- Agriculture is an important sector for India, contributing 17.32% to GDP and providing livelihoods for 54.6% of the population.
- Climate change is causing rising temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events that are negatively impacting agricultural production in India. Greenhouse gas emissions from the agricultural sector, such as from livestock, rice cultivation, and fertilizer use, are also contributing to climate change.
- Both adaptation and mitigation strategies are needed to address climate change in agriculture. Adaptation involves making crops, livestock, and farming practices more resilient to climate impacts. Mitigation focuses on reducing agricultural greenhouse gas emissions through practices like improved cropland management, livestock management,
Climate change, its impact on agriculture and mitigation strategiesVasu Dev Meena
According to IPCC (2007) “Climate change refers to a statistically significant variation in either the mean state of the climate or in its Variability, persisting for an extended period (typically decades or longer)”.
Climate change has adverse impacts on agriculture, hydropower, forest management and biodiversity.
In the long run, the climatic change could affect agriculture in several ways such as quantity and quality of crops in terms of productivity, growth rates, photosynthesis and transpiration rates, moisture availability etc.
Climate change directly affect food production across the globe.
The climate resilient agriculture for rainfed and dryland farming is need of the hour. This discus the options of climate adapted agricultural technologies.
Rosegrant, Mark. 2023. Climate Change and Agriculture: Impacts, Adaptation, and Mitigation. PowerPoint presentation given during university-wide seminar. Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, March 30, 2023.
Climate change, its impact on agriculture and mitigation strategiesVasu Dev Meena
According to IPCC (2007) “Climate change refers to a statistically significant variation in either the mean state of the climate or in its Variability, persisting for an extended period (typically decades or longer)”.
Climate change has adverse impacts on agriculture, hydropower, forest management and biodiversity.
In the long run, the climatic change could affect agriculture in several ways such as quantity and quality of crops in terms of productivity, growth rates, photosynthesis and transpiration rates, moisture availability etc.
Climate change directly affect food production across the globe.
The climate resilient agriculture for rainfed and dryland farming is need of the hour. This discus the options of climate adapted agricultural technologies.
Rosegrant, Mark. 2023. Climate Change and Agriculture: Impacts, Adaptation, and Mitigation. PowerPoint presentation given during university-wide seminar. Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, March 30, 2023.
Climate change and Agriculture: Impact Aadaptation and MitigationPragyaNaithani
Climate change refers to a statistically significant variation in either the mean state of the climate or in its Variability, persisting for an extended period (typically decades or longer). For the past some decades, the gaseous composition of earth’s atmosphere is undergoing a significant change, largely through increased emissions from energy, industry and agriculture sectors; widespread deforestation as well as fast changes in land use and land management practices. These anthropogenic activities are resulting in an increased emission of radiatively active gases, viz. carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), popularly known as the ‘greenhouse gases’ (GHGs)
These GHGs trap the outgoing infrared radiations from the earth’s surface and thus raise the temperature of the atmosphere. The global mean annual temperature at the end of the 20th century, as a result of GHG accumulation in the atmosphere, has increased by 0.4–0.7 ºC above that recorded at the end of the 19th century. The past 50 years have shown an increasing trend in temperature @ 0.13 °C/decade, while the rise in temperature during the past one and half decades has been much higher. The Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change has projected the temperature increase to be between 1.1 °C and 6.4 °C by the end of the 21st Century (IPCC, 2007). The global warming is expected to lead to other regional and global changes in the climate-related parameters such as rainfall, soil moisture, and sea level. Snow cover is also reported to be gradually decreasing.
Therefore, concerted efforts are required for mitigation and adaptation to reduce the vulnerability of agriculture to the adverse impacts of climate change and making it more resilient.
The adaptive capacity of poor farmers is limited because of subsistence agriculture and low level of formal education. Therefore, simple, economically viable and culturally acceptable adaptation strategies have to be developed and implemented. Furthermore, the transfer of knowledge as well as access to social, economic, institutional, and technical resources need to be provided and integrated within the existing resources of farmers.
