This document discusses farm mechanization in India, with a focus on Assam. It begins with introducing the concepts and objectives of farm mechanization. It then provides background on agriculture and farm power availability in India and Assam. It notes that farm mechanization levels in Assam are below national averages. The document outlines various government initiatives and schemes to promote farm mechanization. It also discusses problems related to farm mechanization for farmers and implementing agencies. Finally, it presents strategies for increasing farm mechanization through various approaches like improving farm power availability, establishing farm machinery banks, and developing customized equipment.
Farm mechanization as an emerging agribusiness opportunityNaresh Majhi
This document provides an overview of farm mechanization as an emerging agribusiness opportunity in India. It discusses the benefits of farm mechanization, including increased labor and land productivity. It also outlines some disadvantages like high initial costs and environmental pollution. The current status of farm mechanization in India and the world is examined. Opportunities for farm mechanization in India along the agricultural value chain are presented. The document concludes by discussing government initiatives to promote farm mechanization in India.
1. The document discusses models of custom hiring services (CHS) for agricultural machinery in India.
2. It outlines several objectives: illustrating the importance of CHS for promoting machinery use in India, discussing major business models of CHS in India, and discussing issues and opportunities related to CHS in Bihar.
3. The document presents various CHS models that have emerged across India, including individual farmer-led models, cooperative-managed services, and private sector or corporate-led formal models.
The document discusses the establishment and benefits of custom hiring centers for farm machinery in Indian villages. Such centers aim to provide small farmers access to machinery they could not otherwise afford. They have been set up in 100 villages through a government program and each center was given funds of 6.25 lakhs to purchase machinery. The centers are managed by village committees. They have led to increased yields, timely operations, reduced costs and labor needs, and higher incomes for farmers. Over 1000 demonstrations reached 22,000 hectares of land.
The Agricultural Technology Management Agency (ATMA) was launched in 2005-2006 to strengthen research-extension-farmer linkages and provide coordination between agencies involved in technology dissemination at the district level. ATMA is a registered society that operates at the district level with participation from farmers, NGOs, agricultural universities, and other local stakeholders. Its objectives include improving technology dissemination, increasing farmer input, developing public-private partnerships, and adopting a bottom-up planning process. ATMA activities focus on farmer training programs, demonstrations, field visits, and capacity building to transfer new agricultural technologies to farmers.
1) Farm mechanization in India faces problems due to small land holdings, lack of knowledge and financial constraints among small farmers. Government initiatives to promote mechanization include training programs and subsidies.
2) The average farm power availability in India is 1.5 kW/ha but varies widely between states. States with higher availability such as Punjab have much higher agricultural productivity. In Assam, availability is only 0.8 kW/ha, below the national average.
3) Strategies to increase farm mechanization in India include developing equipment suitable for different terrains, establishing farm machinery banks, increasing average power availability, and strengthening collaboration between farmers and researchers.
1) Agriculture is the largest employer in rural India but has faced stagnant growth in recent years due to factors like small landholdings and monsoon dependence.
2) While India is a major global producer of many crops, smallholder farms remain uncompetitive and trapped in a cycle of low productivity and investment.
3) The government has implemented several programs to boost rural incomes, support prices, and develop agricultural infrastructure and markets. However, widespread poverty and farmer distress continue to be issues.
Farm mechanization as an emerging agribusiness opportunityNaresh Majhi
This document provides an overview of farm mechanization as an emerging agribusiness opportunity in India. It discusses the benefits of farm mechanization, including increased labor and land productivity. It also outlines some disadvantages like high initial costs and environmental pollution. The current status of farm mechanization in India and the world is examined. Opportunities for farm mechanization in India along the agricultural value chain are presented. The document concludes by discussing government initiatives to promote farm mechanization in India.
1. The document discusses models of custom hiring services (CHS) for agricultural machinery in India.
2. It outlines several objectives: illustrating the importance of CHS for promoting machinery use in India, discussing major business models of CHS in India, and discussing issues and opportunities related to CHS in Bihar.
3. The document presents various CHS models that have emerged across India, including individual farmer-led models, cooperative-managed services, and private sector or corporate-led formal models.
The document discusses the establishment and benefits of custom hiring centers for farm machinery in Indian villages. Such centers aim to provide small farmers access to machinery they could not otherwise afford. They have been set up in 100 villages through a government program and each center was given funds of 6.25 lakhs to purchase machinery. The centers are managed by village committees. They have led to increased yields, timely operations, reduced costs and labor needs, and higher incomes for farmers. Over 1000 demonstrations reached 22,000 hectares of land.
The Agricultural Technology Management Agency (ATMA) was launched in 2005-2006 to strengthen research-extension-farmer linkages and provide coordination between agencies involved in technology dissemination at the district level. ATMA is a registered society that operates at the district level with participation from farmers, NGOs, agricultural universities, and other local stakeholders. Its objectives include improving technology dissemination, increasing farmer input, developing public-private partnerships, and adopting a bottom-up planning process. ATMA activities focus on farmer training programs, demonstrations, field visits, and capacity building to transfer new agricultural technologies to farmers.
1) Farm mechanization in India faces problems due to small land holdings, lack of knowledge and financial constraints among small farmers. Government initiatives to promote mechanization include training programs and subsidies.
2) The average farm power availability in India is 1.5 kW/ha but varies widely between states. States with higher availability such as Punjab have much higher agricultural productivity. In Assam, availability is only 0.8 kW/ha, below the national average.
3) Strategies to increase farm mechanization in India include developing equipment suitable for different terrains, establishing farm machinery banks, increasing average power availability, and strengthening collaboration between farmers and researchers.
1) Agriculture is the largest employer in rural India but has faced stagnant growth in recent years due to factors like small landholdings and monsoon dependence.
2) While India is a major global producer of many crops, smallholder farms remain uncompetitive and trapped in a cycle of low productivity and investment.
3) The government has implemented several programs to boost rural incomes, support prices, and develop agricultural infrastructure and markets. However, widespread poverty and farmer distress continue to be issues.
The document discusses farm mechanization, describing how the mechanization of farms through the use of machines has replaced traditional human and animal labor for agricultural operations like sowing, harvesting, threshing, and weeding. It provides details on the history of farm mechanization in Pakistan and outlines some common farm machinery that has been developed and commercialized, as well as constraints to farm mechanization like small farm sizes and lack of repair facilities. The document also covers engine parts and classifications of different engine types.
