This document discusses climate resilient agriculture and its importance in India. It provides definitions of key terms like climate resilience, adaptation, and mitigation. It outlines various strategies for climate resilient practices in agriculture, including developing drought/heat tolerant crop varieties, improved water management, and diversifying crops and farm practices. The National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) is described as the major government project focused on building resilience through strategic research, technology demonstrations, and capacity building. Several case studies on awareness, adoption and impact of climate resilient practices by farmers in India are summarized.
The climate resilient agriculture for rainfed and dryland farming is need of the hour. This discus the options of climate adapted agricultural technologies.
Agriculture has been and continues to be the most important sector in Indian economy. Climate change is one of the most important environmental issues facing the world today. The impact of climate change is a reality and it cuts across all climates sensitive sectors including the Agriculture sector. In this situation this seminar focuses on the climate smart agriculture. CSA brings together practices, policies and institutions that are not necessarily new but are used in the context of climatic changes which is prime requirement in arena of climate change. Farmers possessed low level of knowledge regarding climate change, and they adopted traditional methods to mitigate the impact of climate change. Small land holdings, poor extension services and non availability of stress tolerant verities were the major problems faced by the farmers in adoption to climate change. Extension functionaries were having medium level awareness about impact of climate change on agriculture. They used electronic media, training and conferences and seminars as major sources of information for climate change. They need training on climate smart agriculture aspects. Based on the above facts this presentation focuses on analyzing the opportunities and challenges of climate smart agriculture.
The climate resilient agriculture for rainfed and dryland farming is need of the hour. This discus the options of climate adapted agricultural technologies.
Agriculture has been and continues to be the most important sector in Indian economy. Climate change is one of the most important environmental issues facing the world today. The impact of climate change is a reality and it cuts across all climates sensitive sectors including the Agriculture sector. In this situation this seminar focuses on the climate smart agriculture. CSA brings together practices, policies and institutions that are not necessarily new but are used in the context of climatic changes which is prime requirement in arena of climate change. Farmers possessed low level of knowledge regarding climate change, and they adopted traditional methods to mitigate the impact of climate change. Small land holdings, poor extension services and non availability of stress tolerant verities were the major problems faced by the farmers in adoption to climate change. Extension functionaries were having medium level awareness about impact of climate change on agriculture. They used electronic media, training and conferences and seminars as major sources of information for climate change. They need training on climate smart agriculture aspects. Based on the above facts this presentation focuses on analyzing the opportunities and challenges of climate smart agriculture.
Agriculture in developing countries must undergo a significant transformation in order to meet the related challenges of achieving food security and responding to climate change. Projections based on population growth and food consumption patterns indicate that agricultural production will need to increase by at least 70 percent to meet demands by 2050. Most estimates also indicate that climate change is likely to reduce agricultural productivity, production stability and incomes in some areas that already have high levels of food insecurity. Developing climate-smart agriculture is thus crucial to achieving future food security and climate change goals. This seminar describe an approach to deal with the above issue viz. Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) and also examines some of the key technical, institutional, policy and financial responses required to achieve this transformation. Building on cases from the field, the seminar try to outlines a range of practices, approaches and tools aimed at increase the resilience and productivity of agricultural product systems, while also reducing and removing emissions. A part of the seminar elaborates institutional and policy options available to promote the transition to climate-smart agriculture at the smallholder level. Finally, the paper considers current gaps and makes innovative suggestion regarding the combined use of different sources, financing mechanism and delivery systems.
A holistic approach to crop production, which encompasses conservation tillage (CT), and also seeks to preserve biodiversity in terms of both flora and fauna. Activities such as Integrated Crop (ICM), Integrated Weed (IWM) and Integrated Pest (IPM) Management form part of Conservation Agriculture (CA)
www.fao.org/climatechange/epic
This presentation was prepared to provide a general overview of Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) and the EPIC programme. After providing a definition of CSA, the presentation focuses on Sustainable Land Management and the role of climate finance to support CSA. It concludes with a description of the FAO-EC project on CSA.
