Rural-Urban Disparity in India

1. RURAL -URBANDISPARITYIN INDIA

2. Dictionary meaning: These are large and
isolated areas with low population
density and majority of people depends
on agriculture as a main occupation.
RURAL

3. It is an area where people live in large
numbers and the density of population is
high and large part of population
engaged in non agricultural activities.
URBAN

4. “Rural-Urban disparity is the gap
between the rural and urban areas in
getting the basic amenities like food,
education, health etc. to full fill their
desires”
RURAL-URBAN disparity

5. DISPARITIES CAN BE BASED ON
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC INDICATORS
Population
Income
Employment / unemployment
Education/ literacy
Consumption expenditure
Access to consumer assets and basic amenities
Poverty levels
Health facilities

6. It is the number of
inhabitants of a given sex
and/or age group that
actually live within the
border limits of the
country, territory, or
geographic area at a
specific point of time

7. YEARS ALL INDIA GROWTH
RATE*
POPULATION (LAKHS)
RURAL URBAN TOTAL
1901 2125.4 258.5 2383.9 -
1911 2261.5 259.4 2520.9 5.75
1921 2232.3 281.9 2513.2 -0.31
1931 2455.2 334.6 2729.8 11.0
1941 2745.1 441.5 3186.6 14.22
1951 2986.5 624.4 3610.9 13.31
1961 3602.9 789.4 4392.3 21.64
1971 4390.5 1091.1 5481.6 24.8
1991 6286.9 2176.1 8463.0 23.86
2001 7416.6 2853.6 10270.2 21.34
Table 1: POPULATION AND ITS GROWTH FROM 1901 TO 2001
Census of India ,2001
Contd…

8. Contd…
Fig 1 : Trends in urbanisation in India

10. Contd…
Fig 2: Average Per Capita Income and GDP Growth Rate

11. Particulars 1970-71 1980-81 1993-94 1999-00
Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban
Share in
population
(%)
80.22 19.78 76.88 23.12 73.51 26.49 72.53 27.47
Per capita
income at
current prices
(Rs)
529 1294 1245 2888 5783 13525 10606 30217
Ratio of urban
income to
rural income
2.45 - 2.32 - 2.34 - 2.85 -
Table 2: TRENDS IN RURAL URBAN INCOME DISPARITY
IN INDIA
GOI, National Account Statistics,2007,CSO
Contd…

12. 0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
1970-71 1980-81 1993-94 1999-00
year
income
gap
in
rupees
income gap in rupees
Fig 3: URBAN- RURAL PER CAPITA INCOME GAP IN
INDIA
Contd…
GOI, National Account Statistics,2007,CSO

13. Any type of work performed
or services rendered in
exchange for compensation.
Compensation may include
money (cash) or the equivalent
in tuition, fees, books,
supplies, room, or for any
other benefit.

14. Sl.
No.
Particulars
1983 to
1993-1994
1993-1994
to 1999-2000
1999-2000 to
2004-2005
A. Rural:
Male 1.91 0.78 2.17
Female 1.39 -0.11 3.58
Total 1.72 0.47 2.67
B. Urban:
Male 3.04 2.98 3.25
Female 3.36 1.65 4.82
Total 3.10 2.70 3.57
C. Combined :
Male 2.19 1.37 2.48
Female 1.64 0.15 3.78
Total 2.01 0.98 2.89
Table 3: ANNUAL GROWTH RATE IN USUAL STATUS
EMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
Source: Unni and Raveendran (2007), Economic and Political Weekly, p. 196.
Contd…

15. Annual rates of employment growth
for usual status workers (per cent)
1.36
2.77
2.03
3.39
0.66
2.27
1.97
3.22
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Rural Urban
1983 to 1987-88 1987-88 to 1993-94 1993-94 to 1999-2000 1999-2000 to 2004-05
Fig 4: India Employment growth
Contd…
Source: Unni and Raveendran (2007), Economic and Political Weekly, p. 196.

