By the end of the lesson you will be able to …
define coordinate clause.
say the characteristics of coordinate clause.
mention 7 coordinate conjunction.
say the differences between coordinate and subordinate clause.
The document discusses the basics of direct and indirect speech. It explains that direct speech conveys the exact words spoken in quotation marks, while indirect speech reports the main idea without quotations. It provides examples of changing pronouns, tenses, time, and more when converting from direct to indirect speech. Rules are given for imperative and exclamatory sentences as well.
The document discusses different types of non-finite verbs in English including infinitives, gerunds, and participles. It provides examples of how these non-finite verb forms function without subjects and can act as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. It also lists common verbs that can be followed by gerunds and explains the forms and uses of present, past, and perfect participles.
Chapter 2 phrase, clause and sentence structureMutee Ur Rehman
A group of words, which makes sense, but not complete sense, is called a phrase. It has not subject and verb.
A group of words forms part of a sentence and contains a subject and predicate, is called a clause. It has a finite verb.
A group of words which makes a complete sense, is called a sentence.
This document defines and provides examples of different types of clauses, with a focus on noun clauses. It defines a noun clause as a dependent clause that functions similar to a noun by acting as a subject, object, or complement. The document then discusses the different grammatical functions that noun clauses can serve, including as a subject, subject complement, direct object, object complement, prepositional complement, adjective phrase complement, and appositive. Examples are provided for each grammatical function.
This document discusses the different forms of verbs in English including:
- Infinitive form (to work), base form (work), simple past form (worked), past participle form (worked), present participle/progressive form (working)
- Present simple/3rd person singular form (works)
- Exceptions for the verb "be" which has 9 forms
- Irregular verbs which do not follow the regular patterns to form past/past participle
- Helping/auxiliary verbs which are used to change tense, voice, mood or type and include primary verbs (do, have) and modal verbs (can, may).
This document defines and provides examples of the three main types of conjunctions: coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, and correlative conjunctions. Coordinating conjunctions join individual words, phrases, and independent clauses. Subordinating conjunctions introduce dependent clauses and indicate the relationship between the dependent and independent clauses. Correlative conjunctions function in pairs to join equal grammatical elements.
Phrases - what are phrases and types of phrasesMaria Sofea
This document defines and provides examples of different types of phrases. A phrase is a group of words that does not contain both a subject and predicate. There are seven main types of phrases: verb phrases, prepositional phrases, participial phrases, infinitive phrases, gerund phrases, appositive phrases, and adverbial phrases. Each type is defined and an example is given to illustrate how it functions within a sentence.
What Are Adverbial Clauses?
An adverbial clause (or an adverb clause) is a group of words which plays the role of an adverb. (Like all clauses, an adverbial clause will contain a subject and a verb.)
All adverbs (including adverbial clauses) can usually be categorized as one of the following:
Adverb Of Time
Adverb Of Manner
Adverb Of Place
Adverb Of Reason
Adverb Of Condition
Adverbs of Concession
Definition, list and examples in each adverbial clauses.
The document discusses the basics of direct and indirect speech. It explains that direct speech conveys the exact words spoken in quotation marks, while indirect speech reports the main idea without quotations. It provides examples of changing pronouns, tenses, time, and more when converting from direct to indirect speech. Rules are given for imperative and exclamatory sentences as well.
The document discusses different types of non-finite verbs in English including infinitives, gerunds, and participles. It provides examples of how these non-finite verb forms function without subjects and can act as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. It also lists common verbs that can be followed by gerunds and explains the forms and uses of present, past, and perfect participles.
Chapter 2 phrase, clause and sentence structureMutee Ur Rehman
A group of words, which makes sense, but not complete sense, is called a phrase. It has not subject and verb.
A group of words forms part of a sentence and contains a subject and predicate, is called a clause. It has a finite verb.
A group of words which makes a complete sense, is called a sentence.
