Claw affections in cattle are common causes of lameness in dairy cows, accounting for 90% of limb affections. The most common claw disorders that cause lameness are interdigital necrobacillosis (foot rot), interdigital hyperplasia (corns), interdigital dermatitis (scald), digital dermatitis (heel warts), and laminitis. These disorders lead to pain and inflammation, reducing productivity and changing cow behavior. Proper management including clean, dry housing and regular foot trimming can help prevent and control claw disorders.
Cattle lameness is one of the most significant issues in dairy farming, with 95% of lame cattle being dairy breeds. The majority of cases involve the digits, with 50% being in the hind limbs and 50% involving the horny tissue or skin such as digital dermatitis. Foot rot is caused by bacteria such as Fusobacterium necrophorum living in soil that enters through skin injuries between the toes, causing swelling and pain. It is treated with antibiotics and cleaning of lesions. Digital dermatitis causes lameness and lesions on the feet, and is linked to bacteria like Dichelobacter and Treponema, though its cause is uncertain. Interdigital dermatitis is a skin infection between the
This document discusses surgical anatomy and diseases of the oesophagus. It describes the oesophagus' location and surrounding structures. Common surgical diseases include obstruction, diverticula, stenosis, and wounds/fistulas. Obstruction is often caused by foreign bodies and treated conservatively via catheterization or surgically via oesophagotomy. Stenosis is corrected by longitudinal incision and transverse suturing to enlarge the lumen. Care must be taken during surgery to control hemorrhage and avoid nerve damage.
This document discusses canine demodicosis, a parasitic skin disease in dogs caused by an overpopulation of Demodex mites in the hair follicles. It covers the etiology (Demodex canis mites), pathogenesis (mites enter follicles and multiply), clinical signs (alopecia, scaling, crusting of the skin), diagnosis (identifying mites in skin scrapings under a microscope), prognosis (guarded for generalized cases), and treatment (miticidal dips and oral medications). The life cycle and types of Demodex mites are also described.
This document describes various parasite infections and infestations that can affect animals. It includes 20 terms for different types of parasites or vectors. The document then contains 20 images showing different lesions, anatomical features, and microscopic findings associated with several parasites including ascarids, strongyles, thelazia, dictyocaulus, hydatid cysts, lice, ticks, culicoides, and hypoderma larvae. The images provide visual examples of some typical clinical signs and pathological changes caused by these parasite infections.
Feline scabies is caused by the mite Notoedres cati. It causes severe itching, hair loss, and crusty or scaly skin in cats. On physical examination of the cat in this case, emaciation, dullness, inappetance, and thickened, crusty skin were observed. Skin scrapings revealed the presence of Notoedres mites, diagnosing feline scabies. The cat was treated with injections of ivermectin and a benzyl benzoate lotion. Owners were advised to isolate infected cats and prevent contact between cats to control spread of the mites.
This document discusses tail amputation procedures in various animal species. It describes the anatomy of the tail and indications for amputation such as trauma, infection, or cosmetic purposes. The procedure typically involves clipping and preparing the tail, retracting the skin, identifying the desired transection site, ligating vessels, disarticulating the tail between vertebrae, and suturing skin edges. Considerations for puppies, adults, and different animal species are provided. Complications can include tetanus or vertebral necrosis.
Kennel cough, also known as canine infectious tracheobronchitis, is a highly contagious disease of the canine respiratory tract that causes sudden onset of a paroxysmal cough lasting several days. The two most common causes are canine parainfluenza virus and Bordetella bronchiseptica. Clinical signs include a dry, hacking cough that is more frequent during exercise or changes in temperature/humidity. Diagnosis is based on exposure history and cough, with radiography and cytology used in severe cases to check for pneumonia. Treatment involves antibiotics, cough suppressants, bronchodilators and supportive care. Prevention focuses on vaccination and sanitary kennel practices like isolation, disinfection and
Cattle lameness is one of the most significant issues in dairy farming, with 95% of lame cattle being dairy breeds. The majority of cases involve the digits, with 50% being in the hind limbs and 50% involving the horny tissue or skin such as digital dermatitis. Foot rot is caused by bacteria such as Fusobacterium necrophorum living in soil that enters through skin injuries between the toes, causing swelling and pain. It is treated with antibiotics and cleaning of lesions. Digital dermatitis causes lameness and lesions on the feet, and is linked to bacteria like Dichelobacter and Treponema, though its cause is uncertain. Interdigital dermatitis is a skin infection between the
This document discusses surgical anatomy and diseases of the oesophagus. It describes the oesophagus' location and surrounding structures. Common surgical diseases include obstruction, diverticula, stenosis, and wounds/fistulas. Obstruction is often caused by foreign bodies and treated conservatively via catheterization or surgically via oesophagotomy. Stenosis is corrected by longitudinal incision and transverse suturing to enlarge the lumen. Care must be taken during surgery to control hemorrhage and avoid nerve damage.
This document discusses canine demodicosis, a parasitic skin disease in dogs caused by an overpopulation of Demodex mites in the hair follicles. It covers the etiology (Demodex canis mites), pathogenesis (mites enter follicles and multiply), clinical signs (alopecia, scaling, crusting of the skin), diagnosis (identifying mites in skin scrapings under a microscope), prognosis (guarded for generalized cases), and treatment (miticidal dips and oral medications). The life cycle and types of Demodex mites are also described.
This document describes various parasite infections and infestations that can affect animals. It includes 20 terms for different types of parasites or vectors. The document then contains 20 images showing different lesions, anatomical features, and microscopic findings associated with several parasites including ascarids, strongyles, thelazia, dictyocaulus, hydatid cysts, lice, ticks, culicoides, and hypoderma larvae. The images provide visual examples of some typical clinical signs and pathological changes caused by these parasite infections.
Feline scabies is caused by the mite Notoedres cati. It causes severe itching, hair loss, and crusty or scaly skin in cats. On physical examination of the cat in this case, emaciation, dullness, inappetance, and thickened, crusty skin were observed. Skin scrapings revealed the presence of Notoedres mites, diagnosing feline scabies. The cat was treated with injections of ivermectin and a benzyl benzoate lotion. Owners were advised to isolate infected cats and prevent contact between cats to control spread of the mites.
This document discusses tail amputation procedures in various animal species. It describes the anatomy of the tail and indications for amputation such as trauma, infection, or cosmetic purposes. The procedure typically involves clipping and preparing the tail, retracting the skin, identifying the desired transection site, ligating vessels, disarticulating the tail between vertebrae, and suturing skin edges. Considerations for puppies, adults, and different animal species are provided. Complications can include tetanus or vertebral necrosis.
Kennel cough, also known as canine infectious tracheobronchitis, is a highly contagious disease of the canine respiratory tract that causes sudden onset of a paroxysmal cough lasting several days. The two most common causes are canine parainfluenza virus and Bordetella bronchiseptica. Clinical signs include a dry, hacking cough that is more frequent during exercise or changes in temperature/humidity. Diagnosis is based on exposure history and cough, with radiography and cytology used in severe cases to check for pneumonia. Treatment involves antibiotics, cough suppressants, bronchodilators and supportive care. Prevention focuses on vaccination and sanitary kennel practices like isolation, disinfection and
A common disease of cattle and may also in dog, cat, sheep, goat, mare, Buffalo. The slides contain an introduction, causes of torsion, clinical signs and symptoms, torsion causes, treatment.
Ear new affection of ear and its treatmentBikas Puri
Otitis, or ear infections, can affect the outer, middle, or inner ear in dogs and cats and are commonly caused by parasites, bacteria, yeast, or skin issues. Symptoms include ear scratching, redness, discharge, and in severe cases neurological signs. Treatment involves cleaning and flushing the ears under anesthesia followed by topical and oral antibiotics, antifungals, or other medications based on diagnostic tests and addressing any underlying issues.
Uterine torsion in cattle occurs when the pregnant uterus rotates around its longitudinal axis, obstructing the birth canal and preventing the calf from entering the cervix. It is more common in multiparous cows and can result from sudden movements that cause the fetus to move violently within the uterus. Left untreated, it can lead to fetal death from reduced blood flow and oxygen. Veterinarians diagnose uterine torsion based on symptoms like pain and straining, as well as physical exams that reveal a twisted vagina and evidence of broad ligament twisting seen rectally. Treatment methods include manually rotating the fetus and uterus if slight, rolling the cow, using a plank to roll the cow and fix the uterus, or a cesare
Strangles is a contagious upper respiratory disease of horses caused by the bacterium Streptococcus equi. It is spread through nasal discharge of infected horses. Clinical signs include fever, nasal discharge, and swelling of lymph nodes in the neck. Complications can include abscesses forming in lymph nodes or lungs. Diagnosis involves culturing S. equi from samples or detecting antibodies in blood tests. Treatment focuses on draining abscesses and antibiotics. Vaccination provides protection but modified live vaccines pose a risk of abscess formation. Isolation, quarantine, and disinfection are important to control outbreaks.
Transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) is a naturally occurring, sexually transmitted cancer that affects the external genitalia of dogs. It has a round cell origin and is transmitted between dogs through contact during mating or licking of affected areas. Common symptoms include genital bleeding or masses. Diagnosis involves identifying the characteristic round cells on smears or biopsies. Effective treatment includes chemotherapy, typically with vincristine, though surgery or radiation are also sometimes used. Recurrence is common without full removal of the tumor.
Rajeev mishra ,castration of small animal(dog and cat).Raaz Eve Mishra
This document provides information about neutering male dogs and cats. It discusses the surgical procedure for neutering, which involves making an incision to remove the testicles. The benefits of neutering include preventing unwanted litters and reducing behavioral issues. Potential risks include weight gain and delayed growth. Neutering can be done between 5 to 16 months old in dogs and at around 6 months in cats. Post-operative care involves monitoring wounds, limiting activity, and providing pain relief if needed.
5th year practical revision fetal presentationsMohamed Wahab
The document provides descriptions of various fetal presentations and postures that may be observed during pregnancy in veterinary medicine. It lists both normal and abnormal presentations, positions, and postures for anterior and posterior longitudinal presentations as well as transverse presentations. Abnormal postures described include various limb and head flexions or deviations. Breech and twin presentations are also included.
Fetotomy in bovines by Dr Dushyant Yadav BASU, Patna INDIADrDushyant Yadav
Fetotomy is the process of sectioning a fetus into parts to facilitate delivery through the birth canal. There are two main types - partial fetotomy which divides parts of the fetus, and total fetotomy which divides the entire fetus. The document outlines the various techniques for fetotomy based on fetal presentation, including the 6 main cuts typically needed for anterior presentation and 5 for posterior. It also discusses instruments, indications, precautions and post-care for fetotomy. Fetotomy aims to reduce fetal size to allow vaginal delivery but can cause injuries if not performed carefully.
Local anesthesia and nerve blocks in large animals.GangaYadav4
Local anesthesia involves the reversible loss of sensation in a limited area of the body using chemical agents without loss of consciousness. It is useful for reducing pain and stress during surgery. The document discusses various local anesthetics used in veterinary practice like lidocaine, bupivacaine and mepivacaine. It also covers the mechanisms of action, classifications, advantages, disadvantages and methods of administering local anesthesia like infiltration, regional and intravenous regional anesthesia. Toxicities can occur if the anesthetic is absorbed systemically. Proper technique and dose are important for safe use of local anesthesia.
This document discusses hernias in small animals. It describes different types of abdominal hernias including external, internal, umbilical, and other locations. Diagnosis involves observation, palpation, ultrasound or radiographs. Treatment depends on whether the hernia is reducible or irreducible. For reducible hernias, surgery involves dissecting and removing the sac and closing the defect. For irreducible or incarcerated hernias, the contents must be released and the ring enlarged to prevent strangulation. Mesh may be needed to repair large defects. The document also discusses perineal hernias in detail including predisposing factors, symptoms, and surgical approach which has a high recurrence rate.
Chemical destruction of the teat involves injecting solutions such as diluted formalin, silver nitrate, acriflavine, copper sulfate, or chlorhexidine into the teat to destroy the teat tissue. This is done as a last resort when the teat cannot otherwise be salvaged due to extensive damage or infection. The solutions work to kill the teat tissue over the course of a few days through their disinfectant and caustic properties. Pretreating with a local anesthetic like megludyne can help reduce pain from the chemical destruction process.
This document describes the procedure for ovariohysterectomy (spaying) in dogs. It discusses the indications for spaying, including birth control, uterine diseases, and reducing risks of certain cancers. It outlines the pre-anesthetic drugs commonly used like atropine, xylazine, ketamine and diazepam. The steps of the surgical technique are explained, including making a midline incision, exteriorizing the uterus, clamping and ligating the ovarian pedicles, and closing in layers. The required equipment is also listed.
Osteodystrophy and osteomyelitis in domestic animalsAjith Y
This document discusses various bone diseases including osteodystrophy, rickets, osteomalacia, and osteoporosis. It describes their causes such as nutritional deficiencies, physical trauma, tumors, and endocrine disorders. Clinical signs, diagnostic testing, and treatment approaches are covered. Specific conditions like renal osteodystrophy, laminitis, osteomyelitis, and bone tumors are also summarized.
1. The document discusses canine hip dysplasia, describing its pathogenesis, stages, clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment options.
2. Key diagnostic tests include orthopedic examination, hip-extended radiography, distraction radiography and various hip scoring systems.
3. Treatment involves non-surgical options like weight control, physical therapy and medications or surgical options like juvenile pubic symphysiodesis, triple pelvic osteotomy or femoral head and neck ostectomy.
This document discusses ear conditions in pets. It covers otitis externa (inflammation of the outer ear), including common signs like head shaking and discharge. Otoscopic examination of the ear canal is described. Treatment for otitis externa involves cleaning and applying medications to the ear canal. Other conditions covered include auricular hematoma, otitis media (middle ear inflammation), and otitis interna (inner ear). Surgical techniques like lateral ear canal resection are discussed. Diagnosis and treatment of otitis media and interna involve cytology, antibiotics, and anti-fungals based on culture results from the infected areas.
Ketosis is a metabolic disease that occurs in cattle and sheep during periods of negative energy balance, such as early lactation in cattle and late pregnancy in ewes. It is characterized by hypoglycemia and the accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood, urine, and milk. There are several forms of ketosis, including a wasting form with decreased appetite and weight loss, and a nervous form with neurological symptoms like aimless wandering. Treatment involves replacing lost glucose through oral administration of propylene glycol or intravenous dextrose, as well as supporting liver function. Preventive measures focus on proper nutrition and avoiding negative energy balance around calving or lambing.
This document discusses nerve blocks in the equine head to provide anesthesia for various procedures. It describes the key nerves, including the trigeminal, maxillary, mandibular, and others. It details the locations of nerve block sites, such as around the infraorbital foramen to anesthetize the upper lip and incisors. Different techniques are outlined, such as the 4 point block and Peterson eye block to anesthetize the eye globe for procedures like eyeball removal. The document provides guidance on performing nerve blocks to anesthetize specific regions of the head and teeth.
The document discusses various post-partum genital complications that can occur in bitches, including retained placenta, metritis, eclampsia, post-partum hemorrhage, uterine prolapse, and uterine rupture. It provides information on the incidence, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment for each condition. Key statistics are presented on the frequency of different complications occurring in studies.
Ketosis is a metabolic disease common in high-yielding dairy cows in early lactation characterized by hypoglycemia, ketonemia, and ketonuria. It occurs when cows cannot produce enough glucose to meet energy demands and instead produce ketone bodies from fat metabolism. Risk factors include negative energy balance, low carbohydrate intake, excess protein intake, and other health issues. Treatment involves glucose therapy to restore blood glucose and reduce ketone bodies along with supportive care. Prevention focuses on proper nutrition and management around calving to meet energy needs and avoid ketosis.
Lameness, Hoof, and Leg Issues in Dairy Cattle- Part 2DAIReXNET
This document discusses factors that can lead to interrupted production of sole tissue in cattle, resulting in lameness issues. It notes that poor hygiene, defective soles, and other external factors can play a role. It also describes how excessive pressure on the corium from issues like claw shape, flooring, and prolonged standing can reduce blood flow and cause bruising. Left untreated, problems like sole abscesses and ulcers can develop. The document emphasizes the importance of cow comfort, proper trimming and foot care, and early treatment of lame cows to prevent problems from worsening.
This document provides information on managing lameness in dairy cows to improve their productivity and welfare. It notes that lameness is one of the main reasons cows are culled and costs farms money, and that many lame cows go undetected. It recommends daily monitoring for early signs of lameness, soft deep bedding for comfort, soft flooring like rubber, regular foot bathing and claw trimming, and prompt treatment of any lameness issues detected. Adopting these practices can help cows move freely, reduce lameness incidence, and improve milk yields.
A common disease of cattle and may also in dog, cat, sheep, goat, mare, Buffalo. The slides contain an introduction, causes of torsion, clinical signs and symptoms, torsion causes, treatment.
Ear new affection of ear and its treatmentBikas Puri
Otitis, or ear infections, can affect the outer, middle, or inner ear in dogs and cats and are commonly caused by parasites, bacteria, yeast, or skin issues. Symptoms include ear scratching, redness, discharge, and in severe cases neurological signs. Treatment involves cleaning and flushing the ears under anesthesia followed by topical and oral antibiotics, antifungals, or other medications based on diagnostic tests and addressing any underlying issues.
