Cloning involves creating genetically identical organisms through artificial means. There are two main types of cloning: artificial embryo twinning and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Artificial embryo twinning involves splitting an embryo into multiple parts that develop into genetically identical clones. Somatic cell nuclear transfer involves transferring the nucleus of an adult cell into an egg cell to produce a clone. In 1996, scientists in Scotland created Dolly the sheep using somatic cell nuclear transfer, proving mammals could be cloned from adult cells. Cloning may have medical benefits like organ transplants but also risks like developmental failures and depriving clones of individuality.

1. Cloning By Calvin Koder, Henry Hauser, and Max Hoffmann