This document defines and provides examples of different types of clauses, with a focus on noun clauses. It defines a noun clause as a dependent clause that functions similar to a noun by acting as a subject, object, or complement. The document then discusses the different grammatical functions that noun clauses can serve, including as a subject, subject complement, direct object, object complement, prepositional complement, adjective phrase complement, and appositive. Examples are provided for each grammatical function.
This document discusses the different forms of verbs in English including:
- Infinitive form (to work), base form (work), simple past form (worked), past participle form (worked), present participle/progressive form (working)
- Present simple/3rd person singular form (works)
- Exceptions for the verb "be" which has 9 forms
- Irregular verbs which do not follow the regular patterns to form past/past participle
- Helping/auxiliary verbs which are used to change tense, voice, mood or type and include primary verbs (do, have) and modal verbs (can, may).
This document defines and provides examples of the three main types of conjunctions: coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, and correlative conjunctions. Coordinating conjunctions join individual words, phrases, and independent clauses. Subordinating conjunctions introduce dependent clauses and indicate the relationship between the dependent and independent clauses. Correlative conjunctions function in pairs to join equal grammatical elements.
Phrases - what are phrases and types of phrasesMaria Sofea
This document defines and provides examples of different types of phrases. A phrase is a group of words that does not contain both a subject and predicate. There are seven main types of phrases: verb phrases, prepositional phrases, participial phrases, infinitive phrases, gerund phrases, appositive phrases, and adverbial phrases. Each type is defined and an example is given to illustrate how it functions within a sentence.
What Are Adverbial Clauses?
An adverbial clause (or an adverb clause) is a group of words which plays the role of an adverb. (Like all clauses, an adverbial clause will contain a subject and a verb.)
All adverbs (including adverbial clauses) can usually be categorized as one of the following:
Adverb Of Time
Adverb Of Manner
Adverb Of Place
Adverb Of Reason
Adverb Of Condition
Adverbs of Concession
Definition, list and examples in each adverbial clauses.
The document discusses the different types of verbs in English including action verbs, transitive verbs, intransitive verbs, finite verbs, non-finite verbs, dynamic verbs, stative verbs, regular verbs, irregular verbs, and auxiliary verbs. Examples are provided for each type of verb to illustrate their meaning and usage in sentences. Key types are action verbs that show an action, transitive verbs that take a direct object, and irregular verbs that do not follow standard conjugation patterns.
Sentence, Parts of a Sentence, Subject and Predicate, Complements, Direct Object, Indirect Object, Predicate Nominative, Predicate Adjective, Basic Sentence Structure
The document discusses various ways that pronouns, verbs, and other elements can be omitted in English sentences when the intended meaning remains clear from the context. It provides examples of omitting pronouns and verbs in coordinate and subordinate clauses, replacing verbs with "do" to avoid repetition, using "so" to replace verb phrases, and other patterns of ellipsis in English.
This document discusses different types of sentences including simple, compound, and complex sentences. It defines sentences formally based on punctuation and notionally based on meaning. Sentences are made up of clauses, which are made up of phrases, which are made up of words. Words can have formal labels like nouns or functional labels like subject based on their role. The basic sentence patterns and types are described. Coordination, subordination, and embedding are explained. Formal and semantic labels for sentences are defined. Passivization is briefly covered.
What are noun clauses and how can you use them to improve your English? This is actual a simple part of the English language and this PPT can teach you how and why we use noun clauses in a sentence. See http://www.ted-ielts.com for more free grammar lessons.
The document provides information about adjective clauses:
1) An adjective clause modifies a noun or pronoun and includes both a subject and a verb. It usually follows the word or words it modifies.
2) Adjective clauses are often introduced by relative pronouns like "that", "which", "who", or "whom". Relative adverbs like "when" and "where" can also introduce adjective clauses.
3) Adjective clauses add clarity and description to writing but should be used sparingly to avoid wordiness.