Uterine torsion in cattle occurs when the pregnant uterus rotates around its longitudinal axis, obstructing the birth canal and preventing the calf from entering the cervix. It is more common in multiparous cows and can result from sudden movements that cause the fetus to move violently within the uterus. Left untreated, it can lead to fetal death from reduced blood flow and oxygen. Veterinarians diagnose uterine torsion based on symptoms like pain and straining, as well as physical exams that reveal a twisted vagina and evidence of broad ligament twisting seen rectally. Treatment methods include manually rotating the fetus and uterus if slight, rolling the cow, using a plank to roll the cow and fix the uterus, or a cesare
Strangles is a contagious upper respiratory disease of horses caused by the bacterium Streptococcus equi. It is spread through nasal discharge of infected horses. Clinical signs include fever, nasal discharge, and swelling of lymph nodes in the neck. Complications can include abscesses forming in lymph nodes or lungs. Diagnosis involves culturing S. equi from samples or detecting antibodies in blood tests. Treatment focuses on draining abscesses and antibiotics. Vaccination provides protection but modified live vaccines pose a risk of abscess formation. Isolation, quarantine, and disinfection are important to control outbreaks.
Transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) is a naturally occurring, sexually transmitted cancer that affects the external genitalia of dogs. It has a round cell origin and is transmitted between dogs through contact during mating or licking of affected areas. Common symptoms include genital bleeding or masses. Diagnosis involves identifying the characteristic round cells on smears or biopsies. Effective treatment includes chemotherapy, typically with vincristine, though surgery or radiation are also sometimes used. Recurrence is common without full removal of the tumor.
Rajeev mishra ,castration of small animal(dog and cat).Raaz Eve Mishra
This document provides information about neutering male dogs and cats. It discusses the surgical procedure for neutering, which involves making an incision to remove the testicles. The benefits of neutering include preventing unwanted litters and reducing behavioral issues. Potential risks include weight gain and delayed growth. Neutering can be done between 5 to 16 months old in dogs and at around 6 months in cats. Post-operative care involves monitoring wounds, limiting activity, and providing pain relief if needed.
5th year practical revision fetal presentationsMohamed Wahab
The document provides descriptions of various fetal presentations and postures that may be observed during pregnancy in veterinary medicine. It lists both normal and abnormal presentations, positions, and postures for anterior and posterior longitudinal presentations as well as transverse presentations. Abnormal postures described include various limb and head flexions or deviations. Breech and twin presentations are also included.
Fetotomy in bovines by Dr Dushyant Yadav BASU, Patna INDIADrDushyant Yadav
Fetotomy is the process of sectioning a fetus into parts to facilitate delivery through the birth canal. There are two main types - partial fetotomy which divides parts of the fetus, and total fetotomy which divides the entire fetus. The document outlines the various techniques for fetotomy based on fetal presentation, including the 6 main cuts typically needed for anterior presentation and 5 for posterior. It also discusses instruments, indications, precautions and post-care for fetotomy. Fetotomy aims to reduce fetal size to allow vaginal delivery but can cause injuries if not performed carefully.
Local anesthesia and nerve blocks in large animals.GangaYadav4
Local anesthesia involves the reversible loss of sensation in a limited area of the body using chemical agents without loss of consciousness. It is useful for reducing pain and stress during surgery. The document discusses various local anesthetics used in veterinary practice like lidocaine, bupivacaine and mepivacaine. It also covers the mechanisms of action, classifications, advantages, disadvantages and methods of administering local anesthesia like infiltration, regional and intravenous regional anesthesia. Toxicities can occur if the anesthetic is absorbed systemically. Proper technique and dose are important for safe use of local anesthesia.
This document discusses hernias in small animals. It describes different types of abdominal hernias including external, internal, umbilical, and other locations. Diagnosis involves observation, palpation, ultrasound or radiographs. Treatment depends on whether the hernia is reducible or irreducible. For reducible hernias, surgery involves dissecting and removing the sac and closing the defect. For irreducible or incarcerated hernias, the contents must be released and the ring enlarged to prevent strangulation. Mesh may be needed to repair large defects. The document also discusses perineal hernias in detail including predisposing factors, symptoms, and surgical approach which has a high recurrence rate.
Chemical destruction of the teat involves injecting solutions such as diluted formalin, silver nitrate, acriflavine, copper sulfate, or chlorhexidine into the teat to destroy the teat tissue. This is done as a last resort when the teat cannot otherwise be salvaged due to extensive damage or infection. The solutions work to kill the teat tissue over the course of a few days through their disinfectant and caustic properties. Pretreating with a local anesthetic like megludyne can help reduce pain from the chemical destruction process.
This document describes the procedure for ovariohysterectomy (spaying) in dogs. It discusses the indications for spaying, including birth control, uterine diseases, and reducing risks of certain cancers. It outlines the pre-anesthetic drugs commonly used like atropine, xylazine, ketamine and diazepam. The steps of the surgical technique are explained, including making a midline incision, exteriorizing the uterus, clamping and ligating the ovarian pedicles, and closing in layers. The required equipment is also listed.
Osteodystrophy and osteomyelitis in domestic animalsAjith Y
This document discusses various bone diseases including osteodystrophy, rickets, osteomalacia, and osteoporosis. It describes their causes such as nutritional deficiencies, physical trauma, tumors, and endocrine disorders. Clinical signs, diagnostic testing, and treatment approaches are covered. Specific conditions like renal osteodystrophy, laminitis, osteomyelitis, and bone tumors are also summarized.
1. The document discusses canine hip dysplasia, describing its pathogenesis, stages, clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment options.
2. Key diagnostic tests include orthopedic examination, hip-extended radiography, distraction radiography and various hip scoring systems.
3. Treatment involves non-surgical options like weight control, physical therapy and medications or surgical options like juvenile pubic symphysiodesis, triple pelvic osteotomy or femoral head and neck ostectomy.
This document discusses ear conditions in pets. It covers otitis externa (inflammation of the outer ear), including common signs like head shaking and discharge. Otoscopic examination of the ear canal is described. Treatment for otitis externa involves cleaning and applying medications to the ear canal. Other conditions covered include auricular hematoma, otitis media (middle ear inflammation), and otitis interna (inner ear). Surgical techniques like lateral ear canal resection are discussed. Diagnosis and treatment of otitis media and interna involve cytology, antibiotics, and anti-fungals based on culture results from the infected areas.
Ketosis is a metabolic disease that occurs in cattle and sheep during periods of negative energy balance, such as early lactation in cattle and late pregnancy in ewes. It is characterized by hypoglycemia and the accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood, urine, and milk. There are several forms of ketosis, including a wasting form with decreased appetite and weight loss, and a nervous form with neurological symptoms like aimless wandering. Treatment involves replacing lost glucose through oral administration of propylene glycol or intravenous dextrose, as well as supporting liver function. Preventive measures focus on proper nutrition and avoiding negative energy balance around calving or lambing.
This document discusses nerve blocks in the equine head to provide anesthesia for various procedures. It describes the key nerves, including the trigeminal, maxillary, mandibular, and others. It details the locations of nerve block sites, such as around the infraorbital foramen to anesthetize the upper lip and incisors. Different techniques are outlined, such as the 4 point block and Peterson eye block to anesthetize the eye globe for procedures like eyeball removal. The document provides guidance on performing nerve blocks to anesthetize specific regions of the head and teeth.
The document discusses various post-partum genital complications that can occur in bitches, including retained placenta, metritis, eclampsia, post-partum hemorrhage, uterine prolapse, and uterine rupture. It provides information on the incidence, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment for each condition. Key statistics are presented on the frequency of different complications occurring in studies.
Ketosis is a metabolic disease common in high-yielding dairy cows in early lactation characterized by hypoglycemia, ketonemia, and ketonuria. It occurs when cows cannot produce enough glucose to meet energy demands and instead produce ketone bodies from fat metabolism. Risk factors include negative energy balance, low carbohydrate intake, excess protein intake, and other health issues. Treatment involves glucose therapy to restore blood glucose and reduce ketone bodies along with supportive care. Prevention focuses on proper nutrition and management around calving to meet energy needs and avoid ketosis.
Lameness, Hoof, and Leg Issues in Dairy Cattle- Part 2DAIReXNET
This document discusses factors that can lead to interrupted production of sole tissue in cattle, resulting in lameness issues. It notes that poor hygiene, defective soles, and other external factors can play a role. It also describes how excessive pressure on the corium from issues like claw shape, flooring, and prolonged standing can reduce blood flow and cause bruising. Left untreated, problems like sole abscesses and ulcers can develop. The document emphasizes the importance of cow comfort, proper trimming and foot care, and early treatment of lame cows to prevent problems from worsening.
