Global food production now faces greater challenges than ever before due to changing climate, increasing land degradation and decreasing nutrient use efficiency. Nutrient mining is a major cause of low crop yields in parts of the developing world. Especially nitrogen and phosphorus move beyond the bounds of the agricultural field due to inappropriate management practices as well as failure to achieve good congruence between nutrient supply and crop nutrient demand (Pandian et al. 2014). Climate changes raised a serious issue of soil health maintenance for future generations. Rise in temperature and unprecedented changes in precipitation pattern lead to soil degradation by the erosion of top fertile soil, loss of carbon, nitrogen and increasing area under saline, sodic and acid soils. The climate is one of the key elements impacting several cycles connected to soil and plant systems, as well as plant production, soil quality and environmental quality. Due to heightened human activity, the rate of CO2 is rising in the atmosphere. Changing climatic conditions (such as temperature, CO2 and precipitation) influence plant nutrition in a range of ways, comprising mineralization, decomposition, leaching and losing nutrients in the soil. In order to meet the food demand of the growing population, global food production must be increased substantially over the next several decades. Sustainable intensification of agriculture, based on proven technologies, can increase food production on existing land resources. Therefore, conservation and organic agriculture, precision farming, recycling of crop residues, crop diversification in soils and ecosystems, integrated nutrient management and balanced use of agricultural inputs are the proven technologies of sustainable intensification in agriculture. More importantly, among the climate smart agricultural practices, the selection of appropriate measures must be soil or site specific for sustaining resource base for future generations. Further, presentation must be initiated to fine-tune the existing climate-smart agriculture to suit different nutrient management practices.

1. WELCOME

2. Nutrient Management Aspects Under Climate
Change Situation
Doctoral Seminar - I
Presented by
Mr. Wairagade Mahendra Nandlal
Ph. D. (Scholar)
Regd. No. ADPD/21/0355
Seminar In-charge,
Dr. P. S. Bodake
Head,
Department of Agronomy,
Dr. B. S. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli

3. Contents
Introduction
What is Climate Change ?
What is Global Warming ?
Green House Gases and Its Effect
Modern Tools and Techniques for Nutrient Management
Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture
Conclusion
Natural Resources Influencing Agriculture

4. INTRODUCTION
 Sustainable Nutrient Management (SNM) is essential for ensuring food security and
environmental sustainability, especially in the face of climate change.
 Climate change is altering soil and water conditions, which in turn can affect nutrient
availability and uptake by plants.
 Furthermore, changes in temperature and rainfall patterns can lead to increased nutrient
leaching, runoff and erosion which can negatively impact on soil health and water
quality.
 As we all know that management of soil fertility is a prime concern for crop production,
which can be improved by adopting several sustainable management practices such as
conservation agriculture, site specific nutrient management (SSNM) and precision
nutrient management and so on.
 To manage nutrients sustainably in the context of climate change, farmers can adopt a
range of practices that promote soil health, conserve water and reduce nutrient losses.

5. 3
Global Challenges for Agriculture
Population
Climate Change
Food demand Global Trade
Pests & Diseases Biodiversity
Resources

6. Climate change is a shift in ‘climate’ relative to
a given reference time period
•It is caused by:
WHAT IS CLIMATE CHANGE ??
Natural factors
-Solar variability
-Volcanic Eruption
-Ocean currents
- El-Nino and La-Nina cycle
-Burning of fossil fuels
-Deforestation
- Use of CFCs and HFCs
- Agriculture
Anthropogenic factors

7. Global Warming
Earth’s surface and the
troposphere become warmer
due to absorption of infrared
radiation emitted by the earth’s
surface by greenhouse gases.