A noun clause is a group of words that functions as a noun and typically includes a subject and verb. Noun clauses can be used as subjects, subject complements, objects, or objects of prepositions. They often follow verbs and adjectives that express mental activities or opinions and can be used to include questions in statements or report what someone said or asked. There are three types of noun clauses: those introduced by "that", those with wh- words, and those with "if/whether".
Word formation refers to the creation of new words by combining existing morphemes. There are productive and non-productive ways of word formation. Productive methods include affixation (adding prefixes or suffixes), compounding, conversion, abbreviation, and clipping. Non-productive methods are blending, backformation, sound imitation, and stress interchange. Affixation is the most common productive method and involves changing the part of speech or meaning of a word by adding prefixes or suffixes.
The document discusses prepositions and provides examples of the prepositions "to", "up", and "off". It explains that prepositions show the relationship between two things and can indicate location, timing, or direction. Specifically, it states that "to" can indicate direction or purpose, "up" indicates direction away from the ground, and "off" indicates direction away from an original place. Examples are given for each preposition to illustrate its meaning and usage.
A verb phrase consists of two parts: a helping verb and a main verb. The helping verb comes before the main verb and begins the verb phrase. Examples of helping verbs include be, have, can, will, is, am, are, and were. There can be more than one helping verb or an adverb between the helping verb and main verb. However, words like "not" and "also" are not verbs and cannot be part of the verb phrase.
This document defines and provides examples of the five basic elements of a sentence: subjects, verbs, objects, complements, and adverbials. It explains that a subject is the person or thing performing the action of the sentence. A verb expresses the action or state of being. Objects receive the action of verbs. Complements add more meaning about the subject or object. Adverbials modify verbs or add circumstances. Examples are given for each element to illustrate their usage in simple sentences.
The document discusses the different types of adjectives in English grammar. It defines adjectives as words that add description to nouns and pronouns. There are several kinds of adjectives, including adjectives of quality, quantity, number, distributive adjectives, demonstrative adjectives, possessive adjectives, participial adjectives, interrogative adjectives, and exclamatory adjectives. Each type is defined and examples are provided. The document serves as a guide to the classification of adjectives according to their function.
This document discusses the rules and formation of active and passive voice in English grammar. It explains how the subject and object are reversed in passive voice sentences and that the past participle form of the verb is used. It provides examples of changing sentences between active and passive voice for various tenses, including present, past, future, perfect, continuous and modal verbs. The document also notes some tenses that cannot be changed to passive voice and provides examples of changing imperative sentences.
Voice refers to whether the subject of a sentence performs an action (active voice) or receives an action (passive voice). In the active voice, the subject performs the action and the object receives it. In the passive voice, the object becomes the subject and the subject is either not mentioned or follows the verb in a prepositional phrase using "by". The passive voice forms require a linking verb like "be" and the past participle form of the main verb. Passive voice transformations can occur for all verb tenses and with modal verbs. Examples are provided to demonstrate active and passive voice sentences.
The document discusses modifiers and how to use them correctly to avoid unclear meanings. It defines modifiers as words, phrases, or clauses that provide description. It explains that misplaced or dangling modifiers can lead to illogical meanings if not placed close to the words they intend to describe. The document provides examples of different types of modifiers and guidelines for ensuring they are placed properly to accurately convey intended meanings in sentences.
This document discusses different types of prepositions in English grammar. It defines prepositions as words used before nouns to indicate their relationship to other words in the sentence. Prepositions are divided into categories based on their use - of place, time and movement. They are also classified based on their structure as simple one-word prepositions, double prepositions that combine into one word, compound two-word prepositions, and participle prepositions formed from verb participles. Examples are provided for each type of preposition along with exercises for students to practice identifying and using different prepositions correctly.
The document discusses adverbial phrases and their use in sentences. It defines adverbial phrases as groups of words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs by describing how, why, where, or when an action occurred. Several examples of sentences are provided that contain adverbial phrases answering "how," "where," "why," or "when." A quiz section then gives additional sentences for the reader to identify the verb being modified and determine which question (how, where, why, when) the adverbial phrase in each sentence answers.