This document provides information on managing lameness in dairy cows to improve their productivity and welfare. It notes that lameness is one of the main reasons cows are culled and costs farms money, and that many lame cows go undetected. It recommends daily monitoring for early signs of lameness, soft deep bedding for comfort, soft flooring like rubber, regular foot bathing and claw trimming, and prompt treatment of any lameness issues detected. Adopting these practices can help cows move freely, reduce lameness incidence, and improve milk yields.
This document discusses lameness in dairy cattle. It begins by introducing the topic and outlining the structure of lameness, which involves 3 phases: initial activation, local mechanical damage, and progressive local damage of bone. It then discusses prevention methods like locomotion scoring and foot trimming programs. Lameness negatively impacts productivity by reducing milk production and causing late pregnancy. The conclusion emphasizes that lameness can be prevented through proper management strategies as it significantly affects animal health and production.
Foot disorders, claw health, farm economics and animal welfareHenk Hogeveen
This document summarizes a presentation on lameness in dairy cows and its impacts on welfare and farm sustainability. A simulation model was used to estimate the prevalence and economic costs of different foot disorders in dairy herds. Subclinical disorders were found to account for 32% of total costs of €53 per cow annually. Digital dermatitis caused the highest costs due to its high incidence and clinical prevalence. Welfare impacts were also estimated based on pain levels associated with different disorders. Improving foot health was determined to benefit both welfare and farm economics through reduced production losses and improved sustainability.
DE HEUS is an international animal feed company headquartered in the Netherlands. It has subsidiaries across Europe and in South Africa, Vietnam, Russia, Egypt, and Ethiopia. DE HEUS has a central laboratory that conducts analyses of feed samples using techniques like Near Infrared Spectroscopy, wet chemistry methods to determine moisture, protein, fiber, ash, and fat content, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, and the Kjeldahl method for crude protein analysis. The laboratory also precisely stores and labels samples for tracking.
Mr. Ma has extensive experience in environmental, graphic and industrial design. He evaluates brand strategies and creates design solutions to articulate clients' brand environments. Mr. Ma is skilled in orchestrating multi-discipline projects with a focus on consumer communications and cultural understanding through spatial design, fixtures, and signage. He has successfully completed both domestic and international brand programs.
Dairy 2020 is a collaboration between organisations right across the supply chain of UK dairy. They are working together to build a sustainable dairy industry that enables people, environment and business to thrive. Find out more at www.dairy2020.com.
Thomas Malthus argued that population growth is exponential while food production can only increase arithmetically, so population will outpace food supply. However, scientists like Norman Borlaug dramatically increased wheat yields through innovations. While Malthus underestimated technological advances, meeting future food demands for a growing population of potentially over 9 billion people by 2050 remains a challenge given constraints like land and water availability. Changes in diet and reductions in food waste can help optimize agriculture systems to better feed more people.
This document discusses feedlot supplementation for finishing livestock. It explains that feedlotting has become more common with intensive farming practices and provides producers marketing options. It offers micro mixes, macro mixes, or complete ration pellets to supplement feedlots in a flexible way tailored to each client. Producers are encouraged to contact them to see how supplementation can help finish stock.
This document summarizes a program to evaluate on-farm feed mixing performance in LaMoure County, North Dakota. Producers were concerned about properly mixing feed additives. Researchers conducted "hands-on" evaluations of feed wagons using edible markers like candy corn. Mixing quality was assessed by counting markers in feed samples. Suggestions were provided to producers to improve mixing, such as increasing mixing time or repairing equipment. The goal was to help producers reduce costs and improve animal performance through better feed mixing.
2016 austin ramsey photography and motivationLisa Dickson
This short document encourages working together rather than alone to accomplish great things, as together our potential is unlimited compared to working separately. It suggests considering what could be achieved if we collaborate instead of acting independently, with no constraints on what we can achieve when joining forces.
This document discusses strategies for starting calves on feed, including the importance of stimulating feed intake and an active immune system. It recommends starting diets that are highly palatable and nutrient dense, with elevated levels of protein, energy, vitamins, minerals and trace minerals like zinc and copper to support the immune system. Liquid feed supplements are described as an easy way to ensure accurate and uniform consumption of balanced rations for stressed calves.
The document discusses sustainability at dairy farms through the use of the Cow Compass monitoring system. The Cow Compass allows veterinarians to evaluate dairy farms across several criteria including milking, feeding/water, housing, animal welfare, work routines, animal health, and youngstock. It identifies risks in these areas and provides a score for overall farm resilience. Implementing Cow Compass monitoring can help farmers improve animal welfare and productivity through a preventative approach.
The presentation gives the most basic vocabulary and information on cattle. It was originally used by an American teaching assistant teaching English at an agricultural school in Austria.
LAMENESS SYNDROMES IN CATTLE, SHEEP, PIGS AND HORSESABOHEMEED ALY
This document provides information on common causes of lameness in cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses. For cattle, the main causes discussed are foot rot (20% of cases), footwarts, sole ulcers, toe abscesses, broken bones, muscle injuries, septic arthritis, and infections caused by Mycoplasma bovis. Effective treatment requires proper diagnosis by examining the feet. Foot rot responds well to medication if caught early, while swollen joints or broken bones often require salvage of the animal. Lameness in other livestock such as foot rot in sheep, lameness in horses from conditions like founder, and lameness in pigs from toe abscesses are also briefly covered.
This document discusses diseases caused by arthropods. It begins by classifying arthropods and describing their characteristics. It then discusses different types of arthropods that can cause disease in humans based on their mechanism of disease, including parasitic, stinging, biting, dermatitis-producing, and arthropod vectors. Specific diseases caused by different arthropod vectors like flies, sandflies, mosquitoes, ticks, bugs, and lice are outlined. Scabies and pediculosis caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei mite and Pediculus humanus louse respectively are then described in more detail, including their lifecycles, symptoms, treatment and complications.
Echinococcosis is a parasitic disease of tapeworms of the Echinococcus type. The two main types of the disease are cystic echinococcosis and alveolar echinococcosis. Less common forms include polycystic echinococcosis and unicystic echinococcosis. The disease often starts without symptoms and this may last for years.
Echinococcus granulosus is a tapeworm that can cause hydatid disease in humans and other intermediate hosts. It has a worldwide distribution, with high infection rates in parts of Africa, the Middle East, South America, and Australia. The adult tapeworm lives in the small intestine of canines and other definitive hosts. Eggs are shed in feces and ingested by intermediate hosts, where they develop into hydatid cysts typically in the liver or lungs. Transmission occurs when the intermediate host is eaten by a canine. Prevention focuses on deworming dogs and properly disposing of infected livestock remains.
This document provides information on snake bites, including epidemiology, causes, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, management, and prevention. It notes that snake bites affect millions globally each year, causing tens of thousands of deaths annually in India alone. The document discusses the venom and toxins of snakes, as well as the local and systemic effects of envenomation. It provides guidance on first aid, clinical assessment, investigations, antivenom treatment, and supportive care for snake bite victims.
This document provides information on snake bites, including epidemiology, causes, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, management, and prevention. It notes that snake bites affect millions globally each year, causing tens of thousands of deaths annually in India alone. The document discusses the venom and toxins of snakes, as well as the local and systemic effects of envenomation. It provides guidance on first aid, clinical assessment, investigations, antivenom treatment, and supportive care for snake bite victims.
Ringworm, also known as dermatophytosis or tinea, is a fungal infection of the skin, hair, or nails that causes a red, itchy rash or patch of hair loss. It is caused by fungi of the genera Trichophyton, Microsporum, or Epidermophyton. Ringworm can affect various parts of the body including the feet, scalp, groin, beard, hands, and nails. Symptoms depend on the infected area but generally include an itchy, ring-shaped rash. Ringworm spreads through direct contact with infected people or animals or contact with contaminated surfaces. Diagnosis involves examination of skin or nail samples under a microscope or fungal culture
This document provides information on hookworm, including its taxonomic classification, epidemiology, introduction, morphology, life cycle, modes of transmission, signs and symptoms, pathogencity, clinical diagnosis, laboratory diagnosis, prevention, control, and treatment. It discusses two main species of hookworm that infect humans - Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus. Key details include that hookworm affects approximately 900 million people worldwide, living primarily in tropical and subtropical regions, and signs of infection include skin irritation, coughing, anemia, and iron deficiency.
The document discusses several types of benign neck masses including thyroglossal cysts, branchial fistulae, lateral cervical cysts, and cystic hygroma/lymphangioma. Thyroglossal cysts arise from embryonic thyroid tissue remnants. Branchial fistulae are due to failure of branchial cleft closure. Lateral cervical cysts have unclear origins. Cystic hygroma/lymphangioma are congenital lymphatic malformations. Clinical features, investigations, and surgical management are provided for each condition.
snake poisoning with variety of snakes and identification features, conservative treatment.Antitoxin treatment with a note on the drugs used to treat antitoxin reactions, Venom composition and venom classification, types of snakes and features. snake bite treatment at different levels of healthcare systems in India.