Custom hiring services of farm machinery in India Devegowda S R
1) The document discusses custom hiring services of farm machinery in India. It provides background on farm mechanization and outlines government schemes to promote it.
2) Custom hiring centers allow farmers to access machinery without large capital investments by paying a fee. They provide various benefits but individual ownership is still preferred in some cases.
3) Research studies have shown that custom hiring can increase farmer incomes and productivity compared to manual labor while reducing costs compared to individual ownership. However, some custom hiring centers are more profitable than others.
This document discusses farm mechanization in India. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding farm mechanization concepts, examining problems, and exploring strategies. It then defines farm mechanization as substituting machine power for human and animal power in agriculture. The sources of farm power are identified as human, animal, mechanical, and electrical. Benefits of mechanization include increased timeliness, safety, productivity and farmer income while reducing drudgery. Challenges include small land holdings, financial constraints, lack of knowledge and repair facilities. Strategies proposed to promote mechanization include establishing farm machinery banks, increasing power supply, mechanizing all regions, training and demonstrations, and gender-friendly equipment.
Precision farming involves using new technologies and collected field information to optimize agricultural practices based on variability within fields. It aims to do the right thing, in the right place, at the right time. This tailors inputs like fertilizers and pesticides based on conditions and can improve crop yields while reducing costs and environmental impact. Precision farming uses tools like GPS, GIS, sensors and software to gather and analyze data on soil properties, climate and crop conditions to develop customized farm management plans. While promising, precision farming faces challenges in adoption related to costs, farm size and lack of expertise in developing countries.
Appropriate mechanization of small farmsSandeep Pawar
Increasing food production to feed the growing population is a primary challenge of Indian
farming system. Indian agriculture is characterized by millions of small and marginal
farmers. About 100 million farm families with 250 million workers (50% of work force)
contribute not more than 14 % to GDP. One of the major reasons behind these figures is lack
of appropriate mechanization mainly in small farms in India. One of the main causes for low
agricultural productivity in most of the developing countries, including India, is the lack of
appropriate machineries that suit the requirements of small scale farms. Thus many farms are
deemed as unproductive and inefficient. Need of appropriate mechanization for Indian farms
is defined in the report. This study report attempts to throw a light on other countries
scenario in case of mechanization and possible learning so as to improve outcomes in
agriculture in India.
irrigation management in different rice establishment methods. POOJITHA K
1. Rice is one of the most important cereal crops and staple food for half the world's population. Most rice is produced in Asia through irrigation which accounts for 75% of global rice production.
2. There are various rice ecosystems and methods of establishment including transplanted flooded rice, direct seeded flooded rice, and aerobic rice which requires less water than flooded systems.
3. Irrigation management strategies like alternate wetting and drying, saturation, and system of rice intensification can increase rice productivity while reducing water use by 25-50% compared to continuous flooding. These strategies maintain intermittent flooding or keep soils moist instead of continuously flooded.
Conservation agriculture for resource use efficiency and sustainability BASIX
The Green Revolution era focused on enhancing the production and productivity of crops. New challenges demand that the issues of efficient resource use and resource conservation receive high priority to ensure that past gains can be sustained and further enhanced to meet the emerging needs. Extending some of the resource-conserving interventions developed for the agricultural crops are the major challenges for researchers and farmers alike. The present paper shares recent research experiences on resource conservation technologies involving tillage and crop establishment options and associated agronomic practices which enable farmers in reducing production costs, increase profitability and help them move forward in the direction of adopting conservation agriculture.
India has seen significant increases in food grain production but agriculture's contribution to GDP is declining. Farm mechanization has helped improve productivity but challenges remain due to small land holdings and lack of access to machinery. While tractor use is growing, much agricultural work remains done manually, particularly for crops besides rice and wheat. Expanding mechanization could further increase yields and incomes while reducing labor shortages and drudgery, but access and economic barriers remain for many small farmers.
Presented in ACIAR-IFPRI two days Regional Dialogue on Machine Reforms’ for Sustainable Intensification of Agriculture in South Asia on July 21-22, 2017 in New Delhi, India
The document summarizes a master's seminar presentation on attracting youth back to agriculture through the ARYA (Attracting Rural Youth in Agriculture) program. The presentation discusses factors causing rural youth to leave agriculture, outlines the objectives and operational mechanism of the ARYA program, and reviews the status and achievements of projects under the program so far, including the establishment of over 900 enterprise units benefiting thousands of rural youth. It also presents a SWOT analysis of rural youth and challenges to empowering and retaining them in agriculture. The conclusion emphasizes the need for strategic policy efforts to make agriculture a more attractive profession for youth.
This document discusses various measures for assessing farm efficiency. It describes physical efficiency measures that evaluate output per unit of input, as well as value efficiency measures that consider financial performance. Examples of physical measures include yield per acre and crop yield index. Labor efficiency can be measured by crop acreage per worker or productive work units per worker. Cost ratios, such as operating costs and fixed costs, also provide insights. Finally, measures of farm income and profit efficiency are outlined, like net cash income, net farm income, and returns to capital and management.
Conservation agriculture: impact on soil health and crop productionCHETHAN BABU R T
Conservation agriculture practices can improve soil health and crop production by minimizing soil degradation. The seminar discusses conservation agriculture principles of minimum soil disturbance, permanent organic soil cover, and crop rotations. Benefits include reduced erosion, increased infiltration, organic matter buildup, and yields. Over 180 million hectares globally use conservation agriculture. Research shows no-till and residue retention improve soil structure, moisture, carbon, nutrients and biology compared to conventional tillage. Adoption faces challenges of equipment access and mindsets. Further research can optimize conservation agriculture techniques for different soils and cropping systems.
Contribution of agricultural sector to GDP: Trend and Policy Implication ( Mi...MD SALMAN ANJUM
This document discusses the contribution of the agricultural sector to India's GDP over time and the implications for policymaking. It notes that while agriculture's share of GDP has declined to around 15%, it still provides livelihoods for over half of India's population. The document also outlines key trends in the agricultural sector GDP, public investment levels, important government missions to increase oilseed and horticulture production, and reforms to privatization, contract farming, and excise duties that influence agricultural policies. Main features of policies aim to promote privatization, contract farming, taxation changes, technology, and soil fertility improvements.