8. AGENTS OF GLOBAL
WARMING
Water
vapour
CFCs
N2O
Methane
CO2
Global warming potential
these gases:
CFCs >N2O>CH4>CO2
Global Warming

9. Changes in concentration of greenhouse gases since the industrial
revolution
GASES
Pre -1750
concentration
Present
concentration
2019
Per cent increase
since 1750
Carbon dioxide (ppm) 280 409.9 47%
Methane(CH4) (ppb) 700 1866.3 156%
Nitrous oxide (ppb) 270 332.1 23%
CFC (CCl3F) (ppt) 000 241 -
HFC (CH2FCF3) (ppt) 000 84 -
Sulfur hexafluoride (SF
6
) (ppt) 000 8.6 -
IPCC (2021)

10. Estimated global natural emissions
• 42.84% CO2
emission
• 330 billion
tonnes CO2
emission
Ocean-
atmosphere
exchange
• 28.56% CO2
emission
• 220 billion
tonnes CO2
emission
Soil respiration
and
decomposition
• 0.15 to 0.26
billion tonnes
CO2 emission
Volcanoes
eruption

11. Industries: 38% CO2 emission
Enteric fermentation: 20% CH4 emission
Transportation: 18% CO2 emission
Land use change: 15 % CO2 emission
Agriculture/Manure: 4% CH4 emission
Biomass burning: 3% CO2 emission
Rice cultivation: CH4 emission about 80 Tg/yr
Estimated global anthropogenic emissions

12. Causes of global warming
Increase in Sea level Effect on Weather
Oceanic Acidification
Health
Loss of Biodiversity
Effect on Agriculture

14. Extreme weather
conditions
Drought
Flooding
Heat waves
Flooded field
Drought
Effect of Heat waves
High temperature Uneven monsoon

15. Climate
Rainfall Solar Radiation
Bio-diversity Soil

16. • Continuous cereal based cropping system
• Use excessive N
• Removal of crop residue and residue burning
• Continuous monocropping and excessive use of
chemical
• Usage of heavy machinery or overgrazing
• Waterlogging, salinity, alkalinity
• Global climate change posing many threats
• Crop intensification
Soil
Water
Nutrient
Decline in
NUE
Factor Affecting Nutrient Use Efficiency
Overuse of
management
resources leads to

17. • Conservation agriculture
• Laser land levelling
• Organic farming
• Crop diversification
• Fertigation
• Site specific nutrient management (SSNM) and software for SSNM
• Real time ‘N’ management
• Precision farming
• Nanotechnology
Modern tools and techniques for nutrient management in Agriculture

18. • No till agriculture is widely promoted as a climate friendly farming
system.
• Conservation Agriculture is 20 to 50% less labour intensive and thus
contributes to reducing greenhouse gas emissions through lower energy
inputs and improved nutrient use efficiency.
Conservation Agriculture
 The main advantages of CA are reduction in
cost of production, reduced incidence of
weeds, saving in water and nutrients,
increased yields, environmental benefits, crop
diversification opportunities, improvement in
resource-use efficiency, etc.

19. Minimum soil disturbance
 Zero tillage is ideal, but the system may involve
controlled tillage in which no more than 20 to 25%
of the soil surface is disturbed.
Retention of crop residues or other soil surface
cover
 CA use 30% permanent organic soil cover as the
minimum, but the ideal level of soil cover is site-
specific.
Use of crop rotation
 Reduce build-up of weeds, pest and diseases,
where farmers do not have enough land to rotate
crop, intercropping can be used.
 Legumes are recommended as rotational crops
for their nitrogen-fixing function.

