This document provides an overview of climate smart agriculture (CSA) presented at a workshop. It defines CSA as an approach to address food security and climate change by improving productivity, resilience, and reducing emissions. The challenges facing African agriculture are described, including poor soils, drought, and weak adaptive capacity. The principles and benefits of CSA practices like conservation agriculture are explained. Steps for scaling up CSA are discussed, including characterization, prioritization, implementation, and monitoring. Strategies to spread CSA techniques across communities are outlined, such as through innovation platforms, partnerships, capacity building, and access to resources.

1. Climate extension
By Moses M. Tenywa
Makerere University, College of Agricultural
and Environmental Sciences
9th – 11th May, 2017
Presented to the workshop

2. Outline of content
• Introduction
• CSA framework
• Resilience/vulnerability
concept
• Benefits of scaling CSA
• Steps in actualizing CSA
• Strategies 4 Scaling CSA
• Conclusions
• Acknowledgements

3. Introduction
• Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) is increasingly recognized in
the agricultural sector as an approach to provide a basis for
operationalizing sustainable agricultural development under
changing conditions.
• Climate risks to cropping and livestock are increasing
• Many of the soils in sub-Saharan Africa are classified as poor
for agricultural purposes due to their acidity, and their limited
capacity to prevent plant nutrients from leaching.
• Soils have poor water-retention capacities and prone to
droughts.
• Adaptive capacity of farming systems is weak
• African Agriculture contributes significantly to GHG emissions
through inappropriate and unsustainable practices.
• In 2005, Africa emitted a total of 285 Tg C accounting for 3.7%
of the global emissions and 3.6% of global emissions growth.

4. Challenge
 Farming systems are faced with a number of challenges:
1. Farmers not getting full value of what they produce
Basis for pricing decisions are not well defined
2. Poor market infrastructure
3. Low productivity and low volume of supply
4. Inadequate information flow & Lack of timely
information
5. Demand requirements are not well articulated in terms
of quality and quantity
6. Climate change and weather variability
7. Uncoordinated efforts.
Based on the above challenges, it is easier to plant and lose the crops unless there is
deliberate effort undertaken to map the CSA stream.

5. Objectives
• Broad objective
• The purpose of the TOT will be to gain improved understanding of approaches and
methodology for integrating and scale up issues of Climate Smart Agriculture
(CSA),
• Specific objectives
• 1. To share with the participating extension workers the knowledge and skills
on how to integrate Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA), into their extension work.
• 2. To equip Extension staff with capacities identify related pertinent issues and
challenges of Climate Change, in agriculture and come up with practical ways of
addressing them at a field level.
• To to address the current challenges in agriculture and to contribute better to
agricultural innovation – a process that that requires interactions and knowledge
flows among a wide range of actors in the agricultural innovation.
• To reorient and re-equip Extension staff with methodology to empower multi-
stakeholders to participatorily identify

6. What is CSA?
 An integrative approach to address the interlinked challenges of
food security and climate change.
o It can help to guide actions needed to transform and reorient
agricultural systems to effectively support development and ensure
food security in a changing climate (the World Bank Group, FAO and
IFAD (2015).
 Key Pillars
1. Improving agricultural productivity to support equitable increases
in farm incomes, food security and development;
2. Improving resilience of agricultural system and adaptation of
communities to climate change impacts at multiple levels; and
3. Enhance agricultural sector contribution to climate change
(reducing GHG emissions including crops and livestock).

7. How CSA is different practices

8. Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) Principles
Through conservation agriculture is based on
the principles of conservation farming:
(1) Minimal soil disturbance or no-till;
(2) Continuous soil cover—with crops, cover crops
or a mulch of crop residues;
(3) Crop rotation;
(4) Agroforestry systems with leguminous (N-fixing)
trees such Faidherbia albida, Gliricidia or pigeon
pea.

9. Ways of Quantifying and describing
CSA (PAM)

10. Examples: Coffee-Banana Intercrop
Increasingly Coffee Banana Intercropping (CBI) is being recognized as a Climate Smart
Agriculture (CSA) because of its beneficial triple wins to food security, income and
climate change adaptation.

11. Differential landscape CSA practices
Manure
Control Mulch
Mulch + Manure

12. Biochar-pigeon pea-CSA innovation
The use of pigeon peas (large trees already after 1-2 years; 77 ton/ha in year 2 in
Mkushi, Zambia, enough for 25 ton biochar!) for biochar production opens a number of
important benefits for local and global society.

14. Assessment of the agricultural resilience (ISDR, 2002)
)(
)(ln*)(
CCapacity
VerabilityVuHHazard
Risk 

15. Benefits and challenges to CA
1. Stable yields through water- and soil-conserving against weather
extremes over the long term.
2. Drought buffering through increased water infiltration, reduced runoff
and evaporation
3. Reduced field preparation costs
4. Reduced soil erosion through rReducing tillage and maintaining soil
cover
5. Climate change mitigation.
 Challenges to adoption of CA
1. Appropriate soil type.
2. Sufficient availability of crop residues or other mulch.
3. Affordable access to fertilizer and herbicides.
4. Weed control.
5. Delayed yield benefits.