Agriculture in developing countries must undergo a significant transformation in order to meet the related challenges of achieving food security and responding to climate change. Projections based on population growth and food consumption patterns indicate that agricultural production will need to increase by at least 70 percent to meet demands by 2050. Most estimates also indicate that climate change is likely to reduce agricultural productivity, production stability and incomes in some areas that already have high levels of food insecurity. Developing climate-smart agriculture is thus crucial to achieving future food security and climate change goals. This seminar describe an approach to deal with the above issue viz. Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) and also examines some of the key technical, institutional, policy and financial responses required to achieve this transformation. Building on cases from the field, the seminar try to outlines a range of practices, approaches and tools aimed at increase the resilience and productivity of agricultural product systems, while also reducing and removing emissions. A part of the seminar elaborates institutional and policy options available to promote the transition to climate-smart agriculture at the smallholder level. Finally, the paper considers current gaps and makes innovative suggestion regarding the combined use of different sources, financing mechanism and delivery systems.
Climate change, its impact on agriculture and mitigation strategiesVasu Dev Meena
According to IPCC (2007) “Climate change refers to a statistically significant variation in either the mean state of the climate or in its Variability, persisting for an extended period (typically decades or longer)”.
Climate change has adverse impacts on agriculture, hydropower, forest management and biodiversity.
In the long run, the climatic change could affect agriculture in several ways such as quantity and quality of crops in terms of productivity, growth rates, photosynthesis and transpiration rates, moisture availability etc.
Climate change directly affect food production across the globe.
Agriculture in developing countries must undergo a significant transformation in order to meet the related challenges of achieving food security and responding to climate change. Projections based on population growth and food consumption patterns indicate that agricultural production will need to increase by at least 70 percent to meet demands by 2050. Most estimates also indicate that climate change is likely to reduce agricultural productivity, production stability and incomes in some areas that already have high levels of food insecurity. Developing climate-smart agriculture is thus crucial to achieving future food security and climate change goals. This seminar describe an approach to deal with the above issue viz. Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) and also examines some of the key technical, institutional, policy and financial responses required to achieve this transformation. Building on cases from the field, the seminar try to outlines a range of practices, approaches and tools aimed at increase the resilience and productivity of agricultural product systems, while also reducing and removing emissions. A part of the seminar elaborates institutional and policy options available to promote the transition to climate-smart agriculture at the smallholder level. Finally, the paper considers current gaps and makes innovative suggestion regarding the combined use of different sources, financing mechanism and delivery systems.
A holistic approach to crop production, which encompasses conservation tillage (CT), and also seeks to preserve biodiversity in terms of both flora and fauna. Activities such as Integrated Crop (ICM), Integrated Weed (IWM) and Integrated Pest (IPM) Management form part of Conservation Agriculture (CA)
www.fao.org/climatechange/epic
This presentation was prepared to provide a general overview of Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) and the EPIC programme. After providing a definition of CSA, the presentation focuses on Sustainable Land Management and the role of climate finance to support CSA. It concludes with a description of the FAO-EC project on CSA.
Agriculture in developing countries must undergo a significant transformation in order to meet the related challenges of achieving food security and responding to climate change. Projections based on population growth and food consumption patterns indicate that agricultural production will need to increase by at least 70 percent to meet demands by 2050. Most estimates also indicate that climate change is likely to reduce agricultural productivity, production stability and incomes in some areas that already have high levels of food insecurity. Developing climate-smart agriculture is thus crucial to achieving future food security and climate change goals. This seminar describe an approach to deal with the above issue viz. Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) and also examines some of the key technical, institutional, policy and financial responses required to achieve this transformation. Building on cases from the field, the seminar try to outlines a range of practices, approaches and tools aimed at increase the resilience and productivity of agricultural product systems, while also reducing and removing emissions. A part of the seminar elaborates institutional and policy options available to promote the transition to climate-smart agriculture at the smallholder level. Finally, the paper considers current gaps and makes innovative suggestion regarding the combined use of different sources, financing mechanism and delivery systems.
Climate change, its impact on agriculture and mitigation strategiesVasu Dev Meena
According to IPCC (2007) “Climate change refers to a statistically significant variation in either the mean state of the climate or in its Variability, persisting for an extended period (typically decades or longer)”.
Climate change has adverse impacts on agriculture, hydropower, forest management and biodiversity.