This document defines and provides examples of different types of clauses, including main clauses, dependent clauses, adjective clauses, adverb clauses, noun clauses, and relative clauses. It also distinguishes clauses from phrases by noting that clauses contain a subject and verb and can express a complete thought, whereas phrases lack subjects and verbs. Examples are provided to illustrate each type of clause and how they function within sentences.
A verb phrase consists of a main verb combined with a helping verb, also known as an auxiliary verb. Some examples of verb phrases include "was preparing", "could speak", "may have been sleeping", and "must pay" which all contain a helping verb and main verb. A verb phrase is a group of words that together function as the verb, usually containing both a helping verb and main action verb like "are chasing" while a single verb like "chase" is not itself a verb phrase.
The document discusses different types of phrases in English grammar including noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, adverbial phrases, prepositional phrases, gerundive phrases, participial phrases, and infinitive phrases. It provides examples and explanations of the structure and functions of each type of phrase. The key information discussed includes the components and order of elements in different phrases, as well as how phrases can function within sentences.
1. Coordination involves joining two or more equal elements using coordinators like "and", "or", and "but".
2. Coordination is different from other constructions in that it has no head. The elements joined are called coordinates.
3. There are some distinctive properties of coordination including that there is no limit to the number of coordinates, the coordinates must be syntactically similar, and an expanded coordinate can never be preposed.
The document discusses different types of clauses, including main and subordinate clauses. It defines a clause as a group of words containing a subject and verb. Main clauses can stand alone as sentences, while subordinate clauses depend on a main clause for meaning. The document goes on to describe different types of subordinate clauses such as noun clauses, relative clauses, and adverbial clauses. It provides examples and explanations of each type of clause.
The document discusses the different types of verbs in English including action verbs, transitive verbs, intransitive verbs, finite verbs, non-finite verbs, dynamic verbs, stative verbs, regular verbs, irregular verbs, and auxiliary verbs. Examples are provided for each type of verb to illustrate their meaning and usage in sentences. Key types are action verbs that show an action, transitive verbs that take a direct object, and irregular verbs that do not follow standard conjugation patterns.
Sentence, Parts of a Sentence, Subject and Predicate, Complements, Direct Object, Indirect Object, Predicate Nominative, Predicate Adjective, Basic Sentence Structure
The document discusses various ways that pronouns, verbs, and other elements can be omitted in English sentences when the intended meaning remains clear from the context. It provides examples of omitting pronouns and verbs in coordinate and subordinate clauses, replacing verbs with "do" to avoid repetition, using "so" to replace verb phrases, and other patterns of ellipsis in English.
This document discusses different types of sentences including simple, compound, and complex sentences. It defines sentences formally based on punctuation and notionally based on meaning. Sentences are made up of clauses, which are made up of phrases, which are made up of words. Words can have formal labels like nouns or functional labels like subject based on their role. The basic sentence patterns and types are described. Coordination, subordination, and embedding are explained. Formal and semantic labels for sentences are defined. Passivization is briefly covered.
What are noun clauses and how can you use them to improve your English? This is actual a simple part of the English language and this PPT can teach you how and why we use noun clauses in a sentence. See http://www.ted-ielts.com for more free grammar lessons.
The document provides information about adjective clauses:
1) An adjective clause modifies a noun or pronoun and includes both a subject and a verb. It usually follows the word or words it modifies.
2) Adjective clauses are often introduced by relative pronouns like "that", "which", "who", or "whom". Relative adverbs like "when" and "where" can also introduce adjective clauses.
3) Adjective clauses add clarity and description to writing but should be used sparingly to avoid wordiness.
A noun clause is a group of words that functions as a noun and typically includes a subject and verb. Noun clauses can be used as subjects, subject complements, objects, or objects of prepositions. They often follow verbs and adjectives that express mental activities or opinions and can be used to include questions in statements or report what someone said or asked. There are three types of noun clauses: those introduced by "that", those with wh- words, and those with "if/whether".