Agro technologies for sustainable development of rainfed and water scarse areaHARISH J
1. Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood in India, with over half the population engaged in it. However, 60% of cultivated land, around 115 million hectares, relies solely on rainfall. Improving productivity in rainfed areas is key to increasing overall food production.
2. Strategies for sustainable food production in rainfed regions include soil and water conservation techniques, timely sowing, drought-resistant varieties, mixed cropping, and integrated nutrient management. Conservation practices like contour bunds prevent runoff while recharging groundwater supports crops during dry periods.
3. Adapting alternative land uses and climate-resilient crops helps stabilize incomes under variable rainfall conditions. Integrating trees and livestock
The document discusses the status of farm mechanization in India, noting that strengthening farm power will be crucial to increase food production as India has a large agricultural workforce but low levels of farm mechanization compared to other countries. It provides details on the sources of farm power in India, which is currently dominated by tractors, and faces challenges of high costs, land fragmentation, and low tractor penetration that limit wider adoption of farm mechanization. However, the tractor market is expected to continue growing as it represents an opportunity to boost low agricultural productivity through the introduction of machinery.
Precision agriculture in maize-based cropping systemsCIMMYT
Precision agriculture aims to ensure crops and soil receive exactly what they need through information technology. It can benefit the environment and farm profits by better using resources like nutrients, water, and pesticides in a spatially and temporally targeted way. Key technologies enabling precision agriculture include GPS, earth observation satellites, drones, proximal sensors, and ICT. These allow for remote sensing, variable rate application, and decision support. Precision agriculture adapted for smallholders in developing countries must address intra-farm variability and be implemented through affordable, appropriate technologies delivered via mobile apps or other ICT to optimize resource use at multiple scales.
This document summarizes several projects of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) including: National Demonstrations, Operational Research Projects, Krishi Vigyan Kendras, Lab to Land Program, Extension Education Institutes, Trainers Training Centre, Tribal Area Research Project, Land to Lab Program, and Scheduled Caste & Other Backward Caste project. It provides details on the objectives, activities, and achievements of these various programs which aim to conduct agricultural research and transfer technologies to farmers through demonstrations, training programs, and institution-village linkage programs.
The document discusses the yield gap between research fields and farmer fields in Bangladesh. It identifies several key reasons for lower yields in farmer fields, including a lack of quality seeds, insufficient fertilizer and organic matter usage, improper pest and disease management, and failure to follow recommended cultivation practices. Research fields are able to achieve higher yields by optimizing all aspects of crop management, from seed selection to irrigation to pest control. Reducing the yield gap will require improving farmer knowledge, access to resources, and use of techniques like integrated pest management and crop rotation.
Agro Buzz - Farm Mechanization in IndiaGodrejAgrovet
Mechanized agriculture has not been given its due in our country. While government efforts are in place, they are not significant in terms of crop productivity, farm incomes and the well-being of farmers in general.
Introduction to Agricultural engineering in indiaVipal Mansuriya
The document discusses agricultural engineering and its importance in India. It notes that India has favorable climate and geography for agriculture but faces challenges of ensuring adequate food supply for its large population, protecting natural resources, and developing new technologies. Agricultural engineering can help address these three great challenges by focusing on irrigation techniques, soil/water conservation, post-harvest processing, renewable energy, and more to sustainably increase food production and improve livelihoods in India. There are also good career opportunities in both government and private sectors related to agricultural engineering.
The document discusses farm mechanization, describing how the mechanization of farms through the use of machines has replaced traditional human and animal labor for agricultural operations like sowing, harvesting, threshing, and weeding. It provides details on the history of farm mechanization in Pakistan and outlines some common farm machinery that has been developed and commercialized, as well as constraints to farm mechanization like small farm sizes and lack of repair facilities. The document also covers engine parts and classifications of different engine types.
Custom hiring services of farm machinery in India Devegowda S R
1) The document discusses custom hiring services of farm machinery in India. It provides background on farm mechanization and outlines government schemes to promote it.
2) Custom hiring centers allow farmers to access machinery without large capital investments by paying a fee. They provide various benefits but individual ownership is still preferred in some cases.
3) Research studies have shown that custom hiring can increase farmer incomes and productivity compared to manual labor while reducing costs compared to individual ownership. However, some custom hiring centers are more profitable than others.
This document discusses farm mechanization in India. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding farm mechanization concepts, examining problems, and exploring strategies. It then defines farm mechanization as substituting machine power for human and animal power in agriculture. The sources of farm power are identified as human, animal, mechanical, and electrical. Benefits of mechanization include increased timeliness, safety, productivity and farmer income while reducing drudgery. Challenges include small land holdings, financial constraints, lack of knowledge and repair facilities. Strategies proposed to promote mechanization include establishing farm machinery banks, increasing power supply, mechanizing all regions, training and demonstrations, and gender-friendly equipment.
Precision farming involves using new technologies and collected field information to optimize agricultural practices based on variability within fields. It aims to do the right thing, in the right place, at the right time. This tailors inputs like fertilizers and pesticides based on conditions and can improve crop yields while reducing costs and environmental impact. Precision farming uses tools like GPS, GIS, sensors and software to gather and analyze data on soil properties, climate and crop conditions to develop customized farm management plans. While promising, precision farming faces challenges in adoption related to costs, farm size and lack of expertise in developing countries.
Appropriate mechanization of small farmsSandeep Pawar
Increasing food production to feed the growing population is a primary challenge of Indian
farming system. Indian agriculture is characterized by millions of small and marginal
farmers. About 100 million farm families with 250 million workers (50% of work force)
contribute not more than 14 % to GDP. One of the major reasons behind these figures is lack
of appropriate mechanization mainly in small farms in India. One of the main causes for low
agricultural productivity in most of the developing countries, including India, is the lack of
appropriate machineries that suit the requirements of small scale farms. Thus many farms are
deemed as unproductive and inefficient. Need of appropriate mechanization for Indian farms
is defined in the report. This study report attempts to throw a light on other countries
scenario in case of mechanization and possible learning so as to improve outcomes in
agriculture in India.
irrigation management in different rice establishment methods. POOJITHA K
1. Rice is one of the most important cereal crops and staple food for half the world's population. Most rice is produced in Asia through irrigation which accounts for 75% of global rice production.