Agriculture has been and continues to be the most important sector in Indian economy. Climate change is one of the most important environmental issues facing the world today. The impact of climate change is a reality and it cuts across all climates sensitive sectors including the Agriculture sector. In this situation this seminar focuses on the climate smart agriculture. CSA brings together practices, policies and institutions that are not necessarily new but are used in the context of climatic changes which is prime requirement in arena of climate change. Farmers possessed low level of knowledge regarding climate change, and they adopted traditional methods to mitigate the impact of climate change. Small land holdings, poor extension services and non availability of stress tolerant verities were the major problems faced by the farmers in adoption to climate change. Extension functionaries were having medium level awareness about impact of climate change on agriculture. They used electronic media, training and conferences and seminars as major sources of information for climate change. They need training on climate smart agriculture aspects. Based on the above facts this presentation focuses on analyzing the opportunities and challenges of climate smart agriculture.
Agriculture in developing countries must undergo a significant transformation in order to meet the related challenges of achieving food security and responding to climate change. Projections based on population growth and food consumption patterns indicate that agricultural production will need to increase by at least 70 percent to meet demands by 2050. Most estimates also indicate that climate change is likely to reduce agricultural productivity, production stability and incomes in some areas that already have high levels of food insecurity. Developing climate-smart agriculture is thus crucial to achieving future food security and climate change goals. This seminar describe an approach to deal with the above issue viz. Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) and also examines some of the key technical, institutional, policy and financial responses required to achieve this transformation. Building on cases from the field, the seminar try to outlines a range of practices, approaches and tools aimed at increase the resilience and productivity of agricultural product systems, while also reducing and removing emissions. A part of the seminar elaborates institutional and policy options available to promote the transition to climate-smart agriculture at the smallholder level. Finally, the paper considers current gaps and makes innovative suggestion regarding the combined use of different sources, financing mechanism and delivery systems.
At the Africa Agriculture Science Week AASW 15-20 July, the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), Head of Research Sonja Vermeulen gave a presentation on Climate-Smart Agriculture for an African context.
As a result of our consumer culture lifestyle, we are polluting the earth and slowly changing its temperature. As a result, weather patterns will be less predictable and water level will rise significantly
Climate change is an extended change in the Earth’s regular pattern of atmospheric conditions and its fluctuations
Global warming is caused by an enhanced greenhouse effect mostly caused by anthropogenic activity
Climate change and Agriculture: Impact Aadaptation and MitigationPragyaNaithani
Climate change refers to a statistically significant variation in either the mean state of the climate or in its Variability, persisting for an extended period (typically decades or longer). For the past some decades, the gaseous composition of earth’s atmosphere is undergoing a significant change, largely through increased emissions from energy, industry and agriculture sectors; widespread deforestation as well as fast changes in land use and land management practices. These anthropogenic activities are resulting in an increased emission of radiatively active gases, viz. carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), popularly known as the ‘greenhouse gases’ (GHGs)
These GHGs trap the outgoing infrared radiations from the earth’s surface and thus raise the temperature of the atmosphere. The global mean annual temperature at the end of the 20th century, as a result of GHG accumulation in the atmosphere, has increased by 0.4–0.7 ºC above that recorded at the end of the 19th century. The past 50 years have shown an increasing trend in temperature @ 0.13 °C/decade, while the rise in temperature during the past one and half decades has been much higher. The Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change has projected the temperature increase to be between 1.1 °C and 6.4 °C by the end of the 21st Century (IPCC, 2007). The global warming is expected to lead to other regional and global changes in the climate-related parameters such as rainfall, soil moisture, and sea level. Snow cover is also reported to be gradually decreasing.
Therefore, concerted efforts are required for mitigation and adaptation to reduce the vulnerability of agriculture to the adverse impacts of climate change and making it more resilient.
The adaptive capacity of poor farmers is limited because of subsistence agriculture and low level of formal education. Therefore, simple, economically viable and culturally acceptable adaptation strategies have to be developed and implemented. Furthermore, the transfer of knowledge as well as access to social, economic, institutional, and technical resources need to be provided and integrated within the existing resources of farmers.
Agriculture has been and continues to be the most important sector in Indian economy. Climate change is one of the most important environmental issues facing the world today. The impact of climate change is a reality and it cuts across all climates sensitive sectors including the Agriculture sector. In this situation this seminar focuses on the climate smart agriculture. CSA brings together practices, policies and institutions that are not necessarily new but are used in the context of climatic changes which is prime requirement in arena of climate change. Farmers possessed low level of knowledge regarding climate change, and they adopted traditional methods to mitigate the impact of climate change. Small land holdings, poor extension services and non availability of stress tolerant verities were the major problems faced by the farmers in adoption to climate change. Extension functionaries were having medium level awareness about impact of climate change on agriculture. They used electronic media, training and conferences and seminars as major sources of information for climate change. They need training on climate smart agriculture aspects. Based on the above facts this presentation focuses on analyzing the opportunities and challenges of climate smart agriculture.
