Amnion :Amnion : direct contact with foetusdirect contact with foetus
 AlantoisAlantois: between amnion & chorion: between amnion & chorion
 ChorionChorion : outer part membrane: outer part membrane

11. PLACENTA TYPEPLACENTA TYPE
1.1. CotyledonariaCotyledonaria : Cow, ewe, goat: Cow, ewe, goat  havehave
corunculacoruncula
2.2. Difusa :Difusa : Sow & MareSow & Mare  haven’thaven’t
corunculacoruncula
3.3. ZonariaZonaria : Dog: Dog
4.4. DiscoidalisDiscoidalis : Monkey, human, rat, guinea: Monkey, human, rat, guinea
pig, rabitpig, rabit

13. Histologyst structure of placentaHistologyst structure of placenta
1.1. EpitheliochorialeEpitheliochoriale (placenta difusa) : blood(placenta difusa) : blood
circulation between mom & foetus separated bycirculation between mom & foetus separated by
2 epithel layer, 2 endothel layer & 2 connective2 epithel layer, 2 endothel layer & 2 connective
tissue from mom & foetustissue from mom & foetus
2.2. SyndesmochorialeSyndesmochoriale (plasenta cotiledonaria) :(plasenta cotiledonaria) :
consists of 1 epithel layer, thiner thanconsists of 1 epithel layer, thiner than
epiteliochoriale.epiteliochoriale.

14. 3. Endotheliochoriale3. Endotheliochoriale (placenta zonaria).(placenta zonaria).
blood circulation between mom & foetusblood circulation between mom & foetus
separated by 3 layer from foetus (endothel,separated by 3 layer from foetus (endothel,
connective tissue & trophoblast epithel) & 1 layerconnective tissue & trophoblast epithel) & 1 layer
from mom (endothel)from mom (endothel)
4.4. HemochorialeHemochoriale (placenta diskoidale)(placenta diskoidale)
blood circulation between mom & foetusblood circulation between mom & foetus
separated by 3 layer conective cell from trophoblastseparated by 3 layer conective cell from trophoblast
5.5. HemoendotelialHemoendotelial (plasenta diskoidale-kelinci)(plasenta diskoidale-kelinci)
blood circulation between mom & foetusblood circulation between mom & foetus
separated only by 1 layer endothel cell from blood vesselseparated only by 1 layer endothel cell from blood vessel
foetusfoetus

16. LONG TIME OF GESTATIONLONG TIME OF GESTATION
► Long time of gestation counted fromLong time of gestation counted from
fertilisation to prturition, but fertilisationfertilisation to prturition, but fertilisation
didn’t know exactly. So…didn’t know exactly. So… Long time ofLong time of
gestation counted from last matting togestation counted from last matting to
partuspartus
► Long time of gestation influences byLong time of gestation influences by
maternal factors, genetic, foetus &maternal factors, genetic, foetus &
environmentenvironment

17. CHANGE OF FEMALE GENITALCHANGE OF FEMALE GENITAL
ORGAN DURING GESTATIONORGAN DURING GESTATION
1. Vulva & Vagina1. Vulva & Vagina
After retilisation, vulva & vagina not yetAfter retilisation, vulva & vagina not yet
change.change.
Edema vulva :Edema vulva :
6-7 months of gestation in heifer6-7 months of gestation in heifer
8,5 – 9 months of gestation in cow.8,5 – 9 months of gestation in cow.
Perubahan vagina terlihat adanyaPerubahan vagina terlihat adanya
pertambahan vaskularisasi mukosapertambahan vaskularisasi mukosa
vagina.vagina.

18. 2. Servik2. Servik
* After fertilisation : cerviks crypta* After fertilisation : cerviks crypta  produceproduce
mucous liquidmucous liquid
* Older gestation* Older gestation  increase mucouseincrease mucouse
* Approach of partus* Approach of partus  contraction of cervikscontraction of cerviks
musculatormusculator
* Cow : 2-5 days before partus* Cow : 2-5 days before partus  cervikscerviks
musculatur relaxation & openedmusculatur relaxation & opened

19. 3. Uterus3. Uterus
* After fertilisation : Increase vascularitation of* After fertilisation : Increase vascularitation of
endometrium, glandulas growingendometrium, glandulas growing
prolongation, twisting & produce of uterusprolongation, twisting & produce of uterus
milk (histotroph)milk (histotroph)
Condition of uterusCondition of uterus  quiet becausequiet because
influence of progesteroninfluence of progesteron
* After implantation* After implantation  pathway of nutrition &pathway of nutrition &
rubbish substancerubbish substance  attachment ofattachment of
tropoblast – blood vasel at endometrium.tropoblast – blood vasel at endometrium.