20. Case study 1:- Tillage and residue management effect on soil properties, crop performance and energy relations in
green gram (Vigna radiata L.) under maize-based cropping systems
 Yield attributes and yield, N concentration and uptake in summer green gram under different cropping system,
tillage and residue management practices.
Treatments
Yield (kg ha-1)
Harvest index
N concentration (%) N uptake (kg ha-1)
Seed Stover
Grain Stover Grain Stover Total
Cropping System
Maize–Mustard–Green-gram 844.3 2764 0.230 3.511 1.247 30.08 35.04 65.12
Maize–Chickpea–Green-gram 899.2 3389 0.218 4.022 1.239 35.91 41.85 77.76
Maize–Lentil–Green-gram 694.7 2772 0.201 3.463 1.202 24.26 32.63 56.89
Maize–Wheat–Green-gram 769.2 2902 0.208 2.945 1.264 22.92 36.73 59.65
SE ± 32.15 92.05 0.0145 0.198 0.066 2.001 2.100 3.082
CD (P=0.05) 111 318.4 NS 0.686 NS 6.923 NS 10.63
Tillage and residue management
Conventional tillage with residue
removed
752.7 2733 0.215 3.429 1.300 26.66 35.50 62.16
Conventional tillage with residue
incorporation
1062.2 3136 0.253 3.607 1.358 38.16 42.10 80.26
Zero tillage with residue removed 602.7 2874 0.176 3.316 1.138 20.10 32.83 52.93
Zero tillage with residue addition as
mulch
789.7 3083 0.205 3.587 1.158 28.25 35.23 63.48
SE ± 34.73 95.32 0.0115 0.189 0.049 2.291 1.522 2.728
CD (P=0.05) 101.3 278.1 0.0335 NS 0.142 6.687 4.442 7.962
Location:- Indian Agricultural Research Institute,New Delhi Meena et. al., 2015

21. LASER LAND LEVELING
• It is the process of smoothening
the land surface ± 2 cm from its
average elevation by using laser
equipped drag buckets to achieve
precision in land levelling.
• The laser land leveler brings 3-5%
cultivable area, saves irrigation
water, improves crop yield, nutrient
and water use efficiency.
• Land Leveling through Laser Leveler is one such proven
technology that is highly useful in conservation of irrigation
water.

22. Laser-leveled field prepared for rice
transplanting
Raised beds in laser levelled field
facilitate uniform application of water
across field

23. Case study 2:- Impacts of laser land levelling technology on yield, water
productivity, soil health and profitability under arable
cropping in alluvial soil of north Madhya Pradesh
Treatments
Plant height (cm) Effective tillers
m-2
No. pf grains
spike-1
Grain yield
(t ha-1)
Rice Wheat Rice Wheat Rice Wheat Rice Wheat
Laser land levelling 128.7 96.4 318 325 132 42.4 4.70 4.91
Traditional levelling 123.8 88.2 302 310 121 39.1 4.11 4.43
Control (Unlevelled) 110.5 79.4 287 289 115 37.4 3.68 4.14
CD (P=0.05) 14.6 11.2 14.2 16 6.5 3.8 0.26 0.22
Location:- Zonal Agriculture Research Station Morena, Madhya Pradesh. Tomar et. al., 2020

24. Organic Agriculture
• Organic agriculture reduce green house
gas emission and fossil fuel energy use, cut
nutrient and pesticide pollution and stops
potentially harmful pesticide residues
entering our food chain.
• Organic farming also helps to restore the
soil health, protect environment, enhance
biodiversity, sustain crop productivity and
enhance farmers’ income.
Organic agriculture addressing two of the world’s biggest and most
urgent issues:
1.Climate change
2.Food security

25. Components of Organic farming

26. Case study 3:- The combined use of chemical and organic fertilizers and/or biofertilizer for crop growth
and soil fertility.
Table:- Some chemical properties of soils in different treatments after harvest of maize.
Treatments O.M. (%) Mineral N (mg/kg) Bray-1 P (mg/kg)
CK (No Fertilizer) 1.5 3.9 69
CF (Chemical Fertilizer) 1.4 8.1 74
Compost-N 2.1 15 146
Compost-P 1.5 18 88
½ Compost-P + Biofertilizer 1.5 18 76
Compost-P + Urea 1.4 21 90
½ (Compost-P +Urea) + Biofertilizer 1.5 23 83
Biofertilizer 1.2 22 71
Chemical fertilizer (Urea, single superphosphate, potassium chloride)
Compost-N: The compost application rate was based on the N requirement of cabbage and its N
release percentage was assumed to be 50%.
Compost-P: The application rate of composted animal manure was based on the P requirement of
cabbage and the release percentage of P in compost was assumed to be 30%.
Biofertilizer: Mixture of multi-functional bacteria, including Bacillus pumillu, Bacillus subtilis S.
Location:-National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan Jen-Hshuan Chen. 2006