16. EDUCATION
Process of production of
desirable changes in human
behavior.

17. Fig 4: Rural – Urban Differences in Enrollment Rates
Contd…

18. Year Rural Urban Total
1951 12.10 34.59 18.33
1961 22.50 54.40 28.30
1971 27.90 60.20 34.45
1981 36.00 76.20 43.57
1991 44.70 73.10 52.21
2001 59.40 80.30 65.38
Table 5: Rural-Urban literacy rate 1951-2001
Source : census of India, 2001
Contd…

19. Head’s education
level
Rural Urban
Hhds Pop Income Hhds Pop Income
No formal education 50.81 50.06 42.34 15.69 17.06 9.72
Below primary 11.41 11.50 11.08 4.93 5.48 4.45
Below middle 14.39 14.81 15.64 12.15 12.28 8.34
Below secondary 8.50 8.74 9.99 10.40 10.74 7.53
Below higher
secondary
10.14 10.08 13.41 21.88 21.46 22.31
Undergraduate 2.43 2.44 3.61 9.22 8.84 9.13
Graduate and above 2.33 2.37 3.93 25.74 24.15 38.52
All levels 100 100 100 100 100 100
Table 6 : Percentage distribution of Households, Population and Income by
education of head
Contd…
Source : Census of India, 2001

20. CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE

21. Table 7 :Percentage distribution of Consumption Expenditure by Items of
Expenditure
Items of expenditure Per Cent share
Rural Urban All
Cereals 22.95 12.80 18.87
Pulses 5.60 3.70 4.84
Other food items 31.95 30.96 31.55
Clothing 11.25 11.72 11.44
Fuel 4.02 7.45 5.40
Ceremonies 4.52 5.26 4.82
Health 2.79 2.91 2.84
Education 2.75 6.26 4.16
Total 100 100 100
Average consumption
expenditure (Rs.)
22327 44048 28272
Contd…
NSS 61st round report on “level and pattern of consumer expenditure”,2004-05

22. Table 8: Monthly Per Capita Consumption Expenditure in Rural and Urban areas
NSS 61st round report on “level and pattern of consumer expenditure”,2004-05
Year Rural Urban Urban –
rural ratio
MPCE at
current
prices
MPCE at
current
prices
1973-74 44.17 63.33 1.43
1977-78 68.89 96.15 1.26
1983 112.31 165.8 1.3
1987-88 158.1 249.92 1.25
1993-94 286.1 464.3 1.37
1999-00 486.16 854.92 1.47
2004-05 558.78 1052.36 1.41
Contd…

23. It is a situation in which a
person is unable to get
minimum basic necessities i.e.
food, clothing and shelter
for his /her sustenance. The
inability to attain a minimum
standard of living. The World
Bank uses a poverty line of
consumption less than us$1.00
a day per person.

24. Year All India Rural Urban
1973-74 54.9 56.4 49
1977-78 51.3 53.1 45.2
1983 44.5 45.7 40.8
1987-88 38.9 39.1 38.2
1993-94 36.0 37.3 32.4
1999-2000 26.1 27.1 23.6
Table 9 : Estimates of Poverty (%)
Source : Economic Survey,2000-2001, Ministry of Finance, Govt. of India
Contd…

25. Fig 5: Poverty rates in India

26. ACCESS TO CONSUMER ASSETS AND
BASIC AMENITIES

27. 31.5
18.9
42.8
6.7
1.3 1.73
30.1
44.5
64.3
46
24.7
5.6
26.88
49.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
percentage
of
HHs
Assets
Fig 6: Access of rural and urban households to
some durable consumer Assets
rural
urban
Contd…
GOI,CSO,selected socioeconomic statistics India,2006

28. Amenity 1998 2004
Rural Urban Rural Urban
Pucca house (%) 19.0 66.0 25.5 74.1
Drinking water
through tap (%)
18.7 70.0 27.9 71.0
Toilet facility (%) 17.50 74.5 25.9 83.1
Electricity (%) 48.4 89.1 55.7 93.1
LPG cooking gas (%) - - 5.7 48.0
GOI,CSO,selected socioeconomic statistics India,2006
Table 10: Disparity in the access to Basic Amenities

