NERVE BLOCK IN EQUINE HEAD
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This document discusses nerve blocks in the equine head to provide anesthesia for various procedures. It describes the key nerves, including the trigeminal, maxillary, mandibular, and others. It details the locations of nerve block sites, such as around the infraorbital foramen to anesthetize the upper lip and incisors. Different techniques are outlined, such as the 4 point block and Peterson eye block to anesthetize the eye globe for procedures like eyeball removal. The document provides guidance on performing nerve blocks to anesthetize specific regions of the head and teeth.
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Rajeev mishra ,castration of small animal(dog and cat).
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Cranial nerves can be damaged at different levels, resulting in upper or lower motor neuron weakness. Examination of the cranial nerves involves testing specific functions like smell, vision, eye movements, facial expression, hearing, swallowing and tongue movement. Common causes of cranial nerve lesions include tumors, infections, strokes and traumatic injuries. Examinations allow localization of lesions to particular cranial nerves or levels of the nervous system.
Trigeminal nerve
The trigeminal nerve (CN V) is responsible for sensation in the face and motor function of the muscles of mastication. It has three major branches - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. The abducens nerve (CN VI) innervates the lateral rectus muscle to control eye movement. The facial nerve (CN VII) is a mixed nerve that controls facial muscle expression and receives taste and sensation from the anterior tongue. The vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) carries sensory information for hearing and balance.
HEAD REGION NERVE BLOCK IN CAT & DOGS
Local and regional anesthetic techniques provide important adjuncts to general anesthesia by reducing anesthetic requirements, improving cardiovascular function, and providing preemptive and postoperative analgesia. In addition to their physiological benefits, local blocks are cost-effective and easy to perform. Common local anesthetics used include lidocaine, bupivacaine, and mepivacaine, with onset times ranging from 5-30 minutes and durations of 1-6 hours. Proper technique and familiarity with anatomy are required to perform dental, infraorbital, maxillary, mental, and inferior alveolar nerve blocks safely and effectively in small animals.
ANATOMY AND IMAGING OF CRANIAL NERVES.pptx
MRI is the best imaging modality for evaluating cranial nerves due to its high contrast resolution. It can visualize cranial nerves as dark structures against the bright CSF. CT is useful for evaluating bony structures. The 12 cranial nerves were described in detail, including their anatomy, pathways, and imaging appearance. Common pathologies that can involve cranial nerves include tumors such as schwannomas and meningiomas, inflammation such as optic neuritis, and infections.
Facialnerve 160502100010
The facial nerve (CN VII) is a mixed nerve that controls muscles of facial expression and muscles of the scalp, ear, and face. It has motor, sensory, and parasympathetic components. The facial nerve proper contains motor fibers that innervate muscles of facial expression, while the nervus intermedius contains sensory fibers for taste and autonomic fibers for salivary and lacrimal glands. The facial nerve exits the brainstem and travels through the facial canal before branching to innervate muscles and glands of the face.
Muscles of Face.pptx
The document summarizes the main muscles of the face, dividing them into four groups - epicranial, circumorbital and palpebral, nasal, and buccolabial. It describes the origin, insertion, innervation, blood supply, and actions of each muscle. Key muscles discussed include the occipitofrontalis, orbicularis oculi, corrugator supercilii, levator labii superioris, zygomaticus major, mentalis, and orbicularis oris.
anatomy.pptx
The document discusses the anatomy related to dental implants, including:
1. The maxillary nerve (V2) carries sensory information from structures like the lower eyelid, cheek, upper teeth and gums, and nasal mucosa. It has branches that pass through structures like the infraorbital canal.
2. The maxillary sinus is the largest paranasal sinus, located in the maxillary bone below the eyes. It has a pyramid shape with the base along the nasal wall. The anterior wall houses the infraorbital nerve and has a thin section above the canine tooth.
3. Procedures like maxillary sinus augmentation and basal implants are discussed as ways to place implants when the max
Seminar cranial nerves
The document discusses the 12 pairs of cranial nerves. It provides detailed information on the olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducent, and facial cranial nerves. It describes the embryology, course, distribution and functions of these nerves. It also discusses various clinical conditions that can arise from injuries or lesions to the different cranial nerves.
Cranial Nerves
The document describes the 12 cranial nerves, including their origins, paths through the skull, and functions. It provides detailed information on each nerve, with the olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducent, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal nerves all mentioned. Several cranial nerves are described in more depth, including their branches and specific structures innervated.
Facial nerve
The facial nerve is a mixed nerve that controls muscles of facial expression and sensation. It has motor, sensory, and parasympathetic components. The motor component innervates muscles of the face and head. The sensory component conveys taste from the tongue and sensation from the ear. The parasympathetic component regulates salivary and tear glands. Examination of the facial nerve tests motor function by asking the patient to move facial muscles, sensory function by testing taste and ear sensation, and secretory function by measuring tear and saliva levels.
Local anesthetic of maxillary
There are three main types of injections that can be used to anesthetize the maxilla: local infiltration, field block, and nerve block. Local infiltration involves supraperiosteal, intraseptal, or periodontal ligament injections near the treatment site. Field blocks deposit anesthetic toward larger terminal nerve branches, such as periapical injections. Nerve blocks deposit anesthetic near main nerve trunks, such as the posterior superior alveolar, middle superior alveolar, and anterior superior alveolar nerves. The document then provides details on administering specific nerve blocks to anesthetize different regions of the maxilla.
Mandibular nerve blocks techniques
This document discusses various nerve blocks for anesthetizing different areas innervated by branches of the mandibular nerve, including the inferior alveolar nerve block. It provides details on the nerves anesthetized, areas anesthetized, techniques, indications, and complications for the inferior alveolar nerve block as well as mental nerve block, incisive nerve block, long buccal nerve block, and lingual nerve block. Modifications to the classical inferior alveolar nerve block technique including those of Clarke and Holmes and Gow Gates are also summarized.
