This document describes the four phases of parturition: quiescence, activation, stimulation, and involution. It discusses the factors that influence each phase such as hormones and uterine activity. There are three stages of labor: first stage involves cervical dilation, second stage is delivery of the baby, and third stage involves placental separation and expulsion. The document provides details on the characteristics of uterine contractions during labor, cervical dilation, formation of the lower uterine segment, and mechanisms of placental separation and hemostasis after delivery.
Please find the power point on Vacuum delivery. I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
Please find the power point on Vacuum delivery. I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
This topic contains detailed description about labour, its definition, date of onset of labour, calculations of date of delivery, causes of onset of labour, physiology of normal labour, and events, clinical course and management of each stages of labour.
When fetal head is delivered, but shoulders are stuck and cannot be delivered it is known as shoulder dystocia.
The anterior shoulder becomes trapped behind on the symphysis pubis, whilst the posterior shoulder may be in the hollow of the sacrum or high above the sacral promontory.
The second stage of labor begins when the cervix is completely dilated (open), and ends with the birth of your baby. Contractions push the baby down the birth canal, and you may feel intense pressure, similar to an urge to have a bowel movement. Your health care provider may ask you to push with each contraction.
complcations of third stage of labour, includes PPH, Inversion of uterus, retained placenta, placenta accreta, increta, percreta, amniotic fluid embolism
This topic contains detailed description about labour, its definition, date of onset of labour, calculations of date of delivery, causes of onset of labour, physiology of normal labour, and events, clinical course and management of each stages of labour.
When fetal head is delivered, but shoulders are stuck and cannot be delivered it is known as shoulder dystocia.
The anterior shoulder becomes trapped behind on the symphysis pubis, whilst the posterior shoulder may be in the hollow of the sacrum or high above the sacral promontory.
The second stage of labor begins when the cervix is completely dilated (open), and ends with the birth of your baby. Contractions push the baby down the birth canal, and you may feel intense pressure, similar to an urge to have a bowel movement. Your health care provider may ask you to push with each contraction.
complcations of third stage of labour, includes PPH, Inversion of uterus, retained placenta, placenta accreta, increta, percreta, amniotic fluid embolism
Series of events that takes place in the genital organ in an effort to expel the viable products of conception out of the womb through the vagina into the outer world is called labour.
there are four stages of labour.
Pathophysiology of Normal Labour by Sunil Kumar Dahasunil kumar daha
Please find the power point on Management and pathophysiology of Normal Labour . I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
This presentation contains :-
1.Introduction of normal labour
2. Definiation of normal labour
3.Criteria of normal labour
4. Physiology of normal labour
5. Pathophysiology of labor
6.Estrogen
7. Prostaglandin
8. Oxytocin
9. True labor and false labor difference
10. Uterine contraction in labor
11. Stages of labour
12. Management of 1 st stage
13. management of 2 nd stage
14. mamagement of 3 rd stage of labor
15. Cervix dilation
16. Friedman's curve
17. Fetal skull
18. Diameter of fetal skull
19. Sutures in fetal head
20. Moulding
21. Mechanism of labour
Childbirth, labour, delivery, birth, partus, or parturition is the culmination of a pregnancy period with the expulsion of one or more newborn infants from a woman's uterus. The process of normal childbirth is categorized in three stages of labour: the shortening and dilation of the cervix, descent and birth of the infant, and birth of the placenta.
NORMAL LABOR.. (EUTOCIA) ABNORMAL LABOR ALSO EXPLAINED. Series of events that take place in the genital organs in an effort to expel the viable products of conception out of the womb through the vagina into the outer world is called LABOR.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. PARTURITION is defined as the process of bringing forth of
young which comprises of multiple transformations in
both uterine and cervical functions
There are four phases :
Quiescence
Activation phase
Stimulation phase
Involution phase.