2. There are various rice ecosystems and methods of establishment including transplanted flooded rice, direct seeded flooded rice, and aerobic rice which requires less water than flooded systems.
3. Irrigation management strategies like alternate wetting and drying, saturation, and system of rice intensification can increase rice productivity while reducing water use by 25-50% compared to continuous flooding. These strategies maintain intermittent flooding or keep soils moist instead of continuously flooded.
Conservation agriculture for resource use efficiency and sustainability BASIX
The Green Revolution era focused on enhancing the production and productivity of crops. New challenges demand that the issues of efficient resource use and resource conservation receive high priority to ensure that past gains can be sustained and further enhanced to meet the emerging needs. Extending some of the resource-conserving interventions developed for the agricultural crops are the major challenges for researchers and farmers alike. The present paper shares recent research experiences on resource conservation technologies involving tillage and crop establishment options and associated agronomic practices which enable farmers in reducing production costs, increase profitability and help them move forward in the direction of adopting conservation agriculture.
India has seen significant increases in food grain production but agriculture's contribution to GDP is declining. Farm mechanization has helped improve productivity but challenges remain due to small land holdings and lack of access to machinery. While tractor use is growing, much agricultural work remains done manually, particularly for crops besides rice and wheat. Expanding mechanization could further increase yields and incomes while reducing labor shortages and drudgery, but access and economic barriers remain for many small farmers.
Presented in ACIAR-IFPRI two days Regional Dialogue on Machine Reforms’ for Sustainable Intensification of Agriculture in South Asia on July 21-22, 2017 in New Delhi, India
The document summarizes a master's seminar presentation on attracting youth back to agriculture through the ARYA (Attracting Rural Youth in Agriculture) program. The presentation discusses factors causing rural youth to leave agriculture, outlines the objectives and operational mechanism of the ARYA program, and reviews the status and achievements of projects under the program so far, including the establishment of over 900 enterprise units benefiting thousands of rural youth. It also presents a SWOT analysis of rural youth and challenges to empowering and retaining them in agriculture. The conclusion emphasizes the need for strategic policy efforts to make agriculture a more attractive profession for youth.
This document discusses various measures for assessing farm efficiency. It describes physical efficiency measures that evaluate output per unit of input, as well as value efficiency measures that consider financial performance. Examples of physical measures include yield per acre and crop yield index. Labor efficiency can be measured by crop acreage per worker or productive work units per worker. Cost ratios, such as operating costs and fixed costs, also provide insights. Finally, measures of farm income and profit efficiency are outlined, like net cash income, net farm income, and returns to capital and management.
Conservation agriculture: impact on soil health and crop productionCHETHAN BABU R T
Conservation agriculture practices can improve soil health and crop production by minimizing soil degradation. The seminar discusses conservation agriculture principles of minimum soil disturbance, permanent organic soil cover, and crop rotations. Benefits include reduced erosion, increased infiltration, organic matter buildup, and yields. Over 180 million hectares globally use conservation agriculture. Research shows no-till and residue retention improve soil structure, moisture, carbon, nutrients and biology compared to conventional tillage. Adoption faces challenges of equipment access and mindsets. Further research can optimize conservation agriculture techniques for different soils and cropping systems.
Contribution of agricultural sector to GDP: Trend and Policy Implication ( Mi...MD SALMAN ANJUM
This document discusses the contribution of the agricultural sector to India's GDP over time and the implications for policymaking. It notes that while agriculture's share of GDP has declined to around 15%, it still provides livelihoods for over half of India's population. The document also outlines key trends in the agricultural sector GDP, public investment levels, important government missions to increase oilseed and horticulture production, and reforms to privatization, contract farming, and excise duties that influence agricultural policies. Main features of policies aim to promote privatization, contract farming, taxation changes, technology, and soil fertility improvements.
Agro technologies for sustainable development of rainfed and water scarse areaHARISH J
1. Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood in India, with over half the population engaged in it. However, 60% of cultivated land, around 115 million hectares, relies solely on rainfall. Improving productivity in rainfed areas is key to increasing overall food production.
2. Strategies for sustainable food production in rainfed regions include soil and water conservation techniques, timely sowing, drought-resistant varieties, mixed cropping, and integrated nutrient management. Conservation practices like contour bunds prevent runoff while recharging groundwater supports crops during dry periods.
3. Adapting alternative land uses and climate-resilient crops helps stabilize incomes under variable rainfall conditions. Integrating trees and livestock
The document discusses the status of farm mechanization in India, noting that strengthening farm power will be crucial to increase food production as India has a large agricultural workforce but low levels of farm mechanization compared to other countries. It provides details on the sources of farm power in India, which is currently dominated by tractors, and faces challenges of high costs, land fragmentation, and low tractor penetration that limit wider adoption of farm mechanization. However, the tractor market is expected to continue growing as it represents an opportunity to boost low agricultural productivity through the introduction of machinery.
Precision agriculture in maize-based cropping systemsCIMMYT
Precision agriculture aims to ensure crops and soil receive exactly what they need through information technology. It can benefit the environment and farm profits by better using resources like nutrients, water, and pesticides in a spatially and temporally targeted way. Key technologies enabling precision agriculture include GPS, earth observation satellites, drones, proximal sensors, and ICT. These allow for remote sensing, variable rate application, and decision support. Precision agriculture adapted for smallholders in developing countries must address intra-farm variability and be implemented through affordable, appropriate technologies delivered via mobile apps or other ICT to optimize resource use at multiple scales.
This document summarizes several projects of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) including: National Demonstrations, Operational Research Projects, Krishi Vigyan Kendras, Lab to Land Program, Extension Education Institutes, Trainers Training Centre, Tribal Area Research Project, Land to Lab Program, and Scheduled Caste & Other Backward Caste project. It provides details on the objectives, activities, and achievements of these various programs which aim to conduct agricultural research and transfer technologies to farmers through demonstrations, training programs, and institution-village linkage programs.