27.  Based on the situations, farmers
can adopt intercropping and mixed
cropping
 In climate change scenario, climate
smart cropping by altering sowing
dates, growing climate resilient
varieties can give sustained yield.
Crop Diversification
 In agriculture, crop diversification essentially refers to a shift
from one crop to another. But in real sense, it is bringing out a
desirable change in the existing cropping pattern towards more
balanced cropping system to meet ever-increasing demand of
food.

28. Treatment
System of
productivity
( t/ha)
Net return B:C ratio
Rice-fallow 3.47 22.2 1.12
Rice- wheat 8.81 49.4 1.15
Rice- mustard- greengram 8.48 37.7 0.73
Rice- rajmash -greengram 10.84 58.1 1.07
Rice- potato- greengram 20.47 125.1 1.61
Rice- wheat+ mustard (5:1)- greengram 10.76 51.4 0.93
Rice- wheat+ rajmash (5:1)-greengram 11.73 59.8 1.07
Rice- potato + wheat (1:1)-greengram 21.61 120.4 1.46
Location:- Birsa Agriculture University, Jharkhand Devkant et al., 2013
Case study 4:- Diversification of rice based cropping systems for higher productivity, profitability
and resource use efficiency under irrigated ecosystem of Jharkhand.

29. Case study 5:- Role of legumes in sustainable agriculture and food security : an Indian perspective
Table:- Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) in India.
Crop Area (M ha) N fixed (Kg/ha) Annual Fixation
(Million tonnes)
Chickpea 6.09 40 0.24
Pigeonpea 3.38 100 0.34
Mungbean 0.09 60 0.19
Urdbean 3.25 30 0.10
Cowpea 0.50 80 0.002
Field pea 0.81 65 0.005
Lentil 1.39 40 0.006
Groundnut 6.40 150 0.96
Soybean 6.22 100 0.61
Total 34.28 - 2.47
Location:- Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, India. Das et. al., 2012

30. Case study 6:- Nutrient content and C:N ratios in above-ground portions of some important
green manure crops.
Green manure crops
Total concentration (% dry weight)
N P K S Ca Mg C:N ratio
Sesbania aculeata 2.62 0.32 1.48 0.19 1.40 1.62 16.4
Crotolaria juncea 2.86 0.34 - - - - 16.1
Vigna unguiculate 2.69 0.28 2.26 0.28 1.50 1.73 17.1
Crotolaria tetragonoloba 2.80 - - - - - 17.3
Vigna radiata 2.21 - - - - - 16.1
Leucaena leucocephala 3.15 0.20 1.73 - 1.88 0.41 12.7
Gliricidia maculata 3.49 0.22 2.44 - 1.89 0.43 10.4
Location:- Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, India. Das et. al., 2012

31. Fertigation
 It is the most efficient method of fertilizer application, as it ensures
uniform application of the water and fertilizers directly to the plant roots as
per crop demand.
 Since both water and nutrients reaches directly to the rooting zone, it has
tremendous effect on resource saving.
 Drip fertigation is a good management technique that satisfies the nutrient
demand of crops grown on sandy soils and split application of nutrients
during the growth season to improve and sustain higher yields.

32. Case study 7:- Effect of fertigation levels and drip system layout on performance of okra
under plastic mulch.
Treatments Yield
(g plant-1)
No. of
branches
Plant height
(mm)
Collar girth
(mm)
Drip + Plastic mulching + Fertigation (1.2F) 421.65 3.20 642.7 56.1
Drip + Plastic mulching + Fertigation (1.0F) 371.70 2.82 595.5 52.9
Drip + Plastic mulching + Fertigation (0.8F) 221.40 2.07 458.7 44.5
Drip + Fertigation (1.2F) 124.20 2.00 254.0 28.1
Drip + Fertigation (1.0F) 155.70 2.33 262.0 29.7
Drip + Fertigation (0.8F) 171.23 1.67 269.3 26.1
Basal irrigation + manual application of fertilizer
(1.2F)
72.00 0.67 224.3 25.7
Basal irrigation + manual application of fertilizer
(1.0F)
91.58 1.07 156.7 17.0
Basal irrigation + manual application of fertilizer
(0.8F)
85.40 1.47 178.7 18.8
CD 93.24 1.07 140.1 13.8
Location:- Kerala Agricultural University Varughese et. al., 2014