3. QUIESCENCE ACTIVATION STIMULATION INVOLUTION
FROM CONCEPTION BEGINNING OF UP TO DELIVERY TILL THE
TO INITIATION PARTURITION OF CONCEPTUS TIME
PHASES OF PARTURITION
OF
PARTURITION
TO ONSET OF
LABOUR
FERTILITY IS
RESTORED
PREDOMIN INHIBITORS UTEROTROPIC UTEROTONICS OXYTOCIN
-ANTLY PROGESTRONE , ESTROGEN, OXYTOCIN THROMBINS
INFLUENC PROSTACYCLIN, OXYTOCIN , PROSTAGLANDI
-ING NITROUSOXIDE, PROSTAGLAND NS
FACTOR RELAXIN INS->
INCREASED
GAP JUNC.
UTERINE CONTRACTILE PREPARATION CONTRAC INVOLUTION
ACTIVITY UNRESPONSIVE FOR LABOUR TIONS ALONG
NESS. WITH FETAL &
PLACENTAL
EXPULSION
CERVIX SOFTENING RIPENING DILATATION & REPAIR
EFFACEMENT
4.
5. LABOUR
It is the third phase of parturition, comprising three
stages:
First stage: from onset of labour pains till cervix is fully
dilated.
Second stage of labour: from complete dilatation of
cervix till the delivery.
Third stage of labour: placental separation &expulsion
6. FIRST STAGE OF LABOUR
Following are the major events during labour:
Gradually increasing uterine contractions
Retraction
Dilatation of cervix
Effacement of cervix
Lower uterine segment formation
7. UTERINE CONTRACTIONS IN
LABOUR
Characteristics of normal uterine contractions:
Pace maker: situated in the region of tubal ostia from where
wave of contraction spread downwards.
Sometimes there is emergence of multiple pace maker foci
leading to less efficient contractions and hence causing
primary dysfunction labour
Fundal dominance with gradual diminishing contractions
towards the lower segment.
Polarity of uterus : when upper segment contracts, retracts
and pushes the fetus down the lower uterine segment and
cervix dilates in response.
Lack of fundal dominance and the reverse polarity leads to
spastic lower uterine segment. Here pacemaker does not
work in rhythm.
8. Good synchronization of contraction waves from
both sides of uterus.
Regular pattern of contractions
Good relaxation in between the contractions
Intra amniotic pressure during relaxation is 8mm
rising beyond 20mm during contraction
9.
10. INTENSITY: describes degree of uterine systole.
increases with progress of labour.Maximum during 2nd
stage of labour
DURATION: initially last for 10-15 seconds gradually
increases up to 40-45 sec.
FREQUENCY: in the early stage of labour, contractions
come at the interval of 10-15min and increases to maximum
in 2nd stage of labour.
Clinically contractions are said to be good when they come
after interval of 3-5minutes and at the height of
contractions uterine wall can not be indented by fingers.
11. TONUS : intra uterine pressure in between the
contractions.
During Quiscent stage- 2-3mm Hg
During first stage of labour 8-10mmHg.
Factors governing tonus are:
Contractility of uterine muscles
Intra abdominal pressure
Over distension of uterus as in twins and
hydramnios.
12. If the intensity diminishes, duration is shortened and
period between the increases it leads to hypotonic
uterine dysfunction. Here intrauterine pressure
during the contractions remains below 25mm of Hg.
if there is increased frequency and duration without
adequate relaxation in between it leads to inco-
ordinate uterine action.
It comprises a rise in the base line tone which and hence
diminishing the circulation in the intervillous space of
placenta
13. LABOUR PAINS
Pain during contractions is along the cutaneous nerve
distribution of T10 to L1
Pain of cervical dilatation is radiated to back through sacral
plexus
Causes of pain:
Myometrial hypoxia
Streching of peritonium over the fundus
Streching of cervix during dilatation
Compression of nerve ganglia
14. Retraction
Permanent shortening of uterine muscle.
net effects are :
Formation of lower uterine segment.
Maintain advancement of presenting part made during
contractions
Reduce the surface area of uterus and hence favouring
placental separation.
Effective haemostasis after separation of placenta.
16. Latent phase : during which there is little dilatation
occurs with considerable changes taking place in the
connective tissue component of cervix which include:
Breaking down of collagen by collagease and elastases.
Accumulation of fluid between collagen fibres.
Fibro- muscular glandular hypertrophy.
Increased vascularity
Acceleration phase with cervical dilatation 2.5-4 cm.