The document discusses the yield gap between research fields and farmer fields in Bangladesh. It identifies several key reasons for lower yields in farmer fields, including a lack of quality seeds, insufficient fertilizer and organic matter usage, improper pest and disease management, and failure to follow recommended cultivation practices. Research fields are able to achieve higher yields by optimizing all aspects of crop management, from seed selection to irrigation to pest control. Reducing the yield gap will require improving farmer knowledge, access to resources, and use of techniques like integrated pest management and crop rotation.
Agro Buzz - Farm Mechanization in IndiaGodrejAgrovet
Mechanized agriculture has not been given its due in our country. While government efforts are in place, they are not significant in terms of crop productivity, farm incomes and the well-being of farmers in general.
Introduction to Agricultural engineering in indiaVipal Mansuriya
The document discusses agricultural engineering and its importance in India. It notes that India has favorable climate and geography for agriculture but faces challenges of ensuring adequate food supply for its large population, protecting natural resources, and developing new technologies. Agricultural engineering can help address these three great challenges by focusing on irrigation techniques, soil/water conservation, post-harvest processing, renewable energy, and more to sustainably increase food production and improve livelihoods in India. There are also good career opportunities in both government and private sectors related to agricultural engineering.
"The role of the state and the private sector in promoting sustainable mechanization drawing experience from Nepal", presented by Devendra Gauchan Shreemat Shrestha, at at NSD/IFPRI workshop on "Mechanization and Agricultural Transformation in Asia and Africa", June 18-19, 2014, Beijing, China
This document provides an introduction and objectives of Indian agriculture. It discusses that agriculture remains the backbone of the Indian economy despite rapid growth in the non-agriculture sector. Key points include:
- Agriculture supports 17% of the world's population on 2.3% of land area and 4.2% of water resources.
- Average farm size has reduced while productivity remains lower than world average. Mechanization has increased over time utilizing various power sources to supplement human and animal power.
- Objectives are to increase agricultural productivity and meet future food demand projections through intensification and mechanization using appropriate eco-technologies.
- Mechanization indicators show India's level of mechanization has increased over time
This document provides an introduction and summary of achievements for a study on formulating long-term mechanization strategies for India's agro-climatic zones. The study had 11 objectives including understanding the socioeconomic conditions of farmers, the current status and potential of farm equipment, and the impact of mechanization. Status papers were produced on topics like soil types, cropping patterns, and infrastructure. The study provides information to identify machinery needs and formulate strategies to extend mechanization benefits to all farmers and regions of India through 2025.
"Agricultural Mechanization in Bangladesh: Role of Policies and Emerging Private Sector" presented by M.A. Sattar Mandal at NSD/IFPRI workshop on "Mechanization and Agricultural Transformation in Asia and Africa", June 18-19, 2014, Beijing, China
This document discusses strategies for boosting agricultural productivity in India. It analyzes current agricultural productivity in India compared to global levels and identifies reasons for slow growth. Some key points made include:
- Agricultural productivity in India is among the lowest in the world for most major crops.
- Slow growth is due to factors like degradation of land from erosion and salinization, inefficient water usage, and slow adoption of new technologies.
- Immediate action is needed to uplift productivity through using advanced technologies, organic farming practices, improving water management policies, and providing more support to farmers.
Gajendra singh patna agricultural mechanization in india and future prospectsJaspreet Aulakh
India has transitioned from a primarily agricultural economy to one driven more by services. Agriculture now contributes 14% to GDP but employs over 50% of workers. Mechanization began with the introduction of tractors in 1914 and has increased steadily, with tractor production growing to over 500,000 annually making India the largest tractor producer globally. Key policies support mechanization through subsidies, infrastructure development, and research institutions. Future priorities include further mechanization to address labor shortages, more efficient use of resources, and sustainable practices. The main challenge remains improving incomes for over 100 million farm families while ensuring adequate and accessible food supply.
This document discusses labour scarcity in Indian agriculture and its implications for farm mechanization. It notes that the agricultural workforce in India is declining both as a percentage of the total workforce and in absolute numbers as workers migrate to higher-paying jobs in other sectors. This labour scarcity is impacting agriculture through reduced crop yields, changes in cropping patterns, and increased costs of cultivation. To address labour shortages, the document discusses strategies like mechanization of farming activities and the use of technologies that reduce labour requirements, as well as efforts to improve agricultural output and linkages to make farming more profitable and stem the flow of workers away from the sector. Farm mechanization is presented as a key solution to labour scarcity that can both
Presented in ACIAR-IFPRI two days Regional Dialogue on Machine Reforms’ for Sustainable Intensification of Agriculture in South Asia on July 21-22, 2017 in New Delhi, India
"Indian Agriculture and Mechanization" presented by Gajendra Singh, at NSD/IFPRI workshop on "Mechanization and Agricultural Transformation in Asia and Africa", June 18-19, 2014, Beijing, China
1. Agriculture is the primary livelihood for 58% of India's population and contributed 17.4% to the country's GDP in 2016-17.
2. Major crops produced in India include rice, wheat, pulses and oilseeds. Total food grain production was 134.67 million tons in 2016-17.
3. Farm power availability in India is currently 2.025 kW/ha, below levels of more mechanized countries. Increasing mechanization is key to boosting productivity and incomes for farmers.
The paper focused on the role of extension service providers in ensuring that
mechanization is adopted at the grassroot level among farmers. Information
dissemination, farmers’ education and awareness creation in motivating the
smallholder farmers to utilizing these farm machineries optimally plats a major role
Transforming Agrarian Economy through Innovative Science and Technologydewaliroy
Agriculture is the backbone of Indian Economy. In spite of having Higher Production Still Our agriculture system is technology deficit which is stopping us to attain a sustainable Agriculture System with Higher Productivity. Adopting Innovative Technology and linking it with the Agrarian Society will help us to bring the Transformation In Indian Agriculture.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Agriculture has historically played a large role in India's economy but its contribution has declined significantly over time as other sectors like services and manufacturing have grown. While agriculture still employs over half of India's workforce, it now only accounts for around 15% of GDP compared to over 50% in the early 1950s. This decline is due to factors like urbanization, small landholdings, lack of irrigation and infrastructure, and government policies that have distorted crop diversification. Food inflation in India is strongly influenced by agricultural production and global food prices. High fiscal deficits and rising subsidies have also contributed to inflation. Continued efforts to boost agricultural productivity through initiatives like the Green Revolution and contract farming will be needed to ensure food security and reduce
Similar to Problems and prospects of farm mechanization in India with special reference to Assam (20)
Technological gap in plantation crop production technologiesDevegowda S R
1. The document discusses technological gaps in plantation crop production in India. It defines technological gap as the difference between recommended practices and what farmers actually practice.
