This document discusses cloning, including its definition, history, process, advantages, disadvantages, applications, and future. It provides definitions of cloning and discusses some of the first animals cloned, like Dolly the sheep. It also outlines legal and ethical issues with animal cloning, benefits of GE animals, the cloning process, and advantages and disadvantages of animal cloning. Some disadvantages are low success rates and health issues in cloned animals. Applications include biomedical research and livestock breeding. The future of cloning may include protecting endangered species and enhancing animal traits, but it also poses risks.

1. NAMRATA
KAKADE
M.Sc. G.E.-
10006

2.  Definition
 History
 Issues
 Facts
 Meaning Of CLONE
 Benefits
 Process
 Advantages & Disadvantages
 Effects
 Applications
 Future
 Conclusion

3.  Cloning is a
creation of an
organism that is an
exact copy of
another. This
means that every
single bit of DNA is
the same between
the two.!!

4.  Everybody knows about
Dolly the cloned
sheep, but few people
know all the details about
cloning, including the fact
that scientists have been
working on it for over 100
years.

5. A. Legal aspects
 Animal testing – breeding for
unhealthy traits
 Violation of constitutional rights
 Inclusion of animal protection in the
Constitution

6. B. Ethical aspects
 Associated with ethical considerations of fellow-creature
status and an ethical judgement on animal cloning.
 Different positions in the social debate and assessment of
animal cloning can be traced back to some extent to
different fundamental values.
 seen as having a new quality compared with conventional
animal breeding or with other new techniques in animal
breeding as well.
 the potential risks and hazards – ecological (reducing
genetic diversity) and social (industrial mass
production, concentration of capital, new dependencies).

7.  Scientists have successfully cloned a
calico cat named rainbow. The scientists
named the cat cc which stands for carbon
copy.
 Cloned animals age faster than normal
animals!!!
 The first cloned animal was a tadpole!!!
 A calf was cloned from a side of beef!!!
 Cloning can later lead to genetic diseases
in cloned animals. Cloned organisms are
less healthy than there parent organism.

8.  "Clones are genetic copies of an animal
and They're similar to identical twins, but
born at different times.“
 Cloning can be thought of as an extension
of the assisted reproductive technologies
that livestock breeders have been using for
centuries, such as artificial
insemination, and more recently, embryo
transfer and in vitro fertilization.

9.  GE animals hold great promise for
human and animal health, the
environment, and agriculture.
 Health protection of animals
 New source of medicines
 Transplantation
 Less environmental impact
 Healthier food

11.  Somatic cell collected  Egg cell collected from
from that is to be female of the same
cloned i.e. Genetic species i.e. Egg Donor
Donor.

13. Advantages of Animal Disadvantages of Animal
Cloning Cloning
 There will be an endless supply of  Although the cloned animal will be
animals to clone, and we will never run identical. It will only possess about half
out of food from animals, because we the life span of the normal animal which
have been able to clone based on has been cloned. An example is from
previous efforts, the most famous of the famous ‘Dolly’ previous mentioned
these was the first ever cloning of an which only lived for 6 years, whereas
animal, Dolly the lamb which was a normal sheep can live up to about 10
successful cloning where Dolly was a years of age, so a great decrease in
healthy lamb. age.
 The animal in which we intend to clone  Reasons for cloning aren’t exactly for
will result perfectly the same as the keeping resources, such as food for the
animal which has been cloned in every future, but in fact we are basically taking
way, identical in all senses of the word. embryos from the animal for research
The eyes, the nose, the ears, the and by doing this leaving the animal
face, everything! Dolly was a perfect useless. This is similar to humans being
example of this through how she came cloned, where there human embryos are
out exactly the same. But this sheep is taken away from them for research
not the only animal which cloning can because they believe that it isn’t really a
work effectively on, there are many person. However, if it is alive and has
animals which have also been every trait that a humans has, then how
successfully cloned such as horses and can it be called useless to us?
bulls, just not as famous as Dolly.

14. Advantages Disadvantages
 Through animal cloning, we  Even if we can clone animals
can go into further research and make them perfectly the
into how complicated and same, is this what God
intricate our world that God would’ve wanted? For us to
created really is, and could have the power to clone living
discover information that organisms such as
we’ve never seen before. animals, and one day even
human beings?
 One of the greatest
breakthroughs of all  Many believe cloning is quite
time, cloning has been inhumane, especially that of
discovered, something which religious and some
could be revolutionary if we governmental parties which
use it to our advantage don’t want to move forward
through continuing on with our with this research. They think
research and studies into life is just too precious to take
it, with discoveries that could away, even if it is a clone in
change our lives forever. which we are testing.