33. Site specific nutrient management (SSNM)
Simply it means “feeding of plant as and when needed”.

34. SSNM Key Messages
 Site-Specific Nutrient Management (SSNM) optimizes the supply of soil nutrients
over space and time to match crop requirements.
 SSNM increases crop productivity and improves efficiency of fertilizer use.
 SSNM mitigates greenhouse gases from agriculture in areas with high nitrogen
fertilizer use.
 Incentives for adoption of SSNM depend strongly on fertilizer prices.
 ‘5R’
Right
time
Right
amount
Right
place
Right
source
Right
manner

35. Case study 8:- Effect of nutrient management techniques on growth, yield and economics of
hybrid maize (Zea mays L.) in vertisols
Treatments
Grain yield
(kg ha-1)
Stover yield
(kg ha-1)
Harvest index
Nutrient Expert target 8 t ha-1 (NE8) 7186 9178 0.43
Nutrient Expert target 10 t ha-1 (NE10) 7998 9539 0.44
SSNM target 8 t ha-1 (SSNM8) 8211 10215 0.44
SSNM target 10 t ha-1 (SSNM10) 9532 11497 0.45
STCR target 8 t ha-1 (STCR8) 8045 10176 0.42
STCR target 10 t ha-1 (STCR10) 9236 11920 0.44
SPAD threshold 40 (SPAD 40) 5501 9755 0.36
SPAD threshold 50 (SPAD 50) 6782 8927 0.43
LCC threshold 4 (LCC 4) 6867 10150 0.40
LCC threshold 5 (LCC 5) 7664 9711 0.44
RDF (150:75:37.5 kg NPK ha-1 + FYM @10 t ha-1) 6121 8367 0.42
Farmer practice (FP) (187.5:107.5:150 kg NPK ha-1) 6463 9383 0.41
Absolute control (AC) 3059 5488 0.36
SE± 251 579 0.01
C.D. at 5% 732 1692 NS
Location:- University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka Vikram et. al., 2015

36. Software for SSNM
 Computer or mobile phone-base tools are increasingly used to facilitate improved nutrient
management practices in farmers fields, especially in geographies where blanket fertilizer
recommendations prevail.
 Nutrient expert and crop manager are examples of decision-support systems developed for SSNM
in cereal production system.
Nutrient Expert
 Nutrient Expert is an interactive, computer based decision-
support tool that enables smallholder farmers to rapidly
implement SSNM in their individual fields with or without
soil test data.
 https://bar.gov.ph/index.php/nutrient-expert-page the
software is freely downloadable from this site.
Crop Manager
 Crop Manager is a computer and mobile phone based
application that provide small-scale rice, rice-wheat and
maize farmers with site and season-specific
recommendation for fertilizer application.
 The software is freely downloadable at
https://cropmanager.irri.com

37. Real time ‘Nitrogen Management’
• Since crop N requirements are closely related to yield levels,
which in turn are sensitive to climate, particularly solar
radiation and the supply of nutrients and crop management
practices, dynamics N adjustment at real time is an important
key to improve N-use efficiency.
• Modern tools like SPAD meter or Chlorophyll meter, Leaf
color chart can be used by the farmers to easily identify leaf
N status and apply input accordingly.

38. Leaf colour chart
Green Seeker
SPAD meter
Nitrogen tablet/ Nitrification inhibitor
Smart Nitrogen Management

39. Leaf Color Chart (LCC)
 The leaf color chart (LCC) is an easy to use and inexpensive
diagnostic tool for monitoring the relative greenness of a rice
leaf as an indicator of the plant N status.