In the long run, the climatic change could affect agriculture in several ways such as quantity and quality of crops in terms of productivity, growth rates, photosynthesis and transpiration rates, moisture availability etc.
Climate change directly affect food production across the globe.
Climate change, teff and food security in EthiopiaABCIC
Assessing the potential geographic shifts of a major staple crop, teff (Eragrostis tef) in Ethiopia as a result of climate change. More information about the project: http://www.abcic.org/index.php/programs/striga-resistance-in-sorghum-in-east-and-central-africa/effects-of-climate-change-on-teff-production-in-ethiopia
Global food production now faces greater challenges than ever before due to changing climate, increasing land degradation and decreasing nutrient use efficiency. Nutrient mining is a major cause of low crop yields in parts of the developing world. Especially nitrogen and phosphorus move beyond the bounds of the agricultural field due to inappropriate management practices as well as failure to achieve good congruence between nutrient supply and crop nutrient demand (Pandian et al. 2014). Climate changes raised a serious issue of soil health maintenance for future generations. Rise in temperature and unprecedented changes in precipitation pattern lead to soil degradation by the erosion of top fertile soil, loss of carbon, nitrogen and increasing area under saline, sodic and acid soils. The climate is one of the key elements impacting several cycles connected to soil and plant systems, as well as plant production, soil quality and environmental quality. Due to heightened human activity, the rate of CO2 is rising in the atmosphere. Changing climatic conditions (such as temperature, CO2 and precipitation) influence plant nutrition in a range of ways, comprising mineralization, decomposition, leaching and losing nutrients in the soil. In order to meet the food demand of the growing population, global food production must be increased substantially over the next several decades. Sustainable intensification of agriculture, based on proven technologies, can increase food production on existing land resources. Therefore, conservation and organic agriculture, precision farming, recycling of crop residues, crop diversification in soils and ecosystems, integrated nutrient management and balanced use of agricultural inputs are the proven technologies of sustainable intensification in agriculture. More importantly, among the climate smart agricultural practices, the selection of appropriate measures must be soil or site specific for sustaining resource base for future generations. Further, presentation must be initiated to fine-tune the existing climate-smart agriculture to suit different nutrient management practices.
Main GHGs from agricultural lands are CH4 and N2O
GHG emission can be reduced by 60 % in 2050 through:
Removal of rice straws and through good management practices in paddy fields
Use alternatives to chemical fertilizer
CH4 reduction from livestock by improving feed quality and animal comfort
Reduce N2O emission in soils
Enhance C sequestration in paddy and rainfed uplands through ‘Evergreen Agro-ecosystem’ concept
Carbon stock in agricultural lands can be enhanced by improving land management practices
C sequestration in tea lands can be increased through: Agro-ecosystem approach; Crop diversification; Intercropping; Introduction of shade trees with optimum density; and Rehabilitation of old tea lands
C stock can be increased by 267 % by the year 2050 through Home Garden Intensification
If the proposed mitigation actions are implemented, the country will be able to achieve Net Zero by 2038.
Conservation agriculture (CA) refers to a set of agricultural practices encompassing minimum mechanical soil disturbance, diversified crop rotation and permanent soil cover with crop residues to mitigate soil erosion and improve soil fertility besides soil functions. The CA aims to conserve, improve and make more efficient use of resources through CA-based technologies. It has many tangible and intangible benefits in terms of reduced cost of production, saving of time, increased yield through timely planting, improved water productivity, adaptation to climate variability, reduced disease and pest incidence through stimulation of biological diversity, reduced environmental footprints and ultimately improvements in soil health. However, weeds are a major biotic interference in CA, posing big defy towards its success unless all the principles are completely followed. Development of post-emergence herbicide and growing herbicide-tolerant crops and also the retention of crop residues as a mulch help in managing weed problems and also improve soil moisture retention. Furthermore, this practice of agriculture improves soil organic carbon content which ultimately leads to an increase in input use efficiency.
Sustainable GreenHouse Systems; Gardening Guidebook for Italy ~ University of Pisa~ For more information, Please see websites below:
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Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
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Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
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Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
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Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
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Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
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City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
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Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Climate resilient agriculture adaptation and mitigation strategies
1.
2.
3.