2. It outlines factors that contribute to yield gaps in crops like inadequate use of high-yielding varieties, improper spacing, and low adoption of plant protection measures.
3. The document proposes methods to calculate technological gap indices for different recommended practices and identifies ways to reduce gaps, such as demonstrations, training programs, promoting mechanization and crop insurance.
Sustainable livelihood security and extension implications in India Devegowda S R
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1) Integrated Dairy Development Programme launched in 1993-94 to benefit farmers.
2) National Livestock Mission launched in 2014-15 with the goal of improving livestock production and reducing demand-supply gaps. It includes the Sub-Mission on Fodder and Feed Development.
3) Accelerated Fodder Development Programme implemented since 1987 to promote fodder production through quality seeds, technologies, and minimizing wastage.
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1) Three studies examined the empowerment of rural women in India through self-help groups, political participation, and a government program called Stree Shakti.
2) The studies found high levels of agreement among women leaders that political participation and development programs help empower women.
3) Self-help groups in Andhra Pradesh were effective at empowering women economically and improving their status through increased savings, loans, and independence.
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Social stratification involves ranking individuals and groups within a society into categories of relative prestige and status. There are two main types: open stratification which allows for social mobility, and closed stratification which restricts mobility based on ascribed characteristics.
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2) Studies have shown contract farming can increase yields and profits for farmers compared to non-contract farming. However, it also carries risks of overreliance and manipulation that must be addressed.
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3. Company Logo
OBJECTIVES
1
To understand the concepts of Farm
Mechanization.
2
To examine the problems of Farm
Mechanization.
3
To explore some possible strategies for
promoting Farm Mechanization.
4. Company Logo
Introduction
1
Concept and meaning
2
Present scenario
3
Government initiatives
4
Problems of Farm Mechanization
5
Future prospects of Farm Mechanization
6
Need of extension in Farm Mechanization
7
Case studies
8
Conclusion
9
5. INTRODUCTION
In India, 69% of total population lives in rural
areas.(Census, 2011)
Share of agriculture and allied sectors in the GDP is 14.1%
(2011-2012)
More than 70 percent of the operational farm holdings are
small and marginal (Census,2011)
70% of net sown area is rain fed subjected to external
vagaries.
6. Average farm power
availability is about 1.7
kW/ha.
The number of tractors was
just 8000 in 1950-51,
which steeply went up to
2.64 million in 2000-01
showing a growth rate of
10.3%.
Power tiller was introduced
in the country in the sixties,
but could not gain
popularity like tractor due
to its limitation in the field
and on the road (Singh et al.
7. FARM POWER AVAILABILITY AND AVERAGE
PRODUCTIVITY OF FOOD GRAINS IN INDIA IN 2001
Sl.
No.
Name of the State Farm Power Availability
(kW/ha)
Food grain
productivity
(Kg/ha)
1. Punjab 3.50 4032
2. Haryana 2.25 3088
3. Uttar Pradesh 1.75 2105
4. Andhra Pradesh 1.60 1995
5. Uttaranchal 1.60 1712
6. West Bengal 1.25 2217
7. Tamil Nadu 0.90 2262
8. Karnataka 0.90 1406
9. Kerala 0.80 2162
8. Sl. No. Name of the State
Farm Power Availability
(kW/ha)
Food grain
productivity (Kg/ha)
10. Assam 0.80 1443
11. Bihar 0.80 1622
12. Gujarat 0.80 1169
13. Madhya Pradesh 0.80 907
14. Himachal Pradesh 0.70 1500
15. Maharashtra 0.70 757
16. Rajasthan 0.65 884
17. Jharkhand 0.60 1095
18. Jammu & Kashmir 0.60 1050
19. Orissa 0.60 799
20. Chhattisgarh
All India
0.60
1.35
799
1723
Source: farmmec.gov.in
9. 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
INDIA USA CHINA JAPAN
Series1 1.5 6 6.8 14
1.5
KW/ha
Country wise farm power
Total farm power in different countries
PRESENT SCENARIO
10. Agricultural productivity has a positive correlation with farm power availability
Source: http://www.icar.org.in
Farm Power Availability and Productivity of Food Grains in India (1951-2011)
11. What is Farm Mechanization…?
The process of developing agricultural
machines and substituting this machine
power for human and animal power in
agricultural production practices is farm
mechanization.
12. MEANING AND CONCEPT
Mechanization of farms means the use of machines
for conducting agricultural operations, replacing
the traditional methods which involve human and
animal labour.
Farm mechanization implies the use of mechanical
technology in the varied farming operations like
sowing, harvesting, threshing, levelling, watering,
spraying, weeding etc.
13. PRESENT SCENARIO
As per the findings under the Millennium Study (2004) on
State of Indian farmers, agricultural research has not
benefited all farmers and regions equally.
Total energy use in production of principal crops in India
has increased 4-5 times between 1970 and 2005 during
which average productivity increased from 837 to 1583
kg/ha and the average food grain productivity has now
reached the level of about 2000 kg/ha.
The average farm power availability in India has
increased from about 0.25 kW/ha in 1951 to about
1.35 kW/ha in 2001.
14. PRESENT SCENARIO
India
1.5
KW/ha
NE 0.67
KW/ha
Farm power availability
in India and NE
Meghalaya -1.44 kW/ha(max)
Arunachal Pradesh-0.17
kW/ha(min)
Assam -0.80 KW/ha i.e. below
the national average of 1.5
kW/ha
Source: www.ciae.nic.in
15. 1971-72 2011-12
Series1 7.5 51.08
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Contribution
of
tractor
in
percentage
Increasing trend in farm power utilization( Tractor)
•The increase in share of farm power has been mainly through
introduction of tractors, whose contribution has increased from 7.5
percent in 1971 to 51.08 percent in 2011-12.
16. This has resulted in increase in total farm power availability from 0.295
kW/ha in 1971-72 to 1.71 kW/ha in 2010-11.
Source:
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13
NOS.