Agriculture in developing countries must undergo a significant transformation in order to meet the related challenges of achieving food security and responding to climate change. Projections based on population growth and food consumption patterns indicate that agricultural production will need to increase by at least 70 percent to meet demands by 2050. Most estimates also indicate that climate change is likely to reduce agricultural productivity, production stability and incomes in some areas that already have high levels of food insecurity. Developing climate-smart agriculture is thus crucial to achieving future food security and climate change goals. This seminar describe an approach to deal with the above issue viz. Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) and also examines some of the key technical, institutional, policy and financial responses required to achieve this transformation. Building on cases from the field, the seminar try to outlines a range of practices, approaches and tools aimed at increase the resilience and productivity of agricultural product systems, while also reducing and removing emissions. A part of the seminar elaborates institutional and policy options available to promote the transition to climate-smart agriculture at the smallholder level. Finally, the paper considers current gaps and makes innovative suggestion regarding the combined use of different sources, financing mechanism and delivery systems.
At the Africa Agriculture Science Week AASW 15-20 July, the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), Head of Research Sonja Vermeulen gave a presentation on Climate-Smart Agriculture for an African context.
As a result of our consumer culture lifestyle, we are polluting the earth and slowly changing its temperature. As a result, weather patterns will be less predictable and water level will rise significantly
Climate change is an extended change in the Earth’s regular pattern of atmospheric conditions and its fluctuations
Global warming is caused by an enhanced greenhouse effect mostly caused by anthropogenic activity
IPCC Report Climate Changes - Summary of headline statementsTheFoodChallenge
IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land
Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and
Greenhouse gas fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems
Impact of global climate change new n agriculture A Presentation ByMr. Allah...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Impact of global climate change new n agriculture A Presentation ByMr. Allah dad KhanVisiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar allahdad52@gmail.com
Conservation Agriculture (CA) is a concept for resource-saving agricultural crop production system that strives to achieve acceptable profits together with high and sustained production levels while conserving the environment.
It is based on minimum tillage, crop residue retention, and crop rotations, has been proposed as an alternative system combining benefits for the farmer with advantages for the society.
Conservation Agriculture remains an important technology that improves soil processes, controls soil erosion and reduces production cost.
Rising to the challenge of establishing a climate smart agriculture - a global context presented as keynote in the Workshop on Climate Smart Agriculture Technologies in Asia workshop, organised by CCAFS, UNEP and IRRI.
Climate Resilient Agriculture an Approach to Reduce the Ill-Effect of Climate...UditDebangshi
Climate resilient agriculture (CRA) is a sustainable
approach for converting and reorienting agricultural systems to
support food security under the new realities of climate change
through different adaptation and mitigation mechanisms.
Agricultural systems are extremely vulnerable to climate change, given their sensitivity to variations in different threats like temperature, precipitation and incidence of natural events and disasters such as droughts and floods with this on an average the extreme weather patterns can impact farm incomes in the range of 15-18 %. Threats can be reduced by increasing the adaptive capacity of farmers as well as increasing resilience and resource use efficiency in agricultural production systems. CRA promotes synchronized actions by farmers, government, scientist, private sector, and policy-makers through three main action areas: (1) Building the capacity to identify the threats; (2) Curing the threats through adaptation and mitigation process (3) Sustain their adaptive mechanisms over a long time. The vulnerability of existing conditions of poverty, malnutrition and increasing populations puts intense pressure on finite natural resources, especially land, water and energy – all of which are integral to agricultural systems. In this context, it becomes imperative to adopt Climate-Resilient Agriculture (CRA) measures at cooperative scale to address the impending impact of climate change on agriculture.
Influence of microclimate, plant, soil and cultural factors on ET; techniques...Abhilash Singh Chauhan
INTRODUCTION
The deficiencies and surpluses of water are often the most important of the various factors influencing plant growth.
They are, at the same time, the most difficult to control.
At present adequate theory and measuring techniques for predicting the rate of soil water loss by evapotranspiration exist for only a few special combinations of plant and climatic conditions.