Phase of maximum slope: between 4-9cm
Phase of decelaration: 9-10cm
17. Caused by:
(a)Uterine contraction and retraction: bucket
handle manner of attachment of longitudinal muscle
fibres of upper uterine segment with circular muscle
fibres of lower uterine segment and cervix. Thus
during contraction of upper segment the canal-
shortens, retracts and opens.
18.
19. (b)Bag of membranes : during labour the membranes
attached to the lower uterine segment are detached
herniation of membranes through the cervical canal
due to ball valve action of well flexed head, during uterine
contraction hydrostaic pressure in forewaters increases
cervical dilatation
20.
21. Fetal axis pressure: contractions of circular muscles of
body of uterus
Straightening of vertebral column of fetus
Fundal contractions transmit through podalic pole in to
fetal axis
Mechanical streching of lower uterine segment and
opening of cervical canal
22. Effacement of cervix
Muscular Fibres of cervix are pulled upwards and merge with
lower uterine segment.
Effacement precedes the dilatation in primegravidae
While it occurs simultaneously with dilatation in multiparae
23.
24. Lower uterine segment formation
During labour lower uterine segment is demarcated by
physiological retraction ring above and fibromuscular
junction of cervix and uterus below.
formed maximally during labour.
7.5-10 cm when fully formed and cylindrical during 2nd
stage of labour
Poor retractile property as compared to upper uterine
segment.
gradual thinning of lower uterine segment due to
relaxation of its muscle fibres to allow elongation and
descent of presenting part
25. 1)implantation of placenta of in lower uterine segment
leads to placenta praevia.
2)poor decidual reaction in this segment facilitates
morbid adherent placenta.
3)lower segment is entirely the passive segment of
uterus. Because of poor retractile property,there is
chance of post partum haemorrhage if placenta is
implanted over the area.
26.
27. Uterine tetany: when there is no physiological
differentiation between upper active and lower passive
segment of uterus whole of the uterus goes in to a
tonic muscular spasm holding the fetus inside.
Poor decidual reaction in this segments facilitates
morbid adherent placenta if implanted here
Poor retractile property leads to post partum
haemorrhage.
28. SECOND STAGE OF LABOUR
It two phases:
(a)propulsive: from full dilatation until head
touches the pelvic floor.
(b)expulsive: since the time there is irresistible
maternal desire to bear down until the baby is
delivered .
29. Factors leading to expulsion of fetus from uterine cavity are :
Reduced volume due to escape of large amount of amniotic
fluid.
Elongation of uterus due to contraction of circular muscle
fibers keeping the fetal axis straight.
Reduced transverse or anterioposterior diameter.
Downward thurst offered by uterine contractions
supplimented by voluntary contractions of abdominal
muscle.
Retraction of uterus which counterbalance the resistance
offered by pelvic floor.
30. Third stage of labour
It comprises expulsion of placenta with membranes
SEPERATION OF PLACENTA: due to shearing force
instituted between the placenta and placental site due to
marked reduction in the surface area in the placental site
and inelasticity of placenta.
PLANE OF SEPERATION: runs through spongy layer of
decidua basalis.
31. METHODS OF SEPERATION :
Marginal separation Of Placenta(Mathew Duncan):
more frequent . Separation starts at the margins as it is
mostly unsupported.
Central separation (Schultze): detachment starts at
centre with opening of few uterine sinuses and
collection of retroplacental haematoma. Gradually due
to weight of placenta and retroplacental blood
collection more and more placenta separates.
32. SEPARATION OF MEMBRANES: The membranes in
the upper part are thrown in to folds while those in the
lower part are already detached due to stretching.
Expulsion of placenta : After complete separation the
placenta is forced in to the lower uterine segment and
then in the vagina.
Complete expulsion occures due bearing down efforts
of by manual procedure.
33. HAEMOSTASIS
Living ligature : as the arterioles pass tortuously through
interlacing intermediate layers of myometrium they are
actually clamped during uterine contractions.
Thrombosis: occlude torn sinuses as pregnancy is
hypercoagulation state.
Myotamponade: apposition of walls of uterus after
expulsion of placenta.