OF
SALES
YEARS
YEAR WISE SALE OF TRACTOR AND POWER TILLERS
Tractor
Power tiller
18. MECHANISATION IN ASSAM
The economy of Assam continues to be predominantly agrarian.
Agriculture sector providing employment to more than 50
percent of the rural people.(census, 2011)
The net cultivated area of the State is 28.11 lakh hectare
(2009-10).
The contribution of Agriculture sector to the State Domestic
Product was nearly 25 percent (census,2011).
Present level of mechanization in the state (0.75 kW/ha) can be
categorized into low to medium and it is still below the national
average of 1.5 kW/ha (Srivastava 2004).
19. Source : data provided by the Dept. of Agriculture, Govt. of Assam 2012.
Tractor Power tiller Paddy thresher Rotovator Self propelled reaper Small implements
5772
20777
43 111 20
99884
Tractor Power tiller Paddy thresher
Rotovator Self propelled reaper Small implements
20. NEED OF FARM MECHANIZATION
To increase the production and productivity of food grains
and to meet the global standards.
For timely operations of agricultural activities.
Efficient utilisation of inputs ,fertilizers, water and other
natural resources.
To meet the growing needs of growing population in
almost the same amount of cultivable land.
Availability of adequate farm power is very crucial for
timely farm operations for increasing production and
productivity and handling the crop produce to reduce
losses.
21. Efficient machinery helps in increasing productivity by about 30%
besides, enabling the farmers to raise a second crop making the
agriculture attractive.
Economic Advantage of Mechanization in per cent,
Increase in productivity upto 12-34
Seed-cum-fertilizer drill facilitates
Saving in seeds 20
Saving in fertilizer 15-20
Enhancement in cropping intensity 5 - 22
Increase in gross income of the farmers 29-49
Source: Report of the Sub-Group on Agricultural Implements
and Machinery for Formulation of 9th Five Year Plan, Govt. of
India.
22. POPULATION DYNAMICS OF AGRICULTURAL WORKERS ( NO.
IN MILLION)
Particulars 2012 2020 2030 2040 2050
Country’s population 1222 1323 1432 1520 1612
Total no. of workers 504 566 641 711 787
No. of workers as % of population 41.2 42.8 44.8 46.8 48.8
No. of agricultural workers 240 230 222 211 202
% of agricultural workers to
total workers
47.6 40.6 34.6 29.7 25.7
No. of male agricultural workers 132 115 100 84 81
No. of female agricultural workers 108 115 122 127 121
% of female in agricultural work
force
45 50 55 60 60
SOURCE: WWW.CIAE.NIC.IN
23. PROGRAMMES/SCHEMES
1) “Outsourcing of training and demonstrations of newly developed
equipments”.
Activities in North East India (2012-13 up to 5th March 2013)
Sl.
no.
Activity/
Programme
Activity Details Target Achievem
ent
1. Outsourcing of
training and
demonstration of
newly developed
agricultural
equipment
including
horticultural
equipment at
farmer’s field.
i) Demonstration of newly
developed Agricultural
Equipment including
Horticultural equipment
at farmer’s field.
ii) Training of farmers
through outsourcing by
identified institutions of
the State Governments
Arunachal
pradesh-2405
Manipur-2222
Meghalaya- 302
Mizoram- 2350
Nagaland- 50
Arunachal
Pradesh- 175
Nagaland- 150
Not
reported
Not
reported
24. Activity in NE Region:
2) “Post Harvest Technology and Management”
SL.
No.
Activity/
Programme
Activity Details Target Achieveme
nt
1. Post harvest
technology
and
management
i) Demonstrati
on of PHT
Euipment.
ii) Distribution
of PHT
equipment
through
subsidies.
Manipur- 1750
Nagaland-187
Manipur- 145
Meghalaya- 82
Not
released
25. Sl.
no
Activity/
Programme
Activity Details Target Achieve
ment
1. Farm
machinery
training and
testing
institute,
Bishwanath
Chariali
(Assam)
Imparting training to
the farmers and
other beneficiary
groups on the
selection, operation,
maintenance, energy
conservation and
management of
Agricultural
Equipment
Training
personnel-
800
Testing
machines-18
Nagaland
202 demo
conducted.
386
08
3) “Promotion and Strengthening of Agricultural Mechanization through
Training, Testing and Demonstration
26. Macro Management of Agriculture (MMA):
A level of 25-50% subsidy on procurement cost is made
available under revised “Macro Management of Agriculture
(MMA)” scheme for different categories of equipment.
Gender Friendly Equipment for Women:
“Promotion and Strengthening of Agricultural Mechanization
through Training, Testing, and Demonstration“ and Outsourcing
of Training and Demonstration of Newly Developed Agricultural
Equipment, including Horticultural Equipment at Farmers Fields,
separate physical targets have been fixed and 30 per cent of
the funds have been allocated for women farmers.
27. SOME WOMEN FRIENDLY EQUIPMENT-CENTRAL INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL
ENGINEERING, BHOPAL
Paddy Transplanter
Naveen dibbler
29. IMPORTANT INSTITUTIONS
1. CFMTTI at Budhni in Madhya Pradesh-will test tractors, power
tillers, combine harvesters, and other self-propelled machines.
It will also test tractors, power tillers, combine harvesters,
agricultural trailers, engines for mass emission of exhaust
gasses and other machines for compliance under CMVR.
2. NRFMTTI, Hisar in Haryana- will test Combine harvesters, plant
protection equipments, irrigation pumps, diesel engines and
other self propelled crop production equipments and
machines. It will also test combine harvesters for compliance
under CMVR.
30. IMPORTANT INSTITUTIONS …
3. SRFMTTI, Anantpur in Andhra Pradesh- will test power
tillers, self-propelled crop production
machines/equipments, including power drawn
agricultural machines and equipments.
4. NERFMTTI, Biswanath Chariali in Assam- will test power
drawn agricultural machines and equipments including
non-self propelled agricultural equipments in order to
meet requirements of manufacturers of Eastern and
North Eastern Region.
31. Year of establishment: 1990.
Administrative Ministry: Government of India, Ministry of Agriculture,
Deptt. of Agriculture and Coop., Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi
Aim: Appropriate mechanization and technology through training ,
testing and demonstration.
Thrust area:
Competent based skill oriented human resource development in all
North Eastern States, West Bengal, Bihar and Jharkhand.