30. SOME FACTS ON HEALTH SITUATION IN INDIA:
• Approximately 1 million people die every year due to
inadequate healthcare in India
• 700 million people : No access to specialist care
• Only 20 % of specialists live in rural areas
• India needs 6800 more hospitals in rural areas (Annual
Economic Survey, 2010)

31. Health
Facility
Urban areas Rural areas
Male % Female % Male % Female %
Private clinic 84.7 81.4 39.7 21.7
Tertiary
hospital
7.9 13.3 50.6 62.9
Government
dispensary
3.9 4 10.9 21
Homeopathic 0.9 0.4 0.6 0.7
Table 11 : Male and female (urban and rural) health seeking
behavior
Nagadev and Bharti , 2003, Urban and Rural differentials in maternal and
child health

32. Indicators NFHS-II (1998-99) NFHS-III (2002-03)
Rural Urban Rural Urban
Birth assisted by health
professionals (%)
33.5 73.3 39.1 75.2
Birth delivered in medical
institution (%)
24.6 65.1 31.1 69.4
Children 12-23 months fully
immunized (%)
29.3 51.9 38.6 57.5
Children age 6-35 months who
are anemic (%)
75.3 70.8 81.2 72.7
Infant death (per 1000 0f live
children)
73 68 62 57
Table 12 : Rural-Urban Disparity in Health Indicators
Nagadev and Bharti , 2003, Urban and Rural differentials in maternal and child
health

33. 1. Due attention in budget
2. Better delivery of health services in the rural area
3. Enhanced access to the benefits of government
resources
4. Check on rural unemployment
5. Better educational facilities
6. Development programmes
Efforts to minimize rural-urban divide
(Basanta et al, 2000)

34. Rural areas :
 Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP)
 Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
 Jawahar Gram Samriddhi Yojana (JGSY)
 National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NRGES)
 Providing Urban Amenities in Rural Areas
DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES TO BRIDGE
THE RURAL - URBAN DIVIDE IN INDIA

35. It is a scheme first enunciated by the then
President of India Dr .A. B .J. Abdul Kalam
2005. Its concept is to make the rural areas as
attractive as the urban areas and stop the
migration of rural people to the urban areas.
PURA

36. PHYSICAL & FINANCIAL PROGRESS REPORT IN RESPECT OF
PURA (AS ON 29-02-2008)
1. Andhra Pradesh:
Name of cluster: Rayadurg, District: Anantpur
Year: 2005 – 06
Amount released : 195.20 in Rs.lakhs
Purpose : Road connectivity
Target : 3 work of new roads, one extension of road and three
work of repairing roads.

37. Amount
released
(in lakhs )
Purpose Target Expenditur
e reported
(in lakhs )
Physical
progress
reported
by State
30.00 Drinking
water
To provide protected
water supply (Rs.
30.00 Lakhs i.e. @ Rs
5.00 Lakhs per
village
30.00 The works
are reported
to be in
progress.
1.40 Market
Connectivity
To establish tailoring
centre in Udaegolam
village
Utilized for
road.
Tailoring
centre has
been taken
under CFC.
3.60 Construction
of Aganwadi
centre
Construction of
Anganwadi center (
Rs. 3.60 Lakhs i.e. @
Rs. 1.80 Lakhs per
village
3.60
Year :2005-06

38. Maharashtra
Name of cluster: Basmath District: Hingoli
Year: 2005 -06
Amount released :37.92 lakhs
Purpose : Drinking water
Target : i) One water supply project
ii) Repairing of exiting water supply scheme

39. ii )Amount released :78.88 lakhs
Purpose: Employment generation
Expenditure reported :28.26 lakhs
Physical progress reported by State :
21 groups have been selected and the activities like turmeric
processing unit, jaggary making unit, herbal medicine nursery,
Dal Mill etc. have been identified.

40. contd......
Amount released : 20 and 30 lakhs
Purpose: Education and Market connectivity
Target : Setting up a library

41. Policy options for reducing the disparity
1. Create a training infrastructure at block level
2. Efficient marketing-insurance –credit infrastructure
4. Development of IT infrastructure in rural areas
5. Facilitate interactions between local administration
and local communities