4. Meaning and definition
Climate resilience refers to the ability of a system to deal with
stresses and disturbances, while retaining the same basic structure and ways
of functioning, capacity for self-organisation and capacity to learn and adapt
to change. Resilience is therefore about managing changes and adaptations
should contribute to climate resilient development, i.e. adaptation that can
stand the test of current and future climate risks (IPCC, 2007).
Climate resilient practices means the incorporation of adaptation,
mitigation and other practices in agriculture which increases the capacity of
the system to respond to various climate related disturbances by resisting
damage and recovering quickly ( Prabhavati, 2016).
6. 18th rank on
climate risk
index
(Kreft
&Eckstein,
2013)
Increasing
population
and food
consumption
Reduce in
yields by 4.5
to 9 per cent
(FAO, 2013)
Climate
change costs
roughly upto
1.5 per cent
GDP per year
Developing climate resilient agriculture is crucial
Need for climate resilient practices in India
7.
8. Adaptation and mitigation definition
Adaptation refers to , “adjustments in ecological, social or
economic systems in response to actual or expected stimuli and
their effects or impacts. This term refers to change in process,
practices and structures to moderate potential damages or to
benefit from opportunities associated with climate change”
(IPCC,2001)
Mitigation is an intervention to reduce the emissions sources or
enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases (IPCC 2001).
9. Adaptation strategies
1. Developing cultivars tolerant to heat and salinity stress and
resistant to flood and drought
2. Modifying crop management practices
3. Improving water management
4. Adopting new farm techniques such as resource conserving
technologies (RCTs)
5. Crop diversification
6. Improving pest management
7. Better weather forecasting
8. Crop insurance
9. Harnessing the indigenous technical knowledge of farmers
(Source: Climate change impact, adaptation and mitigation in agriculture: methodology
for assessment and application)
10. Mitigation Strategies to Climate Change
Measure Examples
Cropland management Improved agronomic practices
Nutrient management
Water management
Tillage management
Restoration of degraded lands Erosion control, organic amendments
Livestock management Improved feeding practices
Specific agents and dietary additives
Manure management Anaerobic digestion
More efficient use as nutrient source
(Source: Adaptation and mitigation strategies for climate resilient agriculture, Ravindra et al., 2013)
13. Climate Smart Agriculture
Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is an approach that helps to guide
actions needed to transform and reorient agricultural systems to
effectively support the development and ensure food security in a
changing climate(FAO).
The term climate-smart agricultural development was first used in
2009
A year later(2010), at the First Global Conference on Agriculture, Food
Security and Climate Change at Hague, the concept of climate-smart
agriculture (CSA) was presented
14. Concept of Climate Resilient Agriculture / Climate
Smart Agriculture (CSA)
CSA has emerged as a way forward to consolidate and strengthen the climate
change adaptation and mitigation regime at the global level.
CSA integrates the economic, social and environmental dimensions of
sustainable development by jointly addressing food security and climate change
challenges.
To be more specific, CSA is an approach to develop the technical, policy and
investment conditions to achieve sustainable agricultural development through
an integrated approach that is responsive to local conditions.
CSA brings together practices, policies and institutions that are not necessarily
new but are used in the context of climatic changes, which are unfamiliar to
farmers.
15. National Initiative on Climate Resilient
Agriculture (NICRA)
A network project of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research
(ICAR)
Launched in February, 2011
Aim of the project: to enhance resilience of Indian agriculture to
climate change and climate vulnerability
through strategic research and technology
demonstration.
The research on adaptation and mitigation covers crops, livestock,
fisheries and natural resource management.
16. ICAR launched a major Project entitled, National Initiative on Climate
Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) during 2010-11 with the following
objectives.
1. To enhance the resilience of Indian agriculture covering crops, livestock
and fisheries to climatic variability and climate change through
development and application of improved production and risk
management technologies.
2. To demonstrate site specific technology packages on farmers’ fields for
adapting to current climate risks.
3. To enhance the capacity building of scientists and other stakeholders in
climate resilient agricultural research and its application.