20. 4.4. OvariumOvarium
* After ovulation* After ovulation  korpuskorpus haemorrhagicum orhaemorrhagicum or
korpus rubrumkorpus rubrum  2-3 days2-3 days  luteinisationluteinisation
procesproces  CCorpus luteum (CL).orpus luteum (CL).
* Cow & Ewe* Cow & Ewe  5 – 6 days after ovulation CL grow5 – 6 days after ovulation CL grow
up. If didn‘t gestationup. If didn‘t gestation  CL regretion by PGF2 alfaCL regretion by PGF2 alfa
from endometriumfrom endometrium
* If Gestation* If Gestation  CL function constantlyCL function constantly  CLCL
GraviditatumGraviditatum & constantly to function to last& constantly to function to last
gestation (cow, ewe, goat, sow & buffalo).gestation (cow, ewe, goat, sow & buffalo).

21. ROLE OF HORMON IN GESTATIONROLE OF HORMON IN GESTATION
PROCESSPROCESS
* Main Endokrine gland : Ovarium (CL &* Main Endokrine gland : Ovarium (CL &
Folicle), Plasenta, Hipotalamus, & Hipofisa.Folicle), Plasenta, Hipotalamus, & Hipofisa.
* Support endokrine gland : tyroid & adrenal* Support endokrine gland : tyroid & adrenal
* Hipotalamus & Hipofisa* Hipotalamus & Hipofisa  Regulator glandRegulator gland

22. * CL* CL  produce P4produce P4
* Folikel* Folikel  produce E2produce E2
* Placenta* Placenta  produce P4 & E2produce P4 & E2
* In Urine :* In Urine :
MareMare  consist Estron, Estradiol 17consist Estron, Estradiol 17αα && ββ
Goat & EweGoat & Ewe  Estradiol 17Estradiol 17 αα
SowSow  EstronEstron
CowCow  Estron & Estradiol 17Estron & Estradiol 17 αα
* Placenta of Mare* Placenta of Mare  produce steroid &produce steroid &
gonadotrophine (PMSG) FSHgonadotrophine (PMSG) FSH  produce folproduce fol
 not ovulatednot ovulated  luteinlutein  CL AscesorisCL Ascesoris 
produce P4produce P4

23. EXAMINE OF GESTATIONEXAMINE OF GESTATION
IN FARM ANIMALIN FARM ANIMAL
►CLINICALYCLINICALY
1. VISUAL INSPECTION1. VISUAL INSPECTION
2. REKTAL PALPATION2. REKTAL PALPATION
►LABORATORIOSLYLABORATORIOSLY
1. HORMONE EXAMINATION1. HORMONE EXAMINATION
2. USG2. USG
3. RADIOGRAFI3. RADIOGRAFI
4. IMUNOLOGY4. IMUNOLOGY

27. ►Gestation is physiologis process, how aboutGestation is physiologis process, how about
gestacy of uterus to spend of foetus &gestacy of uterus to spend of foetus &
placenta by ductus reproductionplacenta by ductus reproduction
►Strong stimulation from uterus musculatur,Strong stimulation from uterus musculatur,
stomach & diafragmastomach & diafragma
►Before partus formerly with signs of partusBefore partus formerly with signs of partus

28. ►PLACE OF FOETUS IN PARTUSPLACE OF FOETUS IN PARTUS
TIMETIME
Normal PlaceNormal Place
1. Anterior (letak muka)1. Anterior (letak muka)
2. Posterior (letak sungsang2. Posterior (letak sungsang ).).
EutokiaEutokia  Easy partus processEasy partus process
DistokiaDistokia  Difficult partus processDifficult partus process  needneed
human helphuman help

30. DISTOKIA (kaki depan)DISTOKIA (kaki depan)

31. DISTOKIA (Kepala & 1 kaki)DISTOKIA (Kepala & 1 kaki)

32. DISTOKIA (hanya ekor)DISTOKIA (hanya ekor)

34. PARTUS STAGESPARTUS STAGES
► 1. EARLY STAGE / PREPARATION STAGE1. EARLY STAGE / PREPARATION STAGE
► 2. FOETUS & PLASENTA EXPULSION /2. FOETUS & PLASENTA EXPULSION /
CONTRACTION / LABORCONTRACTION / LABOR
2.1. PREPARE OF CONTRACTION2.1. PREPARE OF CONTRACTION
2.2. STRONG CONTRACTION FOR FOETUS2.2. STRONG CONTRACTION FOR FOETUS
EXPULSIONEXPULSION
2.3. CONTRACTION FOR PLACENTA EXPULSION2.3. CONTRACTION FOR PLACENTA EXPULSION
► 3. PUERPURIUM3. PUERPURIUM

35. EARLY STAGE /EARLY STAGE /
PREPARATION STAGEPREPARATION STAGE
►Normal ParturitionNormal Parturition  Preparation stagePreparation stage
longer incessant than contraction stage.longer incessant than contraction stage.
►Preparation stage can incessant severalPreparation stage can incessant several
hours or days, whereas contraction stagehours or days, whereas contraction stage
can incessant in count minute.can incessant in count minute.

