1) The document discusses various cloning technologies including mammalian cloning, reproductive cloning, gene cloning, and therapeutic cloning. 2) Gene cloning involves locating and copying a gene of interest from an organism's DNA. Therapeutic cloning aims to produce patient-matched cells for transplantation through somatic cell nuclear transfer. 3) The benefits of therapeutic cloning discussed include potential alternatives for organ transplantation and treatment of diseases like leukemia and genetic disorders. However, using embryonic stem cells from aborted fetuses is considered morally problematic by some.

1. MAMMALIAN
CLONING, EMBYO
STEM CELL
TECHNOLOGIES AND
ETHICAL ISSUES OF
HUMAN CLONING.
BY
DR.MADINASIDDIQUE.

9. The technology of nuclear transfer into enucleated
oocytes (cytoplasms) was already successfully used in
1987 for reproduction of live bovine and murine
offsprings however the embryo development could
then be obtained when transplanted nucleus originated
from blastomeres,i.e cells from the first divisions
ofpreimplantation embryo development .The birth in
1997 the first sheep cloned from an adult mammary
glands cells that conveyed the full impact of the potential
of reproductive cloning since now it could be done at any
time during the life of anindividual being.
REPRODUCTIVE CLONING

11. GENE/DNA CLONING

12. GENE CLONING
• Gene cloning is the process in which a gene of
interest is located and copied (cloned) out of DNA
extracted from an organism. When DNA is
extracted from an organism, all of its genes are
extracted at one time. This DNA, which contains
thousands of different genes. The genetic engineer
must find the one specific gene that encodes the
specific protein of interest.
• The term genomic DNA clone or chromosomal
DNA clone then refers to an individual cell carrying
a cloning vector wit
• h one of the cellular DNA fragments.

13. WHAT IS GENE CLONING?

14. WHY WE CLONED DNA?

15. THE BASICS OF CLONING
• Source of DNA: to be cloned
• Choice of vectors: to carry,maintain,and
replicate cloned gene in hpost cell
• Restriction enzyme:to cut dna
• DNA ligase:to join foreign and vector DNA___
recombinant DNA
• Host cell: in which the recombinant DNA can
replicate.

16. HOW IS DNA CLONED?
Cell Based DNA Cloning Cell Free DNA Cloning

17. CELL BASED DNA CLONING
• DNA is extracted here from blood.
• Restriction enzyme eg:Ecor1,Hind3 etc cut the
DNA into small pieces.
• Different DNA pieces cut with the same enzyme
can join or recombine.

18. CELL FREE DNA CLONING
• Developed in mid 1980’s
• Nobel prize was given to Kary Mullis in 1993
• DNA fragments can be amplified in large
amounts
• In vitro technique

22. THERAPEUTIC CLONING
Cloning designed as therapy for a disease. In
therapeutic cloning, the nucleus of a cell, typically a
skin cell, is inserted into a fertilized egg whose
nucleus has been removed. The nucleated egg begins
to divide repeatedly to form a blastocyst.

23. How is Therapeutic Cloning
Performed?

24. Therapeutic cloning is another phrase for a
procedure known as somatic cell nuclear
transfer (SCNT). Here's how it works:
A scientist extracts the nucleus from an
egg
The nucleus holds the genetic material for
a human or laboratory animal
The scientist then takes a somatic cell,
which is any body cell other than an egg or
sperm, and also extract the nucleus from
this cell

25. The nucleus that is extracted from the
somatic cell in the patient is then inserted
into the egg, which had its nucleus previously
removed
In a very basic sense, it's a procedure of
substitution. The egg now contains the
patient's genetic material, or instructions
It is stimulated to divide and shortly
thereafter forms a cluster of cells known as a
blastocyst

27. Benefits of Therapeutic Cloning
• Organ transplant alternative
• Leukemea
• Generative diseases
• Spinal cord repair
• Skin grafting

28. Embryonic Stem
Cells For
Therapeutic Cloning

30. My personal beliefs – not
necessarily yours!
• Using embryonic stem cells from aborted
fetuses is morally reprehensible to a large
enough fraction of society that it should never
become the source of choice for human stem
cells.
• Embryonic stem cells will be only a temporary,
but unfortunately probably necessary, tool
needed by researchers to learn how to modify
adult stem cells (for which there is little
controversy) for a similar use.

31. *But there are different types of embryonic
stem cells, some of which are ethically less
controversial than others.

32. Different kinds of
stem cells
Embryonic stem cells come from embryos
(<6 weeks). Stem cells from blastocysts (2
weeks)
are virtually “immortal”.
Fetal stem cells come from fetuses (> 6
weeks)
Stem cells are present in some adult tissues,
including brain, spinal cord, and bone
marrow.

33. Embryonic Stem Cells

34. ES cells was demonstrated by formation of
ectoderm,mesoderm and endoderm

35. Importance of Stem Cells
Studies of human
embryonic stem cells
will lead to major
advances in human
biology
Embryonic stem
cell research will
provide critical
insights into
mechanisms of cell
differentiation,
growth, and death.
•Human embryonic stem
cell therapies can save
lives and restore function
of people
Human embryonic
stem cell can replace
damaged or lost cells

36. Understandin
g stem cells
may provide
keys to why
people age.
Limitations
on the study of
human
embryonic
stem cell
research will
hold back
biomedical
research.
These conditions
are the most
common and
costly causes of
disability in the
United States.
These include
diabetes, degenerative
neurological diseases,
demyelinative diseases,
brain & spinal cord
injury.