A better understanding of the factors influencing this process is necessary to help pave the way for the development of methods for increasing the efficiency of water utilization by crops.
The rate of water loss by the processes of evaporation and transpiration is the resultant of five controlling factors, viz:
Climate
Soil Moisture
Plant Cover
Soil Texture and Structure
Soil and Crop Management
Modification of weather hazards: weather modification for agriculture; scient...Abhilash Singh Chauhan
Modification of weather hazards: weather modification for agriculture; scientific
advances in artificial rain making, hail suppression, dissipation of fog and stratus clouds,
modification of severe storms and electric behavior of clouds.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. Introduction
About 54.6% population of India
depends on agriculture for their
livelihood.
Around 67% of the population reside
in rural areas.
Contribution in GDP: 17.32%
Net sown area : 139.9 million hectares
Net Irrigated area : 66.1 mha (47%)
3. According to IPCC Climate change refers to a statistically significant
variation in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g. using
statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its
properties, which persists for an extended period, typically decades or
longer, which may either be due to natural or anthropogenic variability.
Climate change
4. Common
name
Chemical
formula
GWP values for 100-year time
horizon
Second
Assessment
Report (SAR)
Fourth
Assessment
Report (AR4)
Fifth
Assessment
Report (AR5)
Carbon
dioxide
CO2 1 1 1
Methane CH4 21 25 28
Nitrous
oxide
N2O 310 298 265
6. Annual Mean Global Growth Rates for year 2017
Carbon dioxide CO2 2.2 ppm/yr
Methane CH4 7.3 ppb/yr
Nitrous oxide N2O >0.75 ppb per year.
1.89
ppm/yr
For 2017
8. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2017)
Carbon dioxide (CO2): Methane (CH4): Nitrous oxide (N2O):
•Primary source – Use of Fossil
fuel.
•Deforestation
•Decay of biomass
•Shifting Cultivation practice
•Agricultural activities
•Waste management
•Energy use
•Biomass burning
•Coal mining
•Primary source - Application of
synthetic fertilizer and manure
management in agricultural
lands
•Other land management
9. According to a 2015 report of Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation
related to climate Change in India
Agriculture sector had emitted 18% of the country’s total annual GHG emissions which
was around 334.41 million tons of CO2 equivalent in year 2007.
Livestock: Enteric fermentation
Manure management
Rice Cultivation: All forms; irrigated,
rainfed, deep water and upland rice.
Agricultural Soils: source of N2O,
mainly due to application of nitrogenous
fertilizers in the soils.
Field Burning of Crop Residue:
emission of a number of gases and
pollutants.
Greenhouse Gas Emission from Agriculture Sector in India
11. • Physiology
• Phenology
• Morphology
• Food demand
• Costs and benefits
• Policy
• Trade
• Farmers response
Adaptation Strategies
Mitigation Strategies
• Soil fertility
• Irrigation availability
• Pests
• Floods and Droughts
• Sea level rise
Assessing their Impact on
agricultural production
Impacts of Climate change on Agriculture
12. Climate
Extremes
Drought
Flood
Heavy Rain
Cyclones
Wind
Dryness
Heat Wave
Cold Wave
Natural
Hazard
Freeze
Natural
Disasters
Agriculture: Crops,
Livestock, Forests:
Water: Irrigation,
Urban, Industrial
Ecosystems,
Environment
Loss of life and
Property
Storm
Surge
Saline intrusion,
Beach erosion,
Water contamination,
Power disruption
Damage to Crops
Sectoral
Impacts
Loss of productivity
Food security
Competition,
Quality, Efficiency
Destruction of
Biodiversity
Quality of Life
Coastal
Ecosystem
Impacts of Climate change on Agriculture
13. Source: IPCC, 2007, in FAO, 2008a
Events Potential impacts
Cold periods becoming warmer and
shorter;
Days and nights becoming hotter.
Increased yields in temperate regions;
decreased yields in tropical regions;
increased outbreaks of new insect pests and
pathogens;
Heavy precipitation leading to Floods Damage to crops; soil erosion;
inability to cultivate land owing to water
logging of soils
Drought (frequently occurred) Land degradation and soil erosion;
lower yields from crop damage and failure;
loss of arable land
Intense tropical cyclone Damage to crops
Extremely high sea levels Salinization of irrigation water,
estuaries and freshwater systems;
(IPCC, 2014, & FAO )
Impacts of Climate change on Agriculture
14. Adaptation Mitigation
Adaptation measures deal with
the impacts of climate change
and have the objective of
reducing the vulnerability of
human and natural systems.