36. TEORY OF EARLY STAGETEORY OF EARLY STAGE
First :First : mechanic factormechanic factor  grow up ofgrow up of foetusfoetus
Second :Second : hormon factorhormon factor  P4, E2 danP4, E2 dan
Oxsitosyn.Oxsitosyn.
Third :Third : intern foetusintern foetus factorfactor
Fourth : combined of 3Fourth : combined of 3thth
teory aboveteory above

37. I. Mechanic Factor (If NormalI. Mechanic Factor (If Normal
Gestation)Gestation)
Foetus volumeFoetus volume ↑↑  partuspartus
If Abnormal/ Patologik ConditionIf Abnormal/ Patologik Condition 
Hydrops (Allantois LiquidHydrops (Allantois Liquid ↑↑)) 
partuspartus
Foetus twin in monotocousFoetus twin in monotocous 
parturition fasterparturition faster

38. II. Hormonal FactorII. Hormonal Factor
OksitocyneOksitocyne
Role for begin contraction of myometriumRole for begin contraction of myometrium
ProgesteronProgesteron
Take care of gestation with preventiveTake care of gestation with preventive
contraction from musculator uterus untilcontraction from musculator uterus until
calm of uteruscalm of uterus

39. EstrogenEstrogen
Placenta grow upPlacenta grow up  E2E2 ↑↑
ProstaglandinProstaglandin
contraction from musculatur of uteruscontraction from musculatur of uterus

40. III. FOETUS FACTORIII. FOETUS FACTOR
►FOETUS GROW UPFOETUS GROW UP
►UTERUS REPEATEDLY STRECH OUTUTERUS REPEATEDLY STRECH OUT
►CORTISOL STIMULATE FROM FETUSCORTISOL STIMULATE FROM FETUS

41. IV. COMBINED OF TEORYIV. COMBINED OF TEORY
► ↑↑ P4P4  inhibiting of myometrium contractioninhibiting of myometrium contraction
►↑↑ FoetusFoetus VolumeVolume  utereus repeatedly stretch oututereus repeatedly stretch out
►ACTH from foetusACTH from foetus  Cortex AdrenalCortex Adrenal 
produce Corticosteroidproduce Corticosteroid
►Corticosteroid stimulateCorticosteroid stimulate  PGF2PGF2αα↑↑ & E2& E2 ↑↑
P4P4↓↓
►E2E2 ↑↑ Sensitivitas myometrium towardSensitivitas myometrium toward
OxytocineOxytocine
►Myometrium contractionMyometrium contraction ↑↑ (several hours to(several hours to
days)days)

42. ► 2. CONTRACTION STAGE2. CONTRACTION STAGE
a.a. Prepare of Contraction stagePrepare of Contraction stage
b.b. Contraction for spend out of foetusContraction for spend out of foetus
c.c. Contraction for spend out of placentaContraction for spend out of placenta

43. ► Prepare of ContractionPrepare of Contraction
Intensitas contraction of myometriumIntensitas contraction of myometrium ↑↑ untiluntil
spend out of allantois from vulvaspend out of allantois from vulva
►Spend out of FoetusSpend out of Foetus
very quicklyvery quickly
►Spend out of placentaSpend out of placenta

47. RETENSIO SECUNDINARUMRETENSIO SECUNDINARUM

50. PuerpuriumPuerpurium
Changes after parturition + spend out ofChanges after parturition + spend out of
placenta until Estrous againplacenta until Estrous again

51. Changes in PuerpuriumChanges in Puerpurium
►Regeneration of endometriumRegeneration of endometrium
►Involutio of uteriInvolutio of uteri
►Estrous of postpartumEstrous of postpartum

52. Regeneration of endometrium (7weeks)Regeneration of endometrium (7weeks)
►After spend out of PlacentaAfter spend out of Placenta
►Crypta in endometrium become shorterCrypta in endometrium become shorter
► Uterus blood vesel constrictionUterus blood vesel constriction

53. Involusio of uteri ( 60 days)Involusio of uteri ( 60 days)
► Involutio of utery is smaller of uterusInvolutio of utery is smaller of uterus
became normally sizebecame normally size
► Consist to :Consist to :
1.1. Regeneration of endometrium epithelRegeneration of endometrium epithel
2.2. Smaller of myometriumSmaller of myometrium
3.3. Smaller of uterus blood veselSmaller of uterus blood vesel

54. Estrous of post partum (30-70days)Estrous of post partum (30-70days)
►Regretion of Corpus GraviditatumRegretion of Corpus Graviditatum fastlyfastly
►Puerpurium can extended :Puerpurium can extended :
 in mammaliain mammalia
 Abnormalitas in parturitionAbnormalitas in parturition