Objectives
18. Village level interventions towards climate resilient
agriculture
1. Building resilience in soil
2. Adapted cultivars and cropping systems
3. Rainwater harvesting and recycling
4. Water saving technologies
5. Farm machinery (custom hiring) centres
6. Crop contingency plans
7. Livestock and fishery interventions
8. Weather based agro advisories
9. Institutional interventions
10. Village Climate Risk Management Committee (VCRMC)
19. Intervention modules of Technology Demonstration
1. Module I: Natural resources
2. Module II: Crop production
3. Module III: Live stock and fisheries
4. Module IV: Institutional interventions
20.
21.
22. Awareness and adoption of climate resilient
practices by potato growers of Dharwad district
Prabhavathi (2016)
23. Methodology
•Study area: Dharwad district in Karnataka
•Random sampling design was employed for the selection
of the sample respondents.
•Sample size: 120
24. Table 1. Awareness of farmers regarding climate resilient practices of potato
Sl.No. Climate resilient practices
Farmers response
Aware Not aware
F % F %
1. Use of improved high yielding and early maturing varieties
(Kufri Pukhraj and Kufri Jawahar)
116 96.66 4 3.33
2. Use of heat tolerant varieties (Kufri Surya) 60 50.00 60 50.00
3. Shifting the date of sowing of potato from 2nd fortnight of
june to 1st week of july
62 51.66 58 48.33
4. Dehaulming of potato 67 55.83 53 44.17
5. Use of well decomposed FYM in summer crop cultivation 76 63.33 44 36.67
6. Deep ploughing in summer 61 50.83 59 49.16
7. Earthing up of potato 109 90.83 11 9.16
8. Drip irrigation 45 37.50 75 62.50
9. Soil and water conservation practices
a. Farm pond 110 91.66 10 8.33
b. Contour bund 72 60.00 48 40.00
c. Graded bunds 45 37.50 75 62.50
d. Ridges and furrows 94 78.33 26 21.67
e. Mulching 33 27.50 87 72.50
n=120
25. Table 2. Adoption of climate resilient practices by the potato growers
n=120
Sl.No
Climate resilient practices
Level of adoption
FA PA NA
F % F % F %
1 Use of improved high yielding and early maturing varieties (Kufri
Pukhraj and Kufri Jawahar)
96 80.00 20 16.67 4 3.33
2 Use of heat tolerant varieties (Kufri Surya) 15 12.50 76 63.33 29 24.17
3 Shifting the date of sowing of potato from 2nd fortnight of June to
1st week of July
60 50.00 50 41.67 10 8.33
4 Dehaulming of potato 40 33.33 27 22.50 53 44.17
5 Use of well decomposed FYM in summer crop cultivation 67 55.83 47 39.17 6 5.00
6 Deep ploughing in summer 16 13.33 46 38.33 58 48.33
7 Earthing up of potato 72 60.00 44 36.67 4 3.33
8 Drip irrigation 9 7.50 19 15.83 92 76.67
9 Soil and water conservation practices
a Farm pond 32 26.67 53 44.17 35 29.17
b Contour bund 23 19.17 51 67.50 46 13.33
c Graded bunds 8 6.67 36 30.00 76 63.33
d Ridges and furrows 54 45.00 42 35.00 24 20.00
e Mulching 2 1.67 29 24.17 89 74.16
26. Table 3. Farmers suggestions to mitigate the ill effects of climate change
Sl.No. Farmers suggestions Frequency % Rank
1 Development department should arrange for
timely supply of production inputs like seeds,
fertilizers, fungicides etc., in the villages
117 97.50 I
2 Subsidies/ compensation has to be given for the
potato crop to make up the cost of cultivation
due to weather aberrations
103 85.83 II
3 Early warning has to be given to the potato
growers about environmental changes
89 74.16 III
4 Effective implementation of weather related
insurance scheme
54 45.00 IV
5 Providing financial support for soil nutrient
enrichment
41 34.16 V
6 Creating awareness to the potato growers about
appropriate resilient practices/ measures against
climate change
40 33.33 VI
7 Creating awareness / support for adoption of
organic farming technologies
27 22.50 VII
n= 120
27. Economic benefits of climate-smart
agricultural practices to smallholder farmers in
