In testis, the immature male germ cell (spermatogonia ) produce sperms by spermatogenesis
The spermatogonia ( sing. Spermatogonium ) present on the inside of seminiferous tubules multiply by mitotic division and increase in numbers
Each spermatogonium is diploid and contains 46 chromosomes
Some of the spermatogonia called primary spermatocytes periodically undergo meiosis.A primary spermatocyte completes the first meiotic division (reduction division) leading to formation of two equal, haploid cells called secondary spermatocyte, which have only 23 chromosomes
The secondary spermatocyte undergo the second meiotic division to produce four equal, haploid spermatids
In testis, the immature male germ cell (spermatogonia ) produce sperms by spermatogenesis
The spermatogonia ( sing. Spermatogonium ) present on the inside of seminiferous tubules multiply by mitotic division and increase in numbers
Each spermatogonium is diploid and contains 46 chromosomes
Some of the spermatogonia called primary spermatocytes periodically undergo meiosis.A primary spermatocyte completes the first meiotic division (reduction division) leading to formation of two equal, haploid cells called secondary spermatocyte, which have only 23 chromosomes
The secondary spermatocyte undergo the second meiotic division to produce four equal, haploid spermatids
presentation on oogenesis of fertilisation process full details about it u will never find it anywhere else have full details about the ovum formation polar bodies and everything . so explore here
presentation on oogenesis of fertilisation process full details about it u will never find it anywhere else have full details about the ovum formation polar bodies and everything . so explore here
Obstetrics All lecture for exam, Obstetrics and gynecology is a field thought of as traditionally serving women because of its focus on the female reproductive system, leading care providers to make assumptions about patients' gender identity and expression in "women's health clinics" when many transgender or nonbinary patients may also seek care from
Introduction to female reproductive physiology (the guyton and hall physiology)Maryam Fida
Introduction to female reproductive physiology
Formation of female gametes, ova
Reception of male gametes, spermatozoa
Provision of suitable environments for fertilization of the ovum by spermatozoa and development of the resultant fetus
Parturition (childbirth)
Lactation, the production of breast milk, which provides complete nourishment for the baby in its early life
Onset of adult sexual life
Developing of female glands
Enlargement of breasts and erection of nipples
Growth of body hair, most prominently underarm and pubic hair
Greater development of thigh muscles behind the femur, rather than in front of it
Widening of hips
lower waist to hip ratio than adult males
Smaller hands and feet than men
Rounder face
Smaller waist than men
Changed distribution in weight and fat; more subcutaneous fat and fat deposits, mainly around the buttocks, thighs, and hips
Effect of Estrogens on the Uterus and External Female Sex Organs
Enlargement of external genitalia due to fat deposition
Change of Vaginal epithelium from cuboidal to stratified
Increased size of uterus after puberty
Proliferation of endometrial stroma
Effect of Estrogens on the Fallopian Tubes
Glandular tissue proliferation
Number of ciliated epithelial cells increase
Effect of Estrogens on the Breasts
development of the stromal tissues of the breasts
Growth of an extensive ductile system
Deposition of fat in the breasts.
Effect of Estrogens on the Skeleton
Estrogens inhibit osteoclastic activity in the bones stimulating bone growth
uniting of the epiphyses with the shafts of the long bones
Osteoporosis of the Bones Caused by Estrogen deficiency in Old Age
increased osteoclastic activity in the bones
decreased bone matrix
decreased deposition of bone calcium and phosphate
Effect of Estrogens on Protein Deposition
Slight increase in total body protein
BMR increased only1/3rd as compared to testosterone
Increased deposition of fate in:
Subcutaneous tissue
Breasts, buttocks and thighs
Effect of Estrogens on Hair Distribution
No effect
Effect of Estrogens on the Skin
Makes skin soft and smooth
Increased skin vascularity
Effect of Estrogens on Electrolyte Balance
Slight sodium and water reabsorption
Similar to PLACENTA, PARTURITION AND LACTATION (20)
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
6. PLACENTA
After implantation a portion of the
endometrium becomes modified known as
decidua.