Mitigation addresses the
causes of the climate change,
which involves reducing
greenhouse gas concentration
in the atmosphere.
What can we do to address climate change?
What actions can be taken in the agricultural sector?
There are two main actions we can take:
• on the one hand, we need to adapt to climate change effects (adaptation);
• on the other hand, we should intervene on its causes (mitigation).
15. Adaptation is defined as the activities by individuals,
groups and governments that aim “to reduce the
vulnerability of human or natural systems from the
impacts of climate change and climate-related risks,
by maintaining or increasing adaptive capacity and
systems resilience.
Adaptive capacity: ability of a system to adjust to
climate change (climate variability and extremes) to
moderate potential damages, to take advantage of
opportunities, or to cope with the consequences.
Vulnerability : degree to which a system or society is
susceptible to, and unable to cope with adverse effects of
climate change, including climate variability and
extremes.
Resilience: ability to absorb disturbances, to be
changed and then to re-organize and still have the same
identity (retain the same basic structure and ways of
functioning).
What is Adaptation?
16. Diversify sources of household income & Participate in income stabilization
programmes
Promote community based risk management measures to face crop failures and
soaring food prices (grain banks, self help groups)
Develop innovative risk financing instruments and insurance schemes to reduce
climate-related risks (e.g. weather/climate indexed crop insurance)
Examples
Traditional development practice,
where activities take little or no account of specific climate change impacts
and have many benefits in the absence of climate change (so called “no-regret”
options).
17. In this zone of the continuum
adaptation focuses on building robust systems for problem solving, like :-
development of communications systems and planning processes
improvement of mapping
•by using cartographic techniques
•& GIS
weather monitoring
•Strengthening early warning systems
•Better use of climate and weather data, weather forecasts, and other management tools
and natural resource management practices (NRM).
18. 1. Reducing soil erosion and land degradation (improved soil management).
Examples of management of land and water resources
a) encouraging improved irrigation
methods like drip and sprinkler
irrigation
b) line canals with plastic films.
c) improving infrastructures for small-
scale water capture, storage and use
d) reducing distribution losses of irrigation
water
e) Reuse wastewater for agriculture
f) rainwater harvesting
3. Changing land topography to improve water uptake and reduce wind erosion.
a) subdividing large field
b) maintaining grass in waterways
c) roughening the land surface
d) building windbreaks and shelterbelts
2. Improving water use efficiency and availability.
a) Contour farming.
b) Strip cropping
c) Growing Cover crops.
d) Crop Rotation
e) Mixed Cropping
f) Mulching
g) Bunding
h) Terracing
i) Windbreaks & Shelterbelts
j) Organic manure
19. 1. Conservation of genetic resources.
2. Change farming practices to conserve soil moisture, organic matter and nutrients
3. Adopt “best practices” that improve forest resilience and promote healthier
forests.
a) Use stubble and straw mulch , Rotate crop, avoid mono-cropping & use lower planting
densities
b) Advance sowing dates to offset moisture stress during warm periods
c) Adjustment of planting dates in such a way that flowering period of crop avoid and don’t
coincide with the hottest period to minimize the effect of increased temperature – which
induce spikelet sterility to reduce yield instability.
d) Changing the cropping calendar to take advantage of the wet period and to avoid extreme
weather events (e.g., storms & cyclones) during the growing season.
Examples of management of crop, livestock and forest resources
a) appropriate thinning regimes
b) reduced impact logging
c) fire and pest management.
4. Adopt controlled livestock grazing practices to improve soil cover, increase water
infiltration/retention and promote natural soil forming processes.
20. In this zone of the continuum
adaptation efforts focus more specifically on climate change hazards and impacts.
In areas under frequent threat of climate-related emergencies
disaster risk reduction (DRR) and
disaster risk management (DRM) are key entry points for climate change adaptation.
Example
Availability and accessibility of good quality seeds is paramount to enhance the
resilience of food production systems against climate-related hazards and other shocks
Short-cycle seed varieties allow
replanting in events of delayed rain
It reduce growing time
harvesting before the peak of the cyclone season
or for a quick harvest following re-planting after cyclones and flooding.