40. Case study 9:- Leaf colour chart: An incredible tool for field-specific management of fertilizer
nitrogen in cereals in South Asia.
Fertilizer N management
2000 2001 2002
Fertilizer
applied
kg N ha-1
Rice
yield
t ha-1
AE Fertilizer
applied
kg N ha-1
Rice
yield
t ha-1
AE Fertilizer
applied
kg N ha-1
Rice
yield
t ha-1
AE
LCC-based real time N management with
no basal N dose
86
(75-90)
6.59 27.4 79
(75-120)
6.89 19.8 71
(60-90)
6.76 19.2
LCC-based real time N management with
20 kg N ha-1 basal dose
95
(80-110)
6.63 28.1 91
(80-110)
7.20 21.6 91
(80-110)
7.01 16.4
Blanket recommendation/ Farmer fertilizer
practice
120 6.53 20.8 120 7.10 15.4 128
(115-142)
6.69 11.3
Location:- Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana Bijay Singh 2022

41. Chlorophyll Meter
 The soil plant analysis development
(SPAD) chlorophyll meter is one of
the most commonly used diagnostic
tools to measure crop nitrogen
status.
 Released in 1984 (Minolta Co. ltd.,
Japan).
 When SPAD value fell to between 29
and 32, indicating that additional
fertilizer is necessary.

42. 42
Green seeker sensor
 A green seeker hand held crop sensor can detect wavelength of reflected light
from the crop canopy and produce a normalized difference vegetation index
value called NDVI that is correlated with leaf chlorophyll.
 Based on this information, side dress nitrogen rates that are aligned with site
specific crop needs can be prescribed.

43. Case study 10:- Improving nitrogen use efficiency using precision nitrogen management in
wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Treatments Grain yield (t ha-1) Total N uptake (kg ha-1) PE (kg grain kg-1 N) RE (%) PFP (kg grain kg-1 N)
N-Management
No-N (0) 2.82 46.3 - - -
Soil Test-N (120 N) 4.99 123.1 28.3 65.6 41.6
LCC-N (100 N) 5.08 124.9 28.9 80.6 50.8
SPAD-N (100 N) 5.02 123.3 28.7 78.9 50.2
GS-N (89 N) 5.06 123.1 29.3 88.5 56.8
Location:- Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana Singh et. al., 2021
PE- Physiological efficiency, RE-Recovery efficiency and PFP-Partial factor productivity
Soil Test-N:- Soil test based N fertilizer application LCC-N:- Leaf colour chart guided N fertilizer application
SPAD-N:- Chlorophyll meter guided N fertilizer application GS-N:- Green Seeker optical sensor guided N fertilizer application

44. Precision farming
 It is the form of farming where SSNM
practices are adopted paying due
consideration to the spatial variability of
land to maximize crop production at
minimum cost with least environmental
damage.
 The major components of this system are-
GIS, GPS, remote sensing and farmer.
 Based on the real time data provided by the
advanced tools, farmers can adopt
cropping practices and can manage the
crop accordingly.

45. Particulars Yield (kg)
Price/ kg
(Rs.)
Gross return
(Rs.)
Total cost
(Rs.)
Net return
(Rs.)
Net return per
rupee of
investment
Precision farming 36075 12.37 446125 152243 293881 1.93
Conventional farming 10550 22.74 239937 126905 113032 0.89
Location: Theni District, Chinnamanur Block (TN) Balaganesh et. al., (2016)
Case study 11:- Economics and rate of adoption of Precision farming in banana in Theni
district, Tamil Nadu
Table:- Returns from banana under precision farming and conventional farming (Rs./ac)