Cranial Nerves
This document provides information on the 12 cranial nerves, with a focus on the trigeminal nerve (CN V) and its three divisions - the ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3) nerves. It describes the origin, course, branches, and functions of these cranial nerves, including their roles in sensory innervation and motor control of structures in the head, neck, face, and oral cavity. The autonomic ganglia associated with CN V, such as the ciliary and sphenopalatine ganglia, are also discussed.
Cranial nerves 2
The document describes the anatomy and function of the facial nerve (CN VII). It begins with the nuclei of origin in the brainstem and describes the intracrannial course through the facial canal. It then details the extracranial course through the parotid gland and branches to various muscles. The facial nerve is responsible for motor innervation to muscles of facial expression and neck, and also carries special sensory fibers for taste via the chorda tympani and parasympathetic fibers to glands. Damage to different parts of the facial nerve results in varied clinical deficits depending on the branches affected. Bell's palsy is described as the most common cause of facial paralysis with unknown etiology.
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Nerve supply and anesthesia in maxillary arch.pptx
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NERVE BLOCK IN EQUINE HEAD
- 1. NERVE BLOCK IN EQUINE HEAD
- 3. NERVE BLOCK • Injecting local anesthetic solution into immediate vicinity of nerve.the drug diffuses into nerve trunk and anesthesize the area innervated by preventing any further conduction of impulses along nerve .
- 4. HORSE SKULL FORAMEN • Supraorbital foramen • Maxillary foramen • Infra orbital foramen • Infra orbital canal • Mandibular foramen • Mandibular canal • Mental foramen
- 6. NERVES • Trigiminal nerve • Opthalmic nerve • Supraorbital nerve • Maxillary nerve • Infra orbital nerve • Mandibular nerve • Mandibular alveolar nerve • Mental nerve • Auriculopalpebral nerve
- 9. CORNEA • Topical application of local anesthetic solution • 0.5% proparacaine or 1% solution of amethocaine , a potent longer acting opthalmic preparation
- 13. AURICULOPALBEBRAL BLOCK• Motor nerve • Branch of facial nerve (7 cranial nerve) • When blocked prevent closure of eye , keep the eye opened but not desensitized it • Indication • (akinesia of eye) • Keep the eye lid open to examine the eye ,remove foreign body or 3rd eye lid removal • Site • At the level of base of ear , at the endof zygomaticarch(dorsal aspect)
- 15. Supraorbital block• Sensory nerve • Trigeminal nerve ,supra orbital nerve is terminal branch of opthalmic nerve • Supply upperlid and forehead skin • Indication • Upper eyelid surgery • Frontal sinus trephining • Site • Around supra orbital foramen at supra orbital process • Hold the border of supra orbital process by thumb and middle finger and search for supra orbital foramen • by index
- 18. Anesthetize the eye globe • Retrobulbar nerve block • Sensory nerve • If blocked lead to blockage of optic nerve , occulomotor N, trochlear and abducens nerve block • Indication • extirpation/exenteration of eye ball • Techniques of block • 1. 4 point block • 2. peterson eye block • Supra orbital fossa block(horse only)
- 19. 4 point block • At medial and lateral canthus of eye + dorsally and ventrallyof eye ball between the globe and bony orbit under careful digital palpation
- 21. Peterson eye block • Long spinal needle passed over the zygomatic arch in a ventromedial direction until the medial wall of bony orbit is encountered
- 23. Supra orbital fossa block
- 24. Anesthesia of: •Nose •Upper lip •Upper incisor and canine
- 25. Infra orbital nerve block Sensory nerve Trigeminal nerves(5cr.N),, Maxillary nerve( enter maxillary foramen and run through infraorbital canal) come out of the canal through infraorbital foramen as infra orbitl nerve Site of block and indication 1. Around infra orbital foamen Nose, upper lip, incisor teethand adjacent gum 2. Inside infra orbital foramen Canines up to 1st premolar tooth and adjacent gum How to locate the infraorbital foramen Imaginary line from nasoincisive notch and end of facial crest half the way in this line and 2cm upward the infra orbital foramen locate after pushing up the levator labii maxillaris muscle
- 29. Anesthesia of: •Chin •Lower lip •Lower incisor and canine
- 30. Mental nerve • Sensory nerve • Trigeminal nerve • Mandibular nerve • Enter mandibular canal through mandibular foramen and run in the canal as mandibularalveolar nerve out from the canal through mental foramen as mental nerve • Siteof blocking and indication • 1. around mental foramen Desensitize lower lip, chin, lower incisor and adjacent gum 2. Inside mental foramen 3. Lower canine upto 1st premolar and adjacent gum the mental foramen located : Below oral commissure ormiddle of interdental space after pushing the depressor labii inferioris muscle
- 33. Maxillary nerve • Sensory nerve • Branches of trigeminal nerve(5 cr N) enter infra orbital canal through mxillary foramen in ptrygopalatine fossa • Site • Under the zygomatic process of eye • Indication • Desensitize upper molar, canine and incisor teeth and adjacent gum + lips and nose • Skin above maxillarysinus specially rostral(traphining)
- 37. Mandibular nerve • Mixed nerve • Branch of trigiminal nerve • Site and indication • At the level of mandibular foramen : • At medial aspect of mandibe • To locate it draw imaginary line parallel to occlusion surface of cheek teeth and other from lateral canthus of the till mandibular angle • Insert needle: • A-obliquely or • B- at extension of line taken from lateral canthus of eye till mandibular angle( need longer needle) • Will block entire lower jaw