16. Benefits of Banana-Coffee Intercrop
(Source:van Asten et al., 2008)
Fig 1: Example of coffee-banana intercropping revenues as compared to coffee mono-cropping plots from
large on-farm studies (n=357) in Uganda. Central and North are Robusta coffee growing regions; East,
South West, West Nile are Arabica coffee growing regions

17. Average bunches weights by gender
Sites Gender Treatments (Weight (Kgs)
Control Mulch Manure Mulch+Manure
Nakaseke F 8.7 13.2 14.0 23.5
M 6.8 13 16.3 24.1
Kiboga F 7.7 15.8 23.6 29.6
M 7.1 11.8 15.4 21.3
Sembabule F 6.8 9.9 11.6 15.0
M 8.6 13.3 15.5 21.0

18. Benefits of Conservation agriculture (wheat, Soya & Maize)

19. Framework for CSA
Explicit consideration of climatic risks in terms of changes
in agricultural technologies and approaches to improve
food security and incomes and to prevent the loss of
gains already achieved. CSA approaches entail greater
investment in the following Principles:
 Increasing productivity -reducing climate risks by managing
farms, crops, livestock, aquaculture resources better to
produce more with less while increasing resilience
 Increasing adaptation- Understanding and planning for
current adaptive transitions for managing Ecosystem and
landscapes to conserve ecosystem services while ensuring
resource efficiency and resilience
 Reducing contribution to GHG emissions-Provision of
Extension services for farmers and land managers to enable
them to exploit opportunities and implement the necessary
practices for reducing or removing GHG emissions where
feasible.

20. CSA Framework
Interlinked pillars
(Productivity,
Adaptation,
Mitigation)
CSA Approach
Multi-level Crop-Livestock-Aquaculture
Management; Methods, tools,
techniques and Resources
GOAL: Resilient agricultural and ecosystems that effectively support sustainable
development and ensure food security in a changing climate

21. Framework for CSA Extension
Strategy
Key elements of the strategy
• Define the purpose of the characterization –risk
and vulnerabilities
• What technologies and practices?
• Where?
• How climate Smart are the
technologies/Practices?
• How do we deliver them to the farmers?- What
methods, tools, techniques, practices are likely to
lead to best farmer response and uptake of CSA?

22. • Understanding risks and vulnerabilitiesStep 1. Characterization
(Describing & Quantifying) of
CSA
• Participatory identification, assessment of
climate smartness and selection of
technologies and practices
Step 2. Prioritization of
locally appropriate CSA
options
• Participatory
Step 3. Implementation
• Methodologies and approaches for learning
Step 4.Monitoring,
Evaluation and learning
Steps for CSA integrated Framework

23. Method Description
FGD Situation analysis to understand local context; listing crops, livestock &
uses, village resource maps, cropping calendars, Climate calendars,
Historical calendars, Organizational mapping, Agric. Challenges (men,
women & youths)
Key Informant
interviews
Farming system, Demographics, land tenure and access, crop-livestock
challenges land, crop and livestock management practices
Farmer
interviews
Farm characteristics, Agric. Production & challenges, Household food
security, Manual/animal traction, Climate Smartness,
Transect walks
and GIS
processing of
maps
Surveys and groundtruthing of crop diversity, soil type/topography,
socio-economic indicators
Step 1. Guide to quantifying and describing CSA (Source: Mwongera
Caroline et al. , 2017)

24. Criteria/Principles for evaluating CSA
1. Development and application of practice by
gender
2. Participation and engagement of men,
women
3. Minimization of constraints to uptake
4. Low hanging fruits for men and women
5. Practice maximizes long term benefits for
men and women.

25. Assessment of practices for Climate smartness
CSA
Practice
Women
controlof
income
Timeto
realization
ofbenefits
Potential
forwomen
tobenefit
fromProd
Female&
youth
labor
availa
Femace&
contland
Female
accessto
water4P
Femaccess
tocash&
abilto
spen
1.0 Improvement of Productivity Issues
1.1
1.2
2.0 Adaptive capacity issues
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
3.0 Reduction of GHGs
3.1
3.2
3.3

26. Step 2. Prioritization of locally
appropriate CSA options
Awareness and use of practices
Create list of practices by agro ecology &
gender
Prioritization of practices using pairwise
ranking, matrix ranking for agro-ecology &
by gender
Ranking of indicators by scoring

27. Ste;p 3. Implementation

28. Step 4. Monitoring, Evaluation &
Learning

29. Performance Monitoring Matrix
Issues Strategic interventions Possible measures Indicators
Integration of
adaptation and
mitigation
Delayed Benefits
Multi-level
capacity building
Flexibility within
context
Thinking out of
box- Livestock

30. Scaling CSA across the Water
management zones of Uganda

31. Multi
Stakeholder
Innovation
Platform
Public –
Private
Partners
hips
Monitoring,
Evaluation &
Learning
Agricultu
ral
services
Strategies for scaling CSA
CSA Actions
Climate data &
Info
Capacity
building
Policy &
Institut.
Socio-economic benefits reaching many
 Access to CSA
technologies
 Extension Advisory
services
 e-Extension info
 Mobile learning-
L3F
 Gender inclusion
 Market linkages
(input/output
markets)
 Financial access
 Insurance services
A small group of thoughtful people can change the world. Indeed it is the only that that has ever- Margaret Mead
e-
Extensio
n service
Financial
inclusion

32. CSA Actions
• Climate data and info: Expanding the evidence base and
assessment tools to identify agricultural growth strategies
for food security that integrate necessary adaptation and
potential mitigation
• Policy and Institutional: Building policy frameworks and
consensus to support implementation at scale
• Capacity building: Strengthening national and local
institutions to enable farmer management of climate risks
and adoption of context-suitable agricultural practices,
technologies and systems
• Financial inclusion: Enhancing financing options to support
implementation, linking climate and agricultural finance

33. Conclusions
• Efficiency and Effectiveness of CSA is gender
dependent.
• Issues point to development of innovation systems
focusing on the development of CSA in smallholder
farming communities, and supporting the efforts of
innovative farmers within these.
• Strategies for the successful adoption and
management of CSA practices need to address the
issue of an enhanced knowledge base of individual
farmers and the community.

34. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Grateful thanks to:
 Governments of Uganda
 Development Partners
 Thanks for listening and
God bless