This document summarizes key aspects of tapeworms and flukes that are medically important. It describes the characteristics of two classes of flatworms - Cestoidea (tapeworms) and Trematoda (flukes). For each class, it provides details on morphology, life cycles, important orders/species and the diseases they cause in humans. Key tapeworms discussed include Taenia saginata, Taenia solium, Diphyllobothrium latum and Echinococcus granulosus. Key flukes discussed include Fasciolopsis buski, Paragonimus westermani, and Echinostoma ilocanum.
1. Ascaris lumbricoides is the most common intestinal parasite found worldwide, especially in rural areas and among children.
2. It has a life cycle involving eggs that are ingested and develop into adults worms in the small intestine, causing symptoms like abdominal pain.
3. Diagnosis involves finding eggs in stool samples under a microscope; treatment involves a single dose of albendazole or mebenazole.
1. Large animal surgery deals with surgically treatable issues in large farm animals like ruminants and horses. Ruminants include cattle, goats, sheep and camels while common horse breeds discussed are Arabian, Marwari and Thoro horses.
2. The document outlines different types of elective and emergency surgeries in large animals including hernia repair, castration and C-sections. It also discusses common health issues like atresia ani, dystocia and colic.
3. Details are provided on procedures like equine foot care, lameness evaluation, horse shoeing techniques, castration methods, and treating hernias and dystocia in farm
Diseases responsible for blindness in cattle DR AMEER HAMZA
This document describes diseases that can cause blindness in cattle, including Listeriosis/Circling Disease. It provides details on the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical findings, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment of Listeriosis/Circling Disease. Key information includes: Listeria monocytogenes is the causative bacteria; it is found in soil, plants and feces and spreads through contaminated feed; clinical signs include depression, circling, facial paralysis; lesions are found in the brainstem; diagnosis involves isolating Listeria from brain tissue or aborted fetuses. Differential diagnosis includes other conditions presenting with circling or cranial nerve deficits like rabies.
Most of the world's snakes are what are referred to as clinically non-venomous. This means they do not produce a toxin that is clinically significant to people.
The document summarizes key aspects of two classes of parasitic flatworms (phylum Platyhelminthes) - cestodes (tapeworms) and trematodes (flukes). It describes their morphology, life cycles, important orders/species that infect humans as intestinal or extraintestinal parasites, and highlights key distinguishing features of medically relevant tapeworms and flukes. Key tapeworms discussed are Taenia solium, T. saginata, Echinococcus granulosus, E. multilocularis, and Dipylidium caninum. Key flukes discussed are Schistosoma spp., Fasciola hepatica, Clonorchis sinensis, and Par
Heair grouth cycal and oral cavity and skin (1)Deepak Upadhyay
This document discusses cosmetics and biological aspects related to hair and the oral cavity. It provides information on hair structure, growth cycle, and types of hair. It also discusses common disorders and diseases that can affect the oral cavity, including lesions, infections like candidiasis and herpes, autoimmune diseases, precancerous conditions, benign tumors, and more. The document is an informative overview of the biology, structure, growth and common conditions related to hair and the oral cavity.
The document discusses several congenital defects including anal atresia, rectovaginal fistula, and dermoid cyst. It describes the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and surgical treatment for each condition. Anal atresia is a birth defect involving absence of the anal opening. Rectovaginal fistula is an abnormal connection between the rectum and vagina. Dermoid cyst is a rare skin cyst containing hair follicles and glands that occurs due to failure of embryonic closure.
This is an overview about parasites infest or affect the human eyes & principles of the diseases thay cause
A medical-student-made presentation for Ain Shams University - Faculty of Medicine - Department of Parasitology
Hope it help you
Similar to Claw affection presented by dr. awad rizk (20)
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
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One health condition that is becoming more common day by day is diabetes.
According to research conducted by the National Family Health Survey of India, diabetic cases show a projection which might increase to 10.4% by 2030.
Our backs are like superheroes, holding us up and helping us move around. But sometimes, even superheroes can get hurt. That’s where slip discs come in.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
2. Introduction
The incidence of lameness in high producing dairy cows varies
between 15 and 40%.
Lameness is beside infertility and mastitis the most common cause for
involuntary culling.
90% of limb affections in cattle results from claw disorders.
The next common seat of lameness is the stifle joint .
The claw health disorders lead to traumatisation of tissue which is
perceived by the affected animal as pain.
The pain experience of lame dairy cows results in decreased
productivity such as feed intake, fertility and milk yield as well as it may
change animal behaviour.
3.
4.
5.
6. Anatomy of the bovine foot
Cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs are cloven-footed animals,
meaning that the hoof consists of two digits, instead of one solid entity
like that of a horse
The claws are named by their relative location on the foot.
There is the outer, or lateral claw, and the inner, or medial claw.
In cattle, the lateral claw is slightly larger in the back feet, while the medial
claw is the larger claw in the front feet.
bovine hooves grow about 1/5 to ¼ of an inch per month and horse’s
hooves grown in general ¼ to 3/8 of an inch per month.
7. Anatomy of the bovine foot
The bovine foot has two main and two accessory claws.
The two main claws do not appear dissimilar from the
horse’s single hoof.
The space between the two digits is termed as the interdigital
space.
The part of each digit next to the space i.e. nearer to the
longitudinal axis of the limb is called the axial surfaces while
the part further away is termed abaxial surface.
The bearing surface of the claw has thick prominent bulb
but neither frog nor bars.
The accessory claws project from the back of the fetlock
joint and are non-functional.
8.
9. Underneath the hoof is a slightly softer region, called the
sole.
The tissue that makes up the sole is produced by the
corium of the sole, and is suppler than the horn of the
hoof wall.
The point where the hoof wall is bound to the sole is
called the white line.
The white line is a somewhat flexible junction between
the sole and wall, allowing the hoof to be more flexible
as the animal moves.
The front region of the sole is called the toe, and the two
bulbs at the opposite end of the foot are referred to as
the heel bulbs.
10.
11. ANATOMY OF THE FOOT
CLAW BONES AND TENDONS
Coronary Band
Wall
Bulb
14. Anatomy of the camel foot.
The camel foot consists of two functional and fully developed digits-
the dew claws or non functional digits are absent.
Each functional digit consists of three phalanges and two proximal
sesamoid bones.
The distal sesamoid or navicular bone is either absent or cartilaginous
in nature.
The phalanges of the hind limb are shorter and less massive than
those of the forelimb.
15. General consideration of the factor predisposing to
lameness.
The environmental condition surrounding the animals appeared to
influence greatly the incidence of claw affections
Breed had a significant effect, with Friesians and short horns being
more prone to lameness than light breeds, such as Ayrshir and jersey.
Buffaloes are more resistant to claw affection than Friesians under the
same environmental and nutritional conditions.
16. In most dairy cow lameness survey revealed the following:
88% of lesion located in the foot and 12% in the leg.
Of foot lesions 24% were in the front feet and 76% in the hind.
the hind outer claw being affected two and a half times more than the
inner claw.
The predisposition of lesion towards hind feet may have been partly
due to the wet and dirty environment to which animals were
subjected in standing and cubicles beside stress of pregnancy and
parturition and enlargement of the udder.
Most foot and leg lesions occurred during the 50 days following
calving because of pelvic nerve damage associated with calving.
Young cows were relatively immune to foot problems , with the
exceptions of interdigital necrobacillosis and laminitis.
cows aged six to eight years were most susceptible to both foot and
leg lameness.
17. Incidence
95% of lame cattle are dairy breeds
90% of cases involve the digits
80% of digital lameness is located in the hind limbs
50% of digital lameness involves the horny tissue and 50% the skin,
mostly digital dermatitis
70% of the horny lesions involve the outer claw
18.
19.
20. Interdigital Necrobacillosis
Synonyms: phlegmona interdigitalis, ‘foul-in-the-foot’, ‘clit ill’, ‘foot
rot’, interdigital pododermatitis. A peracute form, colloquially
‘superfoul’
Definition: acute inflammation of subcutaneous tissues of
interdigital space and adjacent coronary band, spreading to
dermis and epidermis.
Etiology:
interdigital microtrauma and infection with Fusobacterium
necrophorum, Bacteroides melaninogenicus and other organisms.
21. Signs
mild to severe lameness (LS 1–3) of sudden onset, all ages
An acute lameness with swelling and erythema of the soft tissues of the
interdigital space and the adjacent coronary band are the first signs.
The claws typically are markedly separated due to the swelling .
Depression and pyrexia along with rapid pluse and respiration follow ,
with greater intensity in young animals
The animal tries to avoid contact with the ground if the digital region
The animal is reluctant to walk and prefers to lie down and milk yield
decline with general depression.