The decidua basalis – Portion of endometium
between chorion and stratum basalis –
Maternal placenta
The decidua capsularis – portion of the
endometrium covers the embryo located
between embryo and uterine cavity.
The decidua parietalis – Non involved area of
endometrium
8. PLACENTA
It is formed by the union of
maternal decidua and foetal
chorionic villi and is
connected to the foetus by the
umbilical cord.
Formed during the 6th
to 12th
weeks of pregnancy
The fully developed placenta is
disc-shaped with a diameter of
15 to 20cm and thickness of 2-
5cm and weighs about 500gm.
9. PLACENTA
There are numerous foetal
chorionic villi lined by trophoblast
cells.
They contain foetal blood.
In the intervillous spaces are the
maternal blood sinuses containing
maternal blood.
In the placenta, maternal and foetal
blood come in contact, but do not
mix as they are separated by the
placental barrier.
10. WHY PLACENTA?
The placenta is essential
for
A) Vital foetal functions
and
B) for maintaining
pregnancy
11. FUNCTIONS OF PLACENTA
Nutritive function:
Glucose, iron, calcium, phosphorus, aminoacids, water,NaCl , vitamins and
fatty acids
Excretory Function: Waste
products like urea, uric acid diffuse form foetal to maternal blood
Immunological function: The
foetus is antigenically a foreign body, the placenta protects the
embryoand foetus from rejection. The MHC class I and II are not present
on the placental trophoblast.
Barrier Function: Though
large molecular weight substances cannot cross the placenta
Respiratory Function: Exchange
of oxygen and CO2 between fetuse and mother. It is facilitated by three
factors: HbF, Large quantity of Hb, Double Bohr effect
13. ENDOCRINE FUNCTION
Endocrine Function:
Placenta is the temporary endocrine organ of
pregnancy and synthesizes many hormones.
1. Oestrogen
2. Progesteron
3. HCG
4. HCS
5. Relaxin
14. OESTROGEN
Oestrogens are synthesized in the
syncitiotrophoblast.
Greatly increases blood flow to the
uterus, placenta and foetus.
Stimulates the development of
ducts of breast gland.
Increases the sensitivity to
oxytocin.
Development and growth of
uterus,accessory sex organs.
its concentration greatly increases
towards the end of pregnancy.
15. PROGESTERONE Is synthesized in the
syncitiotrophoblast from maternal
cholesterol.
Its concentration greatly increases
and reaches a peak towards the
end of pregnancy (up to 19
μg/100 ml)
It is the hormone of pregnancy
It suppresses ovulation and
menstruation
inhibits uterine motility
maintains pregnancy
Increase the development of the
alveolar system of the mammary
gland
16. Human Chronic
Gonadotrophin
(HCG)
Synthesized by
syncitiotrophoblast
It maintains the corpus
luteum of pregnancy to
secrete estrogen and
progesterone
stimulates foetal androgen
secretion.
Stimulates the growth of
breast gland
Helps for pregnancy
diagnosis tests.
17. HUMAN CHORIONIC
SOMATOMAMMOTROPHIN (HCS)
Also human placental lactogen
(HPL) or chorionic growth hormone
– prolactin.
It has lactogenic and growth
stimulating effects.
begins about the 6th
week of
gestation peak by 36th
week (about
15 mg/ml).
It promotes lipolysis, inhibits
gluconeogenesis and glucose
utilization.
Favours retention of nitrogen,
calcium and phosphorous.
It also has anti insulin effects.
18.
19. FETO PLACENTAL UNIT
The interaction between fetus and mother during synthesis of
steroid hormones called Feto- Placental Unit.
Urinary oestriol level is clinically used as an index of the health of the fetus
20. PARTURITION
Parturition is a
process by which the
fetus, membranes
and placenta are
expelled from the
uterus
It is also called
labour
21. INITIATION OF LABOUR
At the end of about 40 weeks
of gestation, uterine
contractions begin. Initially
they are weak and painless
(Braxton –Hicks).