Word formation refers to the creation of new words by combining existing morphemes. There are productive and non-productive ways of word formation. Productive methods include affixation (adding prefixes or suffixes), compounding, conversion, abbreviation, and clipping. Non-productive methods are blending, backformation, sound imitation, and stress interchange. Affixation is the most common productive method and involves changing the part of speech or meaning of a word by adding prefixes or suffixes.
The document discusses prepositions and provides examples of the prepositions "to", "up", and "off". It explains that prepositions show the relationship between two things and can indicate location, timing, or direction. Specifically, it states that "to" can indicate direction or purpose, "up" indicates direction away from the ground, and "off" indicates direction away from an original place. Examples are given for each preposition to illustrate its meaning and usage.
A verb phrase consists of two parts: a helping verb and a main verb. The helping verb comes before the main verb and begins the verb phrase. Examples of helping verbs include be, have, can, will, is, am, are, and were. There can be more than one helping verb or an adverb between the helping verb and main verb. However, words like "not" and "also" are not verbs and cannot be part of the verb phrase.
This document defines and provides examples of the five basic elements of a sentence: subjects, verbs, objects, complements, and adverbials. It explains that a subject is the person or thing performing the action of the sentence. A verb expresses the action or state of being. Objects receive the action of verbs. Complements add more meaning about the subject or object. Adverbials modify verbs or add circumstances. Examples are given for each element to illustrate their usage in simple sentences.
The document discusses the different types of adjectives in English grammar. It defines adjectives as words that add description to nouns and pronouns. There are several kinds of adjectives, including adjectives of quality, quantity, number, distributive adjectives, demonstrative adjectives, possessive adjectives, participial adjectives, interrogative adjectives, and exclamatory adjectives. Each type is defined and examples are provided. The document serves as a guide to the classification of adjectives according to their function.
This document discusses the rules and formation of active and passive voice in English grammar. It explains how the subject and object are reversed in passive voice sentences and that the past participle form of the verb is used. It provides examples of changing sentences between active and passive voice for various tenses, including present, past, future, perfect, continuous and modal verbs. The document also notes some tenses that cannot be changed to passive voice and provides examples of changing imperative sentences.
Voice refers to whether the subject of a sentence performs an action (active voice) or receives an action (passive voice). In the active voice, the subject performs the action and the object receives it. In the passive voice, the object becomes the subject and the subject is either not mentioned or follows the verb in a prepositional phrase using "by". The passive voice forms require a linking verb like "be" and the past participle form of the main verb. Passive voice transformations can occur for all verb tenses and with modal verbs. Examples are provided to demonstrate active and passive voice sentences.
The document discusses modifiers and how to use them correctly to avoid unclear meanings. It defines modifiers as words, phrases, or clauses that provide description. It explains that misplaced or dangling modifiers can lead to illogical meanings if not placed close to the words they intend to describe. The document provides examples of different types of modifiers and guidelines for ensuring they are placed properly to accurately convey intended meanings in sentences.
This document discusses different types of prepositions in English grammar. It defines prepositions as words used before nouns to indicate their relationship to other words in the sentence. Prepositions are divided into categories based on their use - of place, time and movement. They are also classified based on their structure as simple one-word prepositions, double prepositions that combine into one word, compound two-word prepositions, and participle prepositions formed from verb participles. Examples are provided for each type of preposition along with exercises for students to practice identifying and using different prepositions correctly.
The document discusses adverbial phrases and their use in sentences. It defines adverbial phrases as groups of words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs by describing how, why, where, or when an action occurred. Several examples of sentences are provided that contain adverbial phrases answering "how," "where," "why," or "when." A quiz section then gives additional sentences for the reader to identify the verb being modified and determine which question (how, where, why, when) the adverbial phrase in each sentence answers.