22. On close examination of the swollen interdigital space, the skin
appears discolored (darkens) and later become fissured and necrotic
exuding typical foul odour and finally the necrotic skin sloughs
producing an open wound.
Advanced cases can develop septic arthritis and other deeper
complications.
Differential diagnosis:
interdigital foreign body, acute laminitis, solear penetration by foreign
body, severe interdigital dermatitis, interdigital changes from
BVD/MD, FMD, distal interphalangeal septic arthritis, distal
phalangeal fracture.
23. Treatment
ceftiofur, ampicillin, LA oxytetracycline, penicillin,
sulphonamides (e.g.trimethoprim-sulpha) systemically
clean affected necrotic area with disinfectant and apply a
topical oxytetracycline or copper sulphate, or BIPP paste
(bismuth subnitrate, iodoform and petrolatum)
do not bandage, but put on to dry floor or straw bedding,
preferably isolated to avoid spread of infection
daily cleansing with disinfectant if feasible
‘superfoul’: early cases respond well to 6 g oxytetracycline,
more advanced cases to tylosin, careful local debridement
under analgesia (IVRA) and local antibiotic dressing.
Isolation is important.
24. Prophylaxis
check and improve drainage in areas where interdigital trauma
can arise (e.g. gateways, tracks, stubble)
improve dry conditions underfoot (straw yard) and increase
frequency of scraper removal of slurry from passageways
footbaths of zinc sulphate (5–10%) copper sulphate (5%) or
formalin (4%)
antibacterial feed additive: sulphabromomethazine in feedlot
outbreak, or ethylenediamine dihydroiodide for prophylaxis.
spread quicklime in muddy tracks or around water troughs
25.
26.
27. Interdigital hyperplasia
Synonyms: hyperplasia interdigitalis, corn, interdigital granuloma, interdigital vegetative
dermatitis, fibroma, ‘wart’.
Definition: proliferative reaction of interdigital skin and/or subcutaneous tissues to
form a firm mass.
Incidence: usually sporadic, common in certain beef breeds (e.g. Hereford) and in
bulls at AI centres.
Occasionally follows severe interdigital disease in dairy cows, then is unilateral. May
start in yearling bulls, but most clinical cases (with lameness) are in adults of four to
six years.
Predisposition: inherited in some breeds (e.g. Hereford, Holstein Friesian).
Severe interdigital dermatitis or sole ulcer often precedes involvement of single
limb.
Frequently associated with poor conformation e.g. splayed toes
28. Signs
slight or no lameness (LS 0–1) depending on size and mechanical
interference in simple case
large lesions develop superficial digital traumatic ulceration, and contact
interdigital axial skin may undergo pressure necrosis
both forms readily become secondarily infected with Fusobacterium
necrophorum
single abaxial hindlimb involvement suggests secondary response to
recognized previous insult involving interdigital swelling and sometimes
sole ulcer
29. Treatment
none if small and asymptomatic
local caustic (e.g. silver nitrate, copper sulphate) if small and causing
lameness
most clinical cases require resection by knife surgery electrocautery or
cryosurgery: ideally in Wopa crush under IVRA , bandage after applying
sulphadimidine powder. Remove bandage after one week.
If the fibroma is a part of a significant painful process in a cow, then
surgical removal is indicated.
Sharp dissection of the skin around the base of the fibroma follows
normal surgical site preparation.
30. It is considered important for prompt healing to remove the interdigital
fat and the protruding fibroma.
Care must be taken to prevent surgical injury to the distal
interphalangeal joint capsule and the cruciate ligaments when removing
the fat.
Some antibiotic powder may be placed in the wound, but no dressings
or packings should be used before bandaging the foot to prevent
splaying of the toes.
The bandage may be removed in a few days because granulation tissue
will fill the defect.
31.
32. Interdigital dermatitis (scald or stable foot rot)
Dermatitis interdigitalis is an inflammation of the interdigital epidermis
without any swelling , pyrexia anorexia or lameness or involvement of
the deeper and surrounding structures.
Etiology:
The common predisposing factors are wet climatic condition and a
moist environment under the feet causing mild irritation in the
interdigital space.
Bacteroides nodosus is the most freguently isolated infecious agent.
33. Clinical Signs
The lesion starts as a reddening of the interdigital skin in the dorsal or
palmar/ planter areas. This is followed by hyperkeratosis and slight
exudation and finally separation of the perioplic band occur causing mild
lameness and widening of the interdigital space during animal stance.
The affected animal paddles with its hind feet.
In advanced cases odorless discharge accumulate with crusts on the
dorsal commissars of the interdigital space.
Diagnosis
Interdigital dermatitis is diagnosed after cleansing , by the characteristic
superficial lesions of the interdigital epidermis.
34. Treatment
Interdigital dermatitis should be treated topically. The lesions should
be cleaned , deeply scrapped by a clean dry swap and a topical
bacteriostatic agent applied such as a 50% mixture of sulfamezathine
powder and anhydrous copper sulfate.
1- Foot bathing is usually recommended to keep the infection under
control .
2- Systemic tratment with antibiotics has little effect except in sever
cases.
3- Skin lesions usually regress spontaneously if environment is
improved .
35. Control :
Good management and housing system to keep claws
dry and clean are most important.
Regular foot trimming help to avoid complications.
Foot bathing.
36.
37. Digital dermatitis (Mortellaro, or Heel Wart)
hairy heel warts, strawberry foot, verrucous dermatitis, digital
warts, interdigital papillomatosis, and probably most correctly
digital dermatitis (or popular digital dermatitis).
Digital dermatitis (DD) is a contagious superficial inflammation of the
epidermis proximal to the coronal margin.
Two types of lesions have been reported :
One is a circumscribed erosive/ reactive condition and the other is a
proliferative wart like lesion.
Both forms cause various degree of discomfort and may lead to severe
lameness.
38.
39. Incidence :
When a herd becomes affected, the disease can rapidly spread within
the herd and the morbidity may reach 90%
Animal of all ages and bread are susceptible.
Etiology :
The cause is unclear
The most reasonable explanation is that this is a multifactor disease
in which spirochetes together with other bacteria (Bacteroides
nodsus) or virus.
Moist condition are thought to be the main predisposing cause.
appearance and location of lesion as well as its transmission to
other cattle differentiate it from foot rot
40. Clinical Features :
A circular lesion 1 to 4 cm in diameter is generally seen in the plantar
(or palmar) skin adjacent to the heel or , less commonly in the
proximal part of the interdigital space.
In the mild form of DD , the skin is hyperemic producing a serous
exudates, in early stages, the hairs of the diseased areas are usually erect,
and they later disappear.
Mild to sever degree of lameness may be observed depending on the
severity of the lesions.
41. In the erosive form the skin is covered with a purulent, pungent -
Smelling exudates. Cleansing exposes reddish granulation tissue. The
lesion is very sensitive and easily bleeds but the soft tissue is not
swollen.
The proliferative type may give rise to the papillomatous type which
is characterized by a mass of hard, fine tendrils that can be several
centimeters in length and cover a considerable area.
Diagnosis :
The diagnosis of DD is often based on a history of an epidemic onset
of discomfort and lameness in a herd. Also the characteristic
lesions at the specific site are itself diagnostic.
42. DD/PDD
papillomatous digital dermatitis (PPD) and digital dermatitis (DD) are
thought to be different stages of the same disease process.
with PPD being the more chronic form with the development of
papilloma-like structures usually on the plantar surface of the hind foot
just proximal to the heel bulbs.
characterized by epidermal proliferation that after several weeks
produces the “hairy warts” or papillomatous lesions
43.
44.
45.
46. Treatment
Lesion affected individual animals should be treated topically. If necessary claw should
be trimmed to a normal shape. Deep scrapping of the lesion, local application of
antiseptics or oxytetracycline, gentian violet aerosol and provision of dry environment
are most effective.
Herd outbreaks are best treated with a footbath.
DD can be successfully controlled by a single passage through a footbath containing 5
to 6 grams/liter of oxytetracycline; for optimum effect the heel of the cows should
washed thoroughly before they enter the footbath.
Repeated treatments may be needed after 4 to 6 weeks.
47. In general, parenteral antibiotics have not shown any effect on
either erosive or proliferative type of DD.
For chronic lesions the only effective treatment is complete
resection of the proliferation under regional anesthesia.
A topical antiseptic dressing and a compression bandage should
applied for several days after surgery.
48.
49.
50. Pododermatitis circumscripta
(Sole ulcer, Rusterholz Ulcer)
Definition :
A sole ulcer is a specific circumscribed lesion located in the region of
sole or heel- sole junction , usually near the axial than abaxial margin of
the hind outer claw.
Ulceration of the sole may occur in any digit but is most common in the
lateral claws of the rear feet and the medial claws of the forelimbs.