46. 46
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Fertilizer is one of the vital inputs required for
enhancing agricultural production and the farmers’
income in India
India ranks second in the world in terms of total fertilizer
consumption
The rigorous use of conventional fertilizers over prolonged
periods of time has instigated severe environmental
restraints
The nutrient use efficiency of conventional fertilizers hardly
exceed 30–35 %, 18–20 %, and 35–40 % for N, P, and K
respectively
The application of these fertilizers results in huge
economic losses due to 40−70% of leaching-related
problems
Nano fertilizers are materials in the nanometer scale,
usually in the form of nanoparticles, containing macro and
micronutrients that are delivered to crops in a controlled
mode.
Depiction of different ways of contamination
of the environment due to overuse of
fertilizers in fields.
Nanofertilizers

47. Comparative analysis of the conventional approach with respect to nanotechnology-mediated agriculture
production

48. Case study 12:- Performance of little millet (Panicum sumatrence L.) to nano fertilizer and nitrogen levels on yield, economics and
soil parameters.
Treatments
Grain yield
(kg ha-1)
Straw yield
(kg ha-1)
Harvest
index (%)
T1-RDF (60:30:30 NPK kg ha-1) 1178 2192 35
T2-T1 without nitrogen application 969 1892 34
T3-50% RDN + Seed treatment with 1% nano fertilizer 1169 2178 35
T4-50% RDN + Foliar spray of nano fertilizer @ 0.4% at active tillering stage 1262 2243 36
T5-50% RDN + Foliar spray of nano fertilizer @ 0.4% at 7-10 days before flowering 1227 2214 36
T6-50% RDN +Foliar spray of nano fertilizer @ 0.4% at active tillering stage and at 7-10 days
before flowering
1299 2250 36
T7-T3+ Foliar spray of nano fertilizer @ 0.4% at active tillering stage and at 7-10 days before
flowering
1333 2267 37
T8-75% RDN + Seed treatment with 1% nano fertilizer 1177 2197 35
T9-75% RDN + Foliar spray of nano fertilizer @ 0.4% at active tillering stage 1292 2247 37
T10-75% RDN + Foliar spray of nano fertilizer @ 0.4% at 7-10 days before flowering 1248 2228 36
T11-75% RDN + Foliar spray of nano fertilizer @ 0.4% at active tillering stage and at 7-10
days before flowering
1337 2274 37
T12-T8 + Foliar spray of nano fertilizer @ 0.4% at active tillering stage and at 7-10 days
before flowering
1466 2458 37
S. Em± 63.55 81.69 1.42
C. D. at 5% 186.41 239.61 NS
Location:-Zonal Agriculture Research Station, Shendapark, Kolhapur Chavan et. al., 2023

49. • India, a tropical country, is facing climate change impacts through droughts,
floods, cyclones, heat waves, hailstorms and coastal salinity which have
become threats to sustainable development in nutrient management.
• To manage nutrients sustainably in the context of climate change, farmers
can adopt a range of practices that promote soil health, conserve water and
reduce nutrient losses effectively.
• In such scenario, an integration of modern tools and techniques like
conservation agriculture, crop diversification strategies, precision farming
should be adopted to enhance nutrient use efficiency and to conserve
valuable resources for the future generations.
Conclusion

50. REFERENCES
Balaganesh G., Gautam Y., Anoop M. and Singh H.P. (2016). Economics and rate of adoption of Precision
farming in banana in Theni district, Tamil Nadu. International Journal of Agriculture Sciences.
ISSN: 0975-3710&E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 8, Issue 52.
Bijay Singh. (2022). Leaf colour chart: an incredible tool for field-specific management of fertilizer nitrogen in
cereals in South Asia. Agric. Res. J. 59 (4) : 583-601.
Chavan, S.R., Patil, J.B., Gedam, V.B., Shinde, R.H. and Patil, M.J. (2023). Performance of little millet
(Panicum sumatrence L.) to nano fertilizer and nitrogen levels on yield, economics and soil
parameters. The Pharma Innovation Journal; 12(7): 1079-1082.
Das, A., and Ghosh, P.K. (2012). Role of legumes in sustainable agriculture and food security : an Indian
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52. Thank You...!!!