This document defines and provides examples of different types of clauses, including main clauses, dependent clauses, adjective clauses, adverb clauses, noun clauses, and relative clauses. It also distinguishes clauses from phrases by noting that clauses contain a subject and verb and can express a complete thought, whereas phrases lack subjects and verbs. Examples are provided to illustrate each type of clause and how they function within sentences.
A verb phrase consists of a main verb combined with a helping verb, also known as an auxiliary verb. Some examples of verb phrases include "was preparing", "could speak", "may have been sleeping", and "must pay" which all contain a helping verb and main verb. A verb phrase is a group of words that together function as the verb, usually containing both a helping verb and main action verb like "are chasing" while a single verb like "chase" is not itself a verb phrase.
The document discusses different types of phrases in English grammar including noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, adverbial phrases, prepositional phrases, gerundive phrases, participial phrases, and infinitive phrases. It provides examples and explanations of the structure and functions of each type of phrase. The key information discussed includes the components and order of elements in different phrases, as well as how phrases can function within sentences.
1. Coordination involves joining two or more equal elements using coordinators like "and", "or", and "but".
2. Coordination is different from other constructions in that it has no head. The elements joined are called coordinates.
3. There are some distinctive properties of coordination including that there is no limit to the number of coordinates, the coordinates must be syntactically similar, and an expanded coordinate can never be preposed.
The document discusses different types of clauses, including main and subordinate clauses. It defines a clause as a group of words containing a subject and verb. Main clauses can stand alone as sentences, while subordinate clauses depend on a main clause for meaning. The document goes on to describe different types of subordinate clauses such as noun clauses, relative clauses, and adverbial clauses. It provides examples and explanations of each type of clause.
Reduction of adverb_clauses_to_modifying_adverbial_phrases[1]jersongomezo
The document discusses how to change adverb clauses to modifying adverbial phrases by omitting the subject of the dependent clause and changing the verb to the -ing form. It provides examples such as "While I was walking to class, I ran into an old friend" becoming "While walking to class, I ran into an old friend." Adverb clauses can only be changed this way when the subject of the adverb clause and main clause are the same. It also discusses how these modifying phrases can express ideas of simultaneous time or cause and effect.
Adverbial clauses; adverbial clauses of timeFesta Shabani
This document discusses various types of adverbial clauses of time in English. It describes temporal subordinators like when, whenever, while, as, as long as, till/until, since, after, and before and how they introduce adverbial clauses that indicate the time of the situation in the main clause. It also discusses non-finite adverbial clauses of time introduced by gerunds, present and past participles, and perfect participles, and the use of when and while with participial clauses.
The document discusses coordination in organizations. It defines coordination as organizing different people or things to work together for a common goal. It provides examples of how coordination is important for various management functions like planning, organizing, staffing, directing, communicating, motivating and controlling. It emphasizes that coordination is essential for management as it affects all management functions and helps achieve objectives efficiently with optimal resource utilization.
This document discusses adverb clauses. It defines adverb clauses as dependent clauses that modify verbs like adverbs or adverb phrases. It provides examples of different types of adverb clauses including time, place, cause, contrast, condition, purpose, result, and manner. It lists common subordinating conjunctions or adverb clause markers for each type. The document also provides exercises identifying adverb clauses and discusses reduced adverb clauses formed with participles and clause markers.
Player owns and guides a small town near a railroad through building construction, transportation development, and hosting festivals and events to please the town's residents, or townies, who provide quests and hints to further expand the town.
The document describes The Climate Mystery, an online learning universe and multiplayer game about climate change that will run in conjunction with the 2009 UN COP15 Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen. The game is aimed at 12-16 year olds and will engage students over 4 months this autumn in solving a mystery threatening the planet while learning about global climate challenges. Each week will focus on a different climate-related subject and have students complete assignments, discuss issues in forums, and simulate dealing with climate disasters. The game is intended to teach about climate change in an entertaining way for the new "YouTube Generation" of students.