Providing good quality Farm Machinery and Equipment to the
unlimited users by conducting tests as per BIS norms.
Mechanised farming activities for supporting the Training and
Testing services in terms of field operations, demonstrations and crop
production.
North eastern region farm machinery training and testing institute ,
Bishwanath Chariali, Assam
32. GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES:
Training of Farmers, entrepreneurs and scientists
through Outsourcing
Farm Mechanization Programmes under Macro
Management of Agriculture schemes.
Agro Industries Corporations (SAICs), 1964
A FMTTI has been established at Biswanath Chariali
in the Sonitpur district of Assam.
The Scheme on “Post Harvest Technology and
Management”.
Gender Friendly Equipment for Women.
33. PROBLEMS RELATING TO FARMERS IN FARM MECHANIZATION
1. Small size and scattered land holdings
2. Financial inability of the small farmers
3. Lack of proper knowledge about farm
machineries
4. Lack of repair and replacement facilities
especially in the remote rural areas.
5. Limited availability of sale outlets.
6. Lack of accessibility for procurement,
repair and maintenance.
34. PROBLEMS RELATING TO IMPLEMENTING AGENCIES
The farm machinery have large turning radius
and thus require comparatively larger farm for
economical use.
There is great shortage of diesel in the country as
a whole. Thus, to use so extensive oil based farm
machinery is not desirable.
Quality and reliability of farm machinery being
manufactured and supplied by various agencies
and scale of manufacturers are yet to gain the
confidence of common farmers.
35. NATIONAL MISSION ON FARM MECHANIZATION
Increasing the reach of farm mechanization to small and
marginal farmers and to the regions where availability of farm
power is low.
Offsetting adverse ‘economies of scale’ and ‘higher cost of
ownership’ of high value farm equipment by promoting ‘
Custom Hiring Centre’ for agricultural machinery.
Promoting farm mechanization by creating awareness among
stakeholders through demonstration and capacity building
activities.
Ensuring quality control of new developed agricultural
machinery and equipment through performance evaluation and
certifying them at designated testing centers located all over the
country.
36. Sub – mission on Agricultural Mechanization during 12th Five
Year Plan.
Sl.
No
Components
1. Promotion and strengthening of agricultural mechanization
through training, testing and demonstration.
2. Post harvest technology management.
3. Financial assistance or procurement subsidy for selected machinery
and equipment.
4. Enhancing farm productivity at village level by introducing
appropriate farm mechanization in selected villages.
5. Establishing hi-tech and high product equipment hub for
custom hiring.
6. Promotion of Farm Machinery and Equipment in North
Eastern Region.
37. STRATEGY
Development/ adoption of manually
guided power operated equipment
for hilly terrains.
Farm machinery management for efficient
and optimum utilization of available
agricultural machinery.
Streamlining of testing procedure, and
training of engineers and pretesting of
machineries
Development of package of farm
equipment for major cropping
systems for different states.
38. Establishment of farm machinery
bank for easy supply to farmers.
Increasing average power supply to
agriculture from 1.5 kW/ha in 2010 to
2.5 kW/ha by 2025.
Mechanization of all farmers in all
regions of the country especially the
rain fed areas.
Increase interaction among farmers, R
and D workers, departments of
agriculture and industry
39. FUTURE PROSPECTS IN FARM MECHANIZATION WITH
EXTENSION INTERVENTION
Active involvement of farmers through user groups/
associations extension methods, including farmer-to-
farmer extension..
The coverage and scope of Farmer Field School-the
approach may significantly improve farmers' knowledge on
new technological options.
Increasing use of media and information technology,
including cyber kiosks.
Building gender concerns into the system.
Selective mechanization.
40. • Appropriate
technology
requirement
• Source
Identify
• Domestic and
Global
• Evaluate adaption
• Indiginize for cost
competitiveness
Adapt
• Performance
validation
• Propagate for
adoption
Validate
THE WAY FORWARD FOR INDIA …
41. CREATING AN ECO- SYSTEM FOR FARM MECHANIZATION
VILLAGE
CRAFTSMEN
ORGANIZED
FARM
MACHINERY
COMPANIES
SMALL SCALE
INDUSTRIES
•MAIN SOURCE OF SUPPLY
AND REPAIR TO FARMERS
•CLOSEST TO THE
FARMERS LEADING TO
HIGH TRUST.
BULK OF FARM
MACHINERY IS
MANUFACTURE
D BY THEM
CAPABILITY TO
CARRY OUT R&D FOR
PRODUCTIVITY
INCREASE AND
TECHNOLOGY
ADAPTION
42. CASE STUDIES-IMPACT OF SHALLOW TUBE WELL IRRIGATION ON
CROP PRODUCTION IN ASSAM
Implemented under the
financial assistance of
NABARD(Smriddha
Krishak Yojana, SKY)
Scheme.
Objectives:- yield rate-
cropping pattern-
problems with STW-
effect of STW.
Fertilizer consumption
increased from 13.0 kg/ha
in 1996 to 29.3 kg/ha in
2000.
43. 1,38,255 shallow tube- wells were installed upto October,
2001(41086 under ARIASP and 9816.9 under SKY)
Double cropping- Boro paddy as first crop and Sali as 2nd
crop and jute with rotation with winter paddy.
Aggregate yield in beneficiary farms found to be higher by
10.98% over the non-beneficiary.
Cropping intensity in irrigated holdings-182% and 143%
in unirrigated holdings.
Irrigated holdings cropping intensity-
Nagaon district- 193%
Sunitpur district- 190%
Jorhat district- 168%
44. CONCLUSION
1. The distribution of tractors from area to area
should be normalized so that the custom hiring is
increased.
2. Technical know-how should be provided to the
farmers with respect to appropriateness of farm
machinery for the situation and for its proper use.
3. A standardization and quality-marking centres of
farm equipment should be established in potential
areas of the country.
45. CONCLUSION…
4. The farm machinery suitable for different types of soil and
operations for important crops should be developed and
manufactured.
5. The useful farm equipment should be identified and
imported to cut down time and expenditure on research.
6. Training relating to farm machinery and equipment
should be imparted to the farmers and artisans.
7. Service units should be encouraged and mobile service
units should be started. Adequate and soft loans for such
purposes should be provided.