15.  The offspring of cloned  People can get an animal
animals are often born that looks the same as
deformed the pet they had
 Scientists can clone
 It is against religious organs and help people
beliefs live longer
 Pets that are cloned  Scientists can also clone
often do not come out body parts such as ears
having the same to surgically attach to a
personality and can look person, Cloned animals
different are safe to eat

17.  Expensive and highly inefficient.
 More than 90% of cloning attempts fail to produce a viable
offspring.
 In addition to low success rates, cloned animals tend to
have more compromised immune function and higher rates
of infection, tumour growth, and other disorders.
 Many cloned animals have not lived long enough to
generate good data about how clones age.

18.  Appearing healthy at a young age unfortunately is not a
good indicator of long term survival.
 Clones have been known to die mysteriously. For
example, Australia's first cloned sheep appeared healthy
and energetic on the day she died, and the results of
her autopsy failed to determine a cause of death.

19. 1. Biomedical research
 Animals as drug producers
 Animal models
 Breeding androgenic body tissue
 Xenotransplantation
2. Livestock breeding and agriculture
 Transgenic clones
 Changes to agricultural structures

20. 3. According to FDA Meat
and milk from cow, pig,
and goat clones, and
the offspring of any
clones, are as safe as
food we eat every day.
4. The main use of
clones is to produce
breeding stock, not
food.

21. 
Due to the inefficiency of animal
cloning and the lack of understanding
about reproductive cloning, many
scientists and physicians strongly
believe that it would be unethical to
attempt to clone humans.
 Not only do most attempts to clone
mammals fail, about 30% of clones
born alive are affected by "large
offspring syndrome" and other
debilitating conditions. Several
cloned animals have died
prematurely from infections and other
complications.

22.  The same problems would be expected in human
cloning. In addition, scientists do not know how cloning
could impact mental development. While factors such as
intellect and mood may not be as important for a cow or
a mouse, they are crucial for the development of healthy
humans. With so many unknowns concerning
reproductive cloning, the attempt to clone humans at
this time is considered potentially dangerous and
ethically irresponsible.

23. Scientists have accelerated more into the world of
animal cloning. Since Dolly, the first cloned
mammal, was created, scientists have cloned many
more of the mammalian species, such as
cats, horses, pigs, cows, and a big supply of
rodents. But where is it going?
For a few hundred years, scientists have tried to
protect endangered species. Why not just clone
them? Want to bring back the dinosaurs? Clone
them. The process of copying an animal could
indeed do miracles.
Scientists plan on rooting out the diseases of the
Donor animal by using DNA transfer
techniques. Using these techniques they also plan
on making better meat and food carried by livestock
and other animals such as pigs and sheep. The fur
will also be enhanced

24.  The same technique will be used to purify the proteins in medicines and
therefore help ones struggling with a mortal disease. Scientists will do
this by biologically engineering the proteins then export them globally.
 Cloning is also very dangerous. Already political fights are started
because of the biological copying. The majority of the masses are
against the process, but scientists, Cloners, and most people who can
afford the money to clone their pets think it's a wonderful enhancement in
biological science.
 The risks of cloning are incredible. What if the cloning tools were
contaminated when they were used to fix the proteins of medicines? A
serious disease could start and the world would lose a huge chunk of its
population.

25.  In applied research, cloning using nucleus transfer opens up
new approaches to creating transgenic animals. Some proteins
with therapeutic effect can be cheaply produced in this way.
 In agriculture the (practicable) production of clones of breeding
stock promises to improve animal performance and quality
while simultaneously reducing production costs. It is likely that
cloning techniques will add further weight to existing trends in
optimising the performance potential of livestock, i.e. high-
performance animals. With regard to the questions of genetic
improvement and diversity in animal breeding, selection for
specific performance characteristics can have the goal of
standardising (breeding) livestock with the help of cloning, and
hence inevitably standardising livestock generally

26.  www.fda.org
 www.biotecnika.org
 www.genome.gov
 www.library.thinkquest.org
 www.metrolic.com
 www.bioethics.georgetown.org
 www.nms.com