the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India
Arun et al. (2016)
28. Methodology
•Study area: Bihar (Vaishali district) and Haryana (Karnal
district) states of India
•Random sampling design was employed for the selection
of the sample respondents
•Sample size: 641 in Vaishali district
626 in Karnal district
1,267
29. Practice Frequency Percentage
Improved crop varieties 1041 80
Laser land levelling 532 42
Crop rotations 291 23
Zero tillage practice 140 11
Table 1: Climate-smart agriculture practices and technologies
adopted by farmers
n=1267
30. Knowledge and adoption of drought mitigation
technologies followed by farmers of Gadag
district
Vijayalaxmi (2015)
31. Methodology
Study area: Gadag district of Karnataka
Simple Random technique was employed for the selection of the
sample respondents
Sample size: 120
32. Sl.No. Practices
Aware
Frequency Percentage
1. Pre-sowing arrangements
a Organic matter incorporation 120 100
b Use drought resistant varieties 80 66.66
c Seed treatment 116 96.66
d Contingent crop plans 56 46.66
2. Land grading And conservation of natural resources
a Contour bunding 100 83.33
b Conservation furrows at 15-20cm 39 32.50
c Compartment bunding 88 73.33
d Mulching 116 96.66
e Live bunds 117 97.50
f Farm pond 61 50.83
Table 1: Knowledge of individual drought mitigation practices by farmers
(n=120)
33. Sl.No. Practices Aware
Frequency Percentage
3. Tillage operations and planting geometry
a Off season tillage 106 83.33
b Secondary tillage / hoeing 112 93.33
c Deep ploughing 87 72.50
d Wider row spacing 60 50.00
e Paired row spacing 41 34.16
f Protective irrigation from farm pond 59 49.16
4. Diversification of agriculture
a Animal husbandry 120 100
b Horticulture 54 45.00
c Poultry 49 40.83
d Vegetable cultivation 64 53.33
e Vermicompost 94 78.33
Contd.......
34. Sl.No. Practices
Aware
Frequency Percentage
5. Alternate land use system
a Agroforestry 65 54.16
b Agri – horti systems 85 70.83
c Agri – pastoral systems 46 38.33
6. Nutrient management
a Green leaf manuring 105 87.50
b Tank silt application 61 50.83
c Recommended dose of fertilizer 118 98.33
Contd.......
35. Table 2: Adoption of individual drought mitigation practices by farmers
Sl.No. Practices
Adoption level
Adoption Non adoption
1. Pre-sowing arrangements
a Organic matter incorporation 102 (85.00) 18 (15.00)
b Use drought resistant varieties 36 (30.00) 86 (70.00)
c Seed treatment 73 (60.83) 47 (39.17)
d Contingent crop plans 26 (21.67) 94 (78.33)
2. Land grading And conservation of natural resources
a Contour bunding 53 (44.16) 67 (55.84)
b Conservation furrows at 15-20cm 11 (9.16) 109 (90.84)
c Compartment bunding 50 (41.66) 70 (58.34)
d Mulching 74 (61.66) 46 (38.34)
e Live bunds 88 (73.33) 32 (26.67)
f Farm pond 70 (58.33) 50 (41.67)
(n=120)
36. Sl.No. Practices Adoption level
Adoption Non adoption
3. Tillage operations and planting geometry
a Off season tillage 74 (61.66) 46 (38.34)
b Secondary tillage / hoeing 78 (65.00) 42 (35.00)
c Deep ploughing 52 (43.33) 68 (56.67)
d Wider row spacing 18 (15.00) 102 (85.00)
e Paired row spacing 16 (13.33) 104 (86.67)
f Protective irrigation from farm pond 56 (46.66) 64 (53.34)
4. Diversification of agriculture
a Animal husbandry 92 (76.66) 28 (23.34)
b Horticulture 23 (19.66) 97 (80.84)
c Poultry 8 (6.66) 112 (93.37)
d Vegetable cultivation 30 (25.00) 90 (75.00)
e Vermicompost 64 (53.33) 56 (46.67)
Contd.......
37. Sl.No. Practices
Adoption level
Adoption Non adoption
5. Alternate land use system
a Agroforestry 29 (24.16) 91 (75.84)
b Agri – horti systems 38 (31.66) 82 (68.34)
c Agri – pastoral systems 32 (26.66) 88 (73.34)
6. Nutrient management
a Green leaf manuring 57 (47.50) 63 (52.50)
b Tank silt application 18 (15.00) 102 (85.00)
Contd.......