21. This category includes highly specialized activities exclusively targeting distinct
climate change impacts
relocation of communities due to sea level rise
responses to glacial melting
building large scale irrigation systems
plant breeding in response to shifting agro-ecological zones and new
stresses
Example
23. 1. Reducing emissions of Greenhouse Gases
1. Adopting improved cropland management practices .
Minimal soil disturbance (minimum and zero tillage)
Improved grazing management (e.g. Stocking rate management,
rotational grazing) can reduce emissions from volatilization of organic soil
carbon.
Integrated nutrient management can reduce emissions by reducing
leaching and volatile losses
Improving nitrogen use efficiency through precision farming
Improving fertilizer application timing
restoration of eroded and salinized soils
Conversion of agriculturally marginal soils to pastures or forest lands
24. 2. Improving livestock feeding practices to reduce emissions from enteric fermentation
Using dietary additives to increase efficiency of the digestive process
improvements in forage quality and quantity
seeding fodder grasses or legumes with higher productivity and deeper roots
3. Reducing deforestation and forest degradation
Reducing deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) and adopting sustainable
management of existing forests can reduce emissions.
4. Adopting improved aquaculture management
Selection of suitable populations of aquatic species
increasing feeding efficiency
switching to herbivorous or omnivorous aquaculture species will reduce emissions
from input use.
25. 2. Avoiding and displacing emissions
1. Improving post-harvest practices
Reducing post harvesting food losses (improved storage and post-harvest
handling) will contribute to decreasing emissions.
2. Improving energy use in agricultural production
Increasing energy efficiency and replacing fossil fuels with biofuels will reduce
emissions per unit of food produced.
3. Use of fishing practices that adhere to the principles of the Code of Conduct for Responsible
Fisheries
Fishing and fish processing are conducted in ways that minimize negative impacts
on the environment, reduce waste, and preserve the quality of fish caught.
Fishers should keep records of their fishing operations
Protect fish resources and avoid overfishing
Dynamiting, poisoning and other destructive fishing practices should be
prohibited
Punishment for violations could include fines or even the removal of fishing
licenses if violations are severe
26. 3. Removing emissions
1. Improved agronomic practices
Reduced tillage (minimal cultivation)
Use of cover crops
incorporation of crop residue
High carbon crops (fruit or nut orchard, vines, tea, coffee)
2. Improved soil & water management
Contour farming, Strip cropping, Growing Cover crops, Crop Rotation, Mixed
Cropping, Mulching, Bunding, Terracing, Windbreaks & Shelterbelts, Organic
manure etc
drip and sprinkler irrigation & line canals with plastic films, reducing distribution
losses of irrigation water etc
3. Agro-forestry, afforestation/reforestation, forest restoration increase Carbon storage
combining crops with trees for timber and fodder.
establishing shelter belts and riparian zones/buffer strips with woody species
systems.
conversion from non-forest to forest land use.
and from degraded forests to fully carbon stocked forests.
4. Planting mangroves in coastal areas
Replanting mangroves in coastal areas will create carbon sinks
28. Table: Effect of long-term tillage & crop establishment methods and cropping systems
on total soil OC (on equivalent mass basis) in the 0–15 and 15–30 cm layers.
PB: Zero tilled permanent bed
ZT: Zero tillage flat, Collectively Both
PB & ZT : are CA (Conservation Agriculture)
CT: Conventional tillage flat
MWMb: Maize-Wheat-Mungbean
MCS: Maize-Chickpea-Sesbania
MMuMb: Maize-Mustard-Mungbean
MMS: Maize-Maize-Sesbania.
29. Table: Impact of long-term tillage & crop establishment methods and diversified
cropping systems on N2O -N emission during fifth year (2012−2013) of
experimentation.
+ =
PB: Zero tilled permanent bed
ZT: Zero tillage flat, Collectively Both
PB & ZT : are CA (Conservation Agriculture)
CT: Conventional tillage flat
MWMb: Maize-Wheat-Mungbean
MCS: Maize-Chickpea-Sesbania
MMuMb: Maize-Mustard-Mungbean
MMS: Maize-Maize-Sesbania.