Symmetrical ulcers occur in both rear limbs or both forelimbs.
The typical site for ulceration is in the corium that overlies the flexor
process of the third phalanx
51. Sole ulceration is one of the most debilitating,
costly and common causes of lameness
affecting beef and dairy cattle.
Ulcers may occur in the typical site:
1. beneath the flexortuberosity of the third
phalanx (sole ulcer)
2. in the heel (heel ulcer)
3. in the toe (toe ulcer) depending on the
location of the insult.
52. Incidence :
Sole ulcers commonly affect one or both lateral hind claws ,
predominantly in heavy , high-yielding dairy cattle kept
under confined condition.
In the fore limb , it more often involve the medial claw.
Bulls are less frequently affected.
53. Etiology :
The cause of sole ulcer is not fully known, but it probably results from localized
damage to the corium at the heel-sole junction .
Lack of exercise during winter housing , causing circulatory stasis in the foot.
Bruising of the sole.
Housing for long period on concrete. The cubicle system produces more sole ulcer
than pasture or straw yards.
Body weight. Medium-sized animal are more susceptible especially these with small
feet.
Wet conditions, which affect horn quantity, are associated with sole ulcers.
54. The heritable trait of straight limb may reduce the ability of the leg to
absorb shock.
Heel erosion and interdigital dermatitis are considered to be
predisposing or contributory causes of sole ulcer.
Chronic laminitis which produces poor horn quality and increase the
tendency to walk on the heel.
Hoof defects , such as overgrown toes, unequally sized claw and
corkscrew claws, which cause the animal to walk on the proximal sole
and the heel.
55. Pathogensis :
Sole ulcer originates from localized damage to the pododerm at
the sole-heel junction. Initially , there is localized ischemia that
get contused and thus results in an open ulcer which favors
proliferation of fusiformis necrophorus, coryne bacterium
pyogenes, streptococci, staphlococci and fungi. The suppuration
may also involve the navicular bursa and pedal joint.
56. Clinical Signs
The lesion is usually half inch in diameter, the sole get weekend
and the granulating mass produce through the ulceration.
The lameness is sudden in onset but its severity varies with the
extent of the lesion and degree of suppuration.
The affected limb is usually held abducted with weight bearing
on the unaffected medial digit or on the toe.
Cases suffering bilateral affection show alternative rest of the hind
limb and the animal tends to lie down more than usual .
the lesion varies from a soft, slightly discolored area, which may
be painful under pressure to an obvious circumscribed
57.
58.
59.
60. Diagnosis :
The site and nature of the condition are
characteristic.
The area is often covered by a ledge of sole horn
which protrudes toward the interdigital space, or the
thickening of the heel horn may be excessive.
Paring the excessive growth reveals hemorrhagic
horn.
61. Treatment and management :
Treatment for sole ulcer is to remove weight bearing from the affected
portion of the digit.
Depending on the location of the lesion and its severity, this may be
accomplished by corrective trimming and lowering the heel horn of the
affected claw.
Most often a hoof block is applied to the healthy claw.
If the ulcer is in the typical site or at the heel and there is sufficient heel
depth of the healthy toe, a “heelless” trimming method may be used.
Remove all necrotic tissue with the hoof knife.
This may require the use of anesthesia by IVRA
62. Clean and dress the wound with an astringent/ antibacterial spray
or powder.
Trim the foot to correct the shape and size.
This usually distributes the weight more evenly between the two
claw reducing the load on the sole ulcer.
Bandage the affected claw if the wound is extensive.
In more complicated cases, application of a wooden or rubber
block to the unaffected medial claw removes all weight bearing
from the region while healing proceeds.
63.
64. Important Things to Know About Sole Ulcers
1. Ulceration of the sole is one of the most painful, costly, and common
causes of cattle lameness
2. Ulcers may occur in the typical site (sole ulcer), in the heel (heel ulcer)
and in the toe (toe ulcer)
3. Treatment involves removal of loose horn, thinning of the margin of
the ulcer and the transfer of weight from the affected region to the
sound claw through the application of a hoof block.
4. Prevention is focused on performing regular functional claw
trimming.
65. White Line Disease (WLD)
White line disease (WLD) refers to a group of lesions hat affect the
junction between the sole and the wall of the claw.
These lesions of the white line include fissures, hemorrhage (pinkness
in the sole), and abscesses.
The outer claw of the rear foot is most commonly affected.
This disease is characterized by separation and penetration by
infected debris of the fibrous junction between the sole and the wall-
the ‘white line’ This often leads to abscessation
The lesion is usually found in the abaxial white line, immediately
distal to the bulb of the heel.
The outer claw of the hind foot is usually affected.
66. Incidence :
White line disease is seen mainly in older, housed cows, but occasionally housed
fattening cattle may be affected.
predisposing factors :
Wet, unhygienic conditions soften horn and provide an environment suitable for
anaerobic multiplication.
Hoof malformations, e.g. overgrowth, chronic laminitis and congenital axial rotation
of the toe, cause excessive stretching of the white line.
Poor horn quality , as a result of chronic laminitis, reduces the strength of the white
line.
Excessive walking on hard surfaces stretches the white line and wears the sole, thus
weakening the wall/sole bond.
Old age increases susceptibility , perhaps because horn quality deteriorates, resulting
in feet becoming deformed .
67. Clinical symptoms.
The lateral claw of the hind digit is usually involved and frequently
involves both hind limb.
Severity of lameness varies with the extent of tissue involved and
suppuration.
Initially the lesion may not be traced in the absence of any signs. In later
stages, the lesions are observed as black spots in the white line and
the claw is hot and percussion is painful.
Coronary sinus formation or separation of the heel horn at the
heel bulbs may be seen in advanced cases.
Complications :
Extension of infection up to the sensitive corium of the wall may lead
to deep sepsis e.g. navicular bursitis, arthritis of the pedal joint and
abscessation at the coronary .
68. Diagnosis :
Separation of the wall from the sole can be seen distinctly, but foot
examination must include careful paring of the hoof to expose and
excavate any small black spots in the white line which could mark the
position of an abscess The original lesion may be partially covered by
new horn growth.
Differential diagnosis
The diagnosis may be confused by acute lameness caused by lesions of
the bearing surfaces of the foot , such as sole puncture, sole ulcer,
fracture of the pedal bone and bruised sole.
69. Treatment and management :
Provide good drainage of the lesion by removing all necrotic tissue,
thereby leaving a hole which will allow the continued flow of pus.
If the lesion has extended up into the corium of the hoof wall, the
sinus so formed should be exposed by cutting an inverted V,
pointing towards the coronet.
If the sensitive corium is extensively involved, local anesthesia by
regional nerve block or local intravenous methods are necessary to
allow adequate paring.
Dress with an astringent/antibacterial spray.
Leave open to drain and clean daily.
The animal should be placed on clean bedding for several days.
70. If the underfoot conditions are unavoidably dirty , or the wound
is extensive, bandage the claw , using medicated gauze, cotton
wool pad and adhesive bandage.
the bandage should be removed after seven days and replaced if
necessary.
Systematic broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy for three days or
longer is indicated, especially if all the infected tissue has not
been removed.
71.
72. Punctured Sole
The condition is also known as punctured foot, pricked foot,
pododermatitis traumatica septica or septic laminitis and is defined
as diffused or localized septic inflammation of the pododerm. The
lesion mostly tends to be localized with an acute onset.
Incidence :
Penetration of the sole is a sporadic cause of lameness The hind feet
are usually affected more than the fore feet.
73. Etiology
The condition is primarily caused by penetrating nails, sharp
stones , glass and wires that pierce the horny capsule of the sole
and thus establish septic pododermatitis.
Cultural examination confirms a mixed infection with pyogenic
bacteria which may sometimes take place through the cracked sole.
Prolonged use of over loaded animals on concrete surface also results
in thinning of the sole which is then easily penetrated even by less
sharp object.
74. Clinical Signs :
The foreign body causes only pressure slight lameness. If complete
penetration through the horn has not occurred (Bruised sole) or a septic
traumatic poddermatitis results and sometimes foreign body may still
be present.
If complete penetration through the horn has occurred there is rapid
onset of lameness.
The animal hold its limb above the ground because of the development
of painful abscess.
The well advanced cases are characterized by the swelling of soft tissue
around the hooves.
75. Treatment and management :
Pare the affected horn. If only bruising is present further paring after
diagnosis is not necessary and the animal should be placed soft bedding
or pasture to allow healing
When there is infection ; the infected tract should be penetrated and
then excavated until all necrotic tissue has been removed and good
drainage obtained.
Dress the area with astringent / antibacterial spray .
Leave the excavated wound open to drain and place the animal on
clean bedding. Clean and dress the wound daily.