38. Impact of climate change on rainfed
agriculture in India: A case study of Dharwad
Ashalatha et al. (2012)
39. Methodology
•Study area: Dharwad district in Karnataka
•Random sampling design was employed for the selection
of the sample respondents
•Sample size: 250
40. Table 1. Major coping mechanism adopted by rain fed farmers to
mitigate the impact of climate change
Coping mechanism Small
farmers
Medium
farmers
Large
farmers
Total
farmers(%)
Technological mitigation
Change in cropping pattern 60.00 40.00 26.67 42.22
Mixed /inter cropping 93.33 76.67 56.67 75.56
Cultivating tree crops 0.00 10.00 76.67 28.89
Soil organic matter enhancement 46.67 46.67 16.67 36.67
Drought resistant 13.33 43.33 20.00 25.56
Integrated /mixed farming system 93.33 76.67 43.33 71.11
Socio-economic factors
Reduced consumption expenditure 60.00 50.00 0.00 36.67
Shifting to other profession 80.00 50.00 20.00 50.00
Borrowing 86.67 50.00 10.00 48.89
Crop insurance 6.67 16.67 10.00 11.11
Selling of land and livestock 26.67 6.67 3.33 12.22
No response 6.67 23.33 23.33 17.78
n= 250
42. Methodology
•Study area: Bijapur district of Karnataka
•Random sampling design was employed for the selection
of the sample respondents
•Sample size:150
43. Table 1: Adaption measures undertaken by farmers to deal with climate change in crop
production
Sl.
No
Adaption measures initiated in crop
production
Adaption measures
Initiated Not initiated
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
1 Changed from long duration to short duration
varieties
138 92 12 8
2 Changed from short duration to long duration
varieties
126 84 24 16
3 Crop diversification 118 78.66 32 21.33
4 Changed in planting dates 35 23.33 115 76.66
Increased Decreased No change
Frequen
cy
Percentag
e
Frequenc
y
Percentag
e
Frequenc
y
Percentage
5 Spacing between
rows/plants
133 88.66 10 6.66 7 4.66
6 Adoption of IFS 36 24 93 62.00 21 14
7 Number of irrigation given 32 32.98 23 23.71 42 43.29
8 Quality of seeds used 16 10.66 30 20 104 69.33
9 Quality of fertilizer
application
6 4 40 26.66 104 69.33
(n=150)
44. Table 2: Adaption measures initiated in response to climate change in
soil and water conservation by the famers
Sl. No Adaption
measures
Adopted Not adopted
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
1 Farm pond 37 24.66 113 75.33
2 Contour
bunds
17 11.33 113 75.33
3 Graded
bunds
22 14.66 128 85.33
4 Ridges and
furrows
49 32.66 101 67.33
5 Mulching 7 4.66 143 95.33
6 Drip
irrigation
13 8.66 137 91.33
(n=150)
45. Table 3: Constraints faced by farmers during adaption to climate change
Sl.