Then the intermittent
contractions become painful
and increase in frequency,
duration and force, and the
cervix dilates
22. I - Stage of Labour
From the beginning of
painful contractions of
the uterus to the full
dilatation of the cervix is
the first stage of labour.
At this time the
membranes rupture and
amniotic fluid is
expelled.
It last for about 16
hours.
23. II – Stage of Labor
This stage begins with
complete dilatation of the
cervix.
The foetus gradually passes
down the dilated canal by
merging of uterus, cervix and
vagina as a single broad
channel.
Finally the foetus is delivered.
Voluntary contraction of the
abdominal muscles and
diaphragm, and straining
assists in delivery.
24. III – Stage of Labor
The expulsion of the
placenta which follows
a few minutes after the
delivery of foetus.
Followed by delivery
there is beginning of
uterine contraction.
26. POST CHANGES
Following parturition, there is involution of the
uterus and pelvic organs.
The postpartum period of six weeks is called
puerperium.
However, it takes 3 months for the maternal
system to return to the pregravid state, and is
sometimes referred to as “fourth trimester”
27. MECHANISM OF PARTURITION
At the end of pregnancy the uterus is greatly distended but the cervix
is soft.
As labour begins, cervix dilates, afferent impulses travel up to the
hypothalamus, and increase oxytocin release.
More glucocoritcoids with less andrgens –fall in progesterone
Oxytocin acts directly on the uterine smooth muscles, and also by
increasing prostaglandin PGE2 formation
Reduces formation of progesterone and increases oestrogens
(E/P) leads to increased production of prostaglandins.
33. STAGES OF BREAST DEVELOPMENT
(Mammogenesis)
Up to Puberty: - Rudimentry
After Puberty : - Each menstrual cycle proliferation of lobulo – alveolar
system.
↑in duct system - Enlargement of Gland
Mammogenesis
Surface Epithelium invaginate
Invaginated column of cells become hollow
Hollow Solid columns of cells form duct & alveoli
34. LACTOGENESIS
From 5th
month of pregnancy there is small amount of
prolactin secretion.
Oestrogen & Progesterone suppress the ↑ activity of
prolactin.
At the time of parturition the oestrogen & progestrone
level ↓ & prolactin ↑.
↑ Secretion of breast milk.
35. GALACTOKINESIS (LET –DOWN
REFLEX)
- Neuro – Endocrine Reflex:
Suckling of baby
Impulses to hypothalamus
Relayed to neuro hypophysis
Release of oxytocin
Oxytocin to breast gland
Contraction of myoepithelial cells
37. GALACTOPOIESIS
Maintenance depends on
1.Hormones:
Prolactin - Helps in continuous secretion.
GH - Lactogenic Effect
Thyroxine - Metabolism in breast gland.
Cortisol - Permissive action.
2. Continuous Expulsion:
- Feeding & expulsion.
3. Nutrition
- ↑ quality of milk
38. ENDOCRINE CONTROL OF BREAST
DEVELOPMENT
Action of Progesterone:
↑ the size & number.
Action of Prolactin:
↑ Alveoli growth by GH, Cortisol and
thyroxin.
Growth Hormone: Growth of breast gland
Thyroid Hormone: Maintains Metabolic
activity maintains Normal growth.
HCG & HPL : Stimulate growth of breast
gland.
Insulin: Provides glucose for energy.
39. GALACTORREA
Hyper secretion of Milk:
- Physiological – in Newborns
- Drugs: (Galactogogues)
- Metoclopramide - Prolactin↑
- Sulpuride – Dopamine antagonist
Chiari – Frommel Syndrome:
Persistance of lactation and amenorrhea in women who do not
nurse after delivery
This condition is called CHIARI – FROMMEL SYNDROME
Cause:
Persistent prolactin secretion without the secretion of FSH and LH
necessary to produce maturation of new follicles and ovulation