If underfoot conditions are dirty or the wound is extensive, bandage
the claw using medicated gauze ; cotton pad and adhesive bandage.
Remove the bandage after seven days and replace if necessary.
Systemic broad spectrum antibiotic therapy for three days or more is
indicated especially if all penetration is deep.
76. Toe Ulcer, Toe Necrosis
This condition results from over wear or over trimming at the
toe tip.
The resulting thin sole at the tip is more susceptible to deformation
from stepping on stones or irregular features of the flooring.
If a hematoma results at the toe tip, it may lead to a vascular necrosis
of the soft tissues at the toe tip .
If the lesion is open to the environment, miscellaneous bacteria may
invade and produce osteomyelitis or pathologic fracture of the tip of
the third phalanx
Conservative therapy with a hoof block and cleaning of the toe
tip usually results in a chronic state of infection and mild pain.
77. Our current approach to this problem is to place a hoof block on the
sound digit and amputate the distal portion of the affected digit.
Either obstetrical wire or hoof nippers may be used to remove slices of
the affected digit until all tissue exposed appears healthy.
A tight bandage is applied over some antibiotic powder to control
hemorrhage.
The bandage is removed in a few days.
There is no need for parenteral antibiotics.
Regrowth of functional cornified epithelium will cover the partial
amputation in about 1 month.
The prognosis is excellent.
78.
79. Deep Sepsis of the Digit
Untreated or late-treated foot rot, complicated sole ulcer, white line
abscess that extends into retroarticular structures, and puncture
wounds may all result in necrosis and/or infection of structures
important for weight bearing.
These problems have in common severe pain that is not relieved by
hoof blocks or analgesic medication.
Specific diagnosis of the problem may be aided by using a probe to
explore fistulous tracts or by inserting a hypodermic needle (14 or 16
gauge) into joints or tendon sheaths but rarely requires radiography.
Cows suffering from deep sepsis are truly suffering, and a
decision should be made at the first recognition of this problem
to euthanize, slaughter, or perform surgery.
80.
81. Inflammation of the Biflex canal in sheep
This canal is a double passage which open on either side of the
middle line of the digit about 1/4 inch above the entrance to the
interdigital space in front, it is orifice being marked with a tuft of
hair.
The canal is not present in the goat.
Causes :
Irritation caused by foreign matter gained entrance to the canal.
Leading to suppuration and necrosis.
Symptoms :
There is inflammation in the affected region .
On compression between fingers, a fatty discharge oozes from the
canal
Lameness is pronounced, the animal remains lying most of the time.
When both limbs are affected the animal walks on the knees.
82.
83. Treatment :
The hair around the orifices should be shortly cut and the lower parts
of the limb. including the foot, should be thoroughly cleaned with hot
antiseptic fomentation.
Compression should be applied to squeeze the contained infected
material .
Local infiltration of antibiotics around the inflamed canal and
inside it then bandage . This is repeated every 2-3 days till
recovery.
If there is phlegmone at the lower part of the limb, systemic injection
of antibiotics should be continued for three successive days.
84. Amputation of digit in cattle
This operation is recommended to treat
irreversible lesions of the deep tissues of the claw
such as:
Septic arthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint
Necrosis of the insertion of the deep flexor tendon to the
distal phalanx
Abscessation and necrosis of the digital cushion
Osteitis and osteolysis of the pedal bone
Pedal bone open fractures
85. Surgical technique
The cow is cast and placed in lateral recumbency with the affected digit
uppermost.
Alternatively the operation may be performed with the cow standing if
one of the crushes specifically designed for foot trimming is available,
because these the limb to be adequately immobilized .
Anesthesia can be achieved simply and effectively using an intravenous
regional nerve block.
Amputation may be carried out above or below the proximal
interphalangeal joint by sawing through the first or second
phalanges respectively, or by disarticulation of that joint which is
the method preferred by the authors.
86. The incision is made 0.5 cm. above the coronary band and is
continued through all the tissue to the underlying bone and continued
in like manner to encircle the digit.
The second phalanx is exposed on its lateral aspect and the
dissection is continued upwards to the proximal interphalangeal
joint which is located 1.5 cm above the initial skin incision.
Escape of synovial fluid indicates that the joint has been reached.
The joint is disarticulated by continuing the incision around the joint
thereby transecting the extensor tendon cranially, the flexor
tendon caudally and the medial collateral ligament. This is made
easier by manipulating the digit.
87. Once the digit has been removed , the articular cartilage is
removed from the distal end of the first phalanx using a
scalpel or currette.
Any necrotic tissue is removed by sharp dissection , and the
stump of the deep flexor tendon and its synovial sheath
are examined for evidence of infection.
The operation is completed by packing the wound with a
non-adhesive dressing and a cotton wool pad.
The foot is enclosed in cotton wool and a cotton bandage ,
and finally Elasoplast is applied as a pressure bandage to
control heamorrhage.
The stump is checked for any evidence of infection 4
days post operatively and the dressing is renewed.
88.
89. Corrective foot trimming
Corrective and preventative hoof trimming
Trimming is essential for the maintenance of healthy
normal feet on most
dairy farms as well as on artificial insemination centers
where dozens of bull are kept in confined conditions.
hoof trimming is being done well by full-time
professional trimmers who have their own specialist
equipment e.g. purpose-built crushes/chutes, including
the Wopa crate, or other models of turn-over devices,
most mechanically powered).
Trimmers often prefer to use powered metal disk
grinders (angle grinders).
90.
91.
92. Timing of trimming
Ideally at drying off, and again, assuming twice yearly job, at winter
housing
or not later than one month before spring turnout but often done
when time is available.
Site of trimming
preferably under cover, but good light essential
site should have easy route from collecting area and to outside yard
for later inspection, and be easily cleansed
93. Foot trimming methodology
1. Step One: Inner claw of hind foot.
If necessary trim the toe to a “correct length” of 7.5 cm (roughly
four fingers width) from the coronary band to the toe tip.
If in doubt leave the toe slightly longer rather than cut too much
off.
Cutting the toe too short can have serious consequences:
(a) Exposure of corium leading to bleeding and discomfort.
(b) Render a correct trim impossible, without making the sole too
thin.
94.
95. 2. Step two: Inner claw of hind foot.
Trim the sole to reduce its thickness to approximately 5 mm at the
cut edge of the toe. Most horn is removed from the toe.
The white line often reappears at this stage.
However if the inner claw was the correct length prior to trimming
then it should need no horn removed from the sole.
On the inner claw in most cases the heel should not be touched as
it is essential to maintain the height of heel of the inner claw. Once
the inner claw is trimmed it acts as a template for trimming the
outer claw.
3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 for the outer claw
96. 4. Step 3:
Dish out or model the normal non-weight bearing sole on the middle
third of the inner aspect of each claw.
Extend it about one-third the way towards the outer wall of the outer
claw. Make it smaller on the inner claw.
Do not go too deep and expose corium.
This step relieves weight bearing from the typical sole ulcer site.
97. 5. Step 4:
• Remove additional horn from the lateral claw so that it is equal in
height to the inner claw.
• Heel horn of the outer claw usually has to be removed to do this.
6. Step 5:
• Remove loose under-run horn at the heels, while trying to maintain
adequate weight distribution across and between claws.
98. The purpose of footbaths is:
inhibition or destruction of bacteria (e.g. Fusobacterium necrophorum)
involved in interdigital skin diseases
washing action, cleansing of digits
hardening of sole horn, reducing wear rate and incidence of bruising and
sole penetration
control of digital dermatitis and heel erosion
Equipment
Preferably two footbaths, in tandem, with first containing water or a mild
detergent mixture, the second the active solution.
99. Sitting Footbaths should be sited in a passageway 1.0 to 1.2 m wide on the return
route from the parlour. It is important to avoid a site directly at the parlour exit,
where congestion could cause delays to milking and also prevent the cows from
walking slowly through the bath.
Contents.
Water for washing the feet should be changed daily.
Astringent chemical solutions of either copper sulphate 5% or formalin 5% (2%
formaldehyde) must not be used more than twice a week even for herds with very
soft feet, and less frequently as the feet harden
Excessive use makes the horn brittle and may cause skin irritation. The depth of
solution in the bath should be 17 cm.
It is useful to have two baths in series, the first containing water to wash the feet and
so reduce contamination of the astringent in a second bath.
100. Specification - dimensions and structure.
Length 300cm at least.
Width 100cm at top, 60cm at bottom, in order to reduce the amount of solution
used.
Depth 30cm.
Ends sloping to permit emptying with a brush.
The surface should not be slippery.
Exit area should slope back to the bath to reduce the loss of solution.
it should open on to a large clean area, to prevent immediate recontamination of
feet with faeces.
Portable footbaths . These are made of glass fiber reinforced concrete and meet
the basic construction criteria.
Dry chemical footbaths.