No
Constraints More severe Severe Less severe Rank
1 Higher cost of the agricultureral inputs 111 74 39 26 0.00 0.00 I
2 Non availability of inputs in time 111 74 39 26 0.00 0.00 I
3 Difficult to work in the field due to
severe temperature
110 73.33 39 26 1.00 0.66 II
4 Low price for the produce in the
market
104 69.33 41 27.33 5 3.33 III
5 Lack of knowledge about post harvest
technology
58 38.66 30 20 62 41.3
3
IV
6 Lack of knowledge about processing
of different crops
57 38 27 18 66 44. V
7 Lack of storage facility in the village 55 36.66 50 33.33 45 30 VI
8 Absence of processing units in the
village
54 36 44 29.33 52 34.6
6
VII
9 Grading for the produce to maintain
their quality
54 36 21 14 75 50.0
0
VII
10 Lack of knowledge regarding
appropriate adaption measures
54 32.66 61 40.66 40 26.6
6
VIII
11 Lack of information about long term
climate change
49 32 74 49.33 28 18.6
6
IX
(n=150)
46. Table 4: Suggestions given by the farmers to mitigate the ill effects of
climate change
Sl. No. Suggestions Freque
ncy
Percenta
ge
Rank
1 Providing financial support for soil enrichment 105 70 I
2 Insurance has to be extended to all the crops 102 68 II
3 Subsidies/ compensation has to be given for the crops to make up
the cost of cultivation
93 62 III
4 Creating awareness/ support for adoption of organic farming
technologies
70 46 IV
5 Incentives/support for increasing the green manuring 53 35.33 V
6 Support price has to be given to all the crop produce based on cost
of cultivation
50 33.33 VI
7 Development department should ensure supply of production inputs
at appropriate time in the villages
23 15.33 VII
8 Creating awareness among the farmers about appropriate adaption
measures against climate change
20 13.33 VIII
9 Early warning has to be given to the farmers about environment
changes
19 12.66 IX
(n=150)
48. Methodology
•Study area: Adamawa state, Nigeria
•Multi stage sampling technique was employed for the selection of
the sample respondents
•Sample size: 340
49. Table 1: Adaptation measures being used by farmers
n=340
Adaptation measures Number Percentage
Altering plant schedule 89 26.18
Using different tillage
system
41 12.06
Tolerant seed variety 104 30.59
Planting early maturing seed 70 20.59
Crop diversification 36 10.59
Total 340 100.00
50. Table 2: Factors hindering adaptation
n=340
Limiting factors Number Percentage
Information 147 43.23
Appropriate technology 93 27.35
Necessary input 92 27.06
Labour 8 2.35
Total 340 100.00
51. A study on constraints faced by farmers in adapting
to climate change in rainfed agriculture
Satishkumar et al. (2011-12)
52. Methodology
Study area: Mahaboobnagar, Ranga Reddy and Ananthapur
districts of Andhra Pradesh
Random sampling technique was employed for the selection of the
sample respondents
Sample size: 150 ( 50 respondents from each mandal )
53. Table 1: Constrains faced in adaptability measures to climate vulnerability
(n=150)
Sl.no Particulars Frequency %
A Personal Constraints
1 Small size fragmented landholdings 90 60
2 Low literacy level 84 56
3 Inadequate knowledge of how to cope or build resilience 68 45
4 Traditional belief /practice on the concomitant of farming practices 46 31
B Institutional Constraints
5 Poor extension service on climate risk management 108 72
6 Poor access to information sources 93 62
7 Non-availability of institutional credit 78 52
C Technical Constraints
8 Non availability of drought tolerant varieties (timely) 107 71
9 Lack of access to weather forecasting technology and poor reliability on it. 99 66
10 Highly dependent on monsoon 96 64
11 High cost of irrigation facilities 69 46
12 Difficulties in shifting to different cropping patterns in short duration of time 63 42
13 Lack of technical know–how on climate change and its consequences and
adaptation strategies
60 40
54. Assessment of local perceptions on climate
change and coping strategies in
Chotanagpur Plateau of Eastern India
Jaipal et al. (2012)
55. Methodology
Study area: Chotanagpur plateau
Simple Random technique was employed for the selection of the
sample respondents
Sample size: 355
56. Table 1: Coping and adoptive strategies measures adopted by the farmers to
combat climate change
n=355
Adopted measures Yes (%) No(%) Don’t know(%)
Pre-monsoon dry seeding 45.81 7.74 46.45
Agroforestry 36.77 8.39 54.84
Crop rotation 46.45 5.81 54.19
Change in time of farm operation 42.58 6.45 50.97
Integrated farming 35.48 7.74 56.77
Inter cropping 40.00 7.10 52.90
Mulching 30.97 12.90 56.13
Rain water harvesting 38.06 10.32 51.61
Zero tillage to conserve soil, moisture & save time 28.39 11.61 60.00
Use of short duration crop varieties 45.81 3.23 50.97
Drought tolerant crop and crop varieties 36.13 11.61 52.26
Soil conservation techniques 38.71 7.10 54.19
Water conservation techniques 37.42 12.26 50.32
ITK to control disease, insects & pests 40.00 9.68 50.32
Use of organic & inorganic products to control disease 42.58 8.39 49.03
Innovative approaches to improve yield, control disease 39.35 7.74 52.90