30. Figure: Interactive effect of long-term tillage & crop establishment methods and
diversified cropping systems on annual global warming potential (GWP) due to N2O
emission
PB: Zero tilled permanent bed
ZT: Zero tillage flat, Collectively Both
PB & ZT : are CA (Conservation Agriculture)
CT: Conventional tillage flat
MWMb: Maize-Wheat-Mungbean
MCS: Maize-Chickpea-Sesbania
MMuMb: Maize-Mustard-Mungbean
MMS: Maize-Maize-Sesbania.
32. Table: Notations & description of management protocols under different Scenarios in rice-wheat (RW) rotation.
6
9
FP: Farmer’s practice
IFP: Improved farmer’s practice
CSA: Climate smart agriculture
CT: Conventional tillage
RT: Reduced till
ZT: Zero till
TPR: Transplanted rice
CTW: Conventional till wheat
DSR: Direct seeded rice
MCP: Multi crop planter
RTW: Reduced till wheat
RDD: Rotary disc drill
ZTW: Zero till wheat
HS: Happy Seeder
SR: State recommendation for
irrigation
FFP: Farmer’s fertilizer practice
RDF: Recommended dose of
fertilizer
NCU: Neem coated urea
GS: Green Seeker
NE: Nutrient expert based fertilizer
recommendation
ICT: Information and
communication technology.
33. Table: Effect of management practices portfolios on grain yield, cost
of cultivation and net returns under different scenarios during year
2014–15, 2015–16 and 2016–17.
34. Table: Irrigation water use and water productivity under different
scenarios during the year 2014–15, 2015–16 and 2016–17.
35. Figure: Global warming potential (GWP) and greenhouse gases
intensity (GHGI) of rice-wheat system under different scenarios
(Treatment bars followed by a different letter within a group are significantly different at P < 0.05
according to Tukey’s test).
37. Figure: Distribution of rainfall (weekly total) over the wheat
growing season for the years 2013–14 and 2014–15 and long-term
average of weekly total (1982–2013).
38. Table: Area, production, yield and percentage yield loss in wheat
during 2013–14 and 2014–15.
Table: Wheat yield (Mg/ha) under alternative production systems in
normal and bad year.
40. Figure: Input cost for wheat production under various tillage
and crop establishment method.
CT: conventional tillage
ZT: zero-tillage
ZT+R: zero-tillage with residue retention.
Vertical bars shows the standard error of the mean (n=120).
Adapted from Aryal et al. (2015).
41. Figure: Rice, wheat and rice-wheat grain yield under different tillage and crop
establishment methods in eastern Indo- Gangetic Plain (IGP).
PuTPR-CTW: puddled transplanted rice followed by conventional tilled wheat;
ZTR-ZTW (–R): zero-tilled rice followed by zero-tilled wheat without residue retention
ZTR-ZTW (+R): zero-tilled rice followed by zero-tilled wheat with residue retention.
Vertical bars shows the standard error of the mean (n=18).
Adapted from Jat et al. (2014).
42. Figure: Irrigation water productivity of wheat under different tillage and residue
management strategies.
CT: conventional tillage;
ZT–R: zero-tillage without residue retention
ZT+R: zero-tillage with residue retention.
Vertical bars shows the standard error of the mean (n=20).
Data source: Authors’ compilation.
43. Figure: estimated global warming potential of CT- and ZT-based wheat production in
North-West India
CT: conventional tillage;
ZT: zero-tillage
Vertical bars shows the standard error of the mean (n=200).
Data source: Sapkota et al. (2014).
46. Table: Comparison of rates of increase of SOC stock under zero tillage (ZT) compared to
conventional tillage (CT) as influenced by sampling method:
equal soil depth versus “equivalent soil mass” (ESM).
Soil was a Typic Haplaquept sandy clay loam in the Indian Sub-Himalayas under rice–
wheat cropping with conventional tillage to 15 cm and zero tillage applied for 9 years.
Adapted from Bhattacharyya et al. (2013).
47. Agriculture has a significant role to play in mitigating climate change
Agriculture is cost competitive with adaptation and mitigation methods as compared to
other sectors
Adaptation and mitigation methods improves sustainability in agriculture
Implementation of the Clean Development Mechanism to reduce the emission of GHG.
An increment of the forestry and cultivated areas (sequestration) and better
management of forests and soil (preservation of the capital of carbon)
Awareness creation on climate change and adaptation strategies
CONCLUSION