Este documento presenta un ejemplo de cálculo de costos conjuntos para dos productos, agua mineral y gaseosa, producidos por una empresa. Describe los procesos comunes de depuración y vitaminización requeridos y asigna sus costos a los productos basado en su proporción física de producción. Luego calcula los costos separables por producto y el costo total. Finalmente determina los precios de venta, utilidades por línea de producto e utilidad total.
The document discusses different types of conjunctions in English including coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, and correlative conjunctions. Coordinating conjunctions connect grammatically equal elements in a sentence and include and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet. Subordinating conjunctions introduce dependent clauses and include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, until, when, where. Correlative conjunctions occur in pairs to join similar parts of a sentence like both...and, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also, as...as. The document provides examples of how each type of conjunction is used in sentences.
This document outlines a research project that aims to compare English language teaching methods and results in primary schools in Spain and Poland. The project has several key objectives: 1) Understanding the current English education systems in both countries; 2) Comparing the education systems; 3) Discovering the most effective teaching methodology; 4) Finding reasons for differences in English proficiency levels.
To achieve these objectives, the project will involve questionnaires for English teachers and students, as well as interviews with company managers. It will analyze teaching methods, materials, and student/teacher preferences in Spain and Poland.
This document defines and provides examples of different types of conjunctions in English grammar. It discusses coordinating conjunctions that join words or phrases of equal importance, correlative conjunctions that always come in pairs, and subordinating conjunctions that introduce subordinate clauses and show relationships of time, manner, reason, etc. It also covers conjunctive adverbs that connect independent clauses.
The document discusses parallel construction in grammar and provides examples and guidelines for creating parallel structure in sentences. It defines parallel construction as balancing ideas so the reader can easily follow the concepts. It notes that items in a series, pairs of ideas joined by conjunctions, and ideas with repeated function words should be in parallel form using the same patterns of words, phrases, or structure. Examples are given to illustrate parallel and non-parallel constructions.
Hello grammarians! This powerpoint presentation will present the most popular correlative conjunctions as well as the most common mistakes committed by the English speakers and writers.
Conjunctions presentation by Hasnain AliHasnain Ali
The document defines conjunctions as words that connect words, phrases, or sentences together. It lists five types of conjunctions: subordinating conjunctions join subordinate clauses to main clauses; correlating conjunctions always come in pairs and link balanced elements; compound conjunctions are phrases that act as a single conjunction; coordinating conjunctions join similar grammatical elements; and pseudo conjunctions involve other parts of speech acting as conjunctions. Examples are provided for each conjunction type.
The document summarizes the eight parts of speech in English grammar: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. It provides examples and definitions for each part of speech. It also discusses the different verb tenses in English including present, past, future, perfect, continuous, and perfect continuous tenses.
This document discusses compound sentences and provides the acronym FANBOYS to represent the coordinating conjunctions that can be used to join two independent clauses: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.
Horses were originally wild in North America but went extinct there after people began traveling globally. People first domesticated horses in Central Asia around 4000 BC to use for transportation and food. Various equestrian sports and competitions developed involving skills like navigating obstacle courses, dressage, jumping, and trick riding. There are many breeds of horses and factors like coat color are based on genetics. Important historical uses of horses included warfare and establishing settlements through nomadic herding.
This document discusses conjunctions and provides examples of how they are used to join words, phrases, and sentences. It defines coordinating conjunctions as words that join elements that are the same, such as "for", "and", "nor", "but", "or", "yet", and "so". The document provides the meanings of these conjunctions and examples of sentences containing conjunctions for the reader to identify the conjunctions.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document provides information on run-on sentences and how to identify and correct them. It defines run-on sentences as two or more complete sentences run together without proper punctuation or conjunction. There are two main types of run-ons: fused sentences with no punctuation between complete ideas, and comma splices which incorrectly use only a comma to join two independent clauses. The document then discusses four ways to correct run-ons: using a period, using a comma plus conjunction, using a semicolon, or using subordination. Examples are provided to illustrate each correction technique.
Clause (Part 6 of 10)-Adjective or Relative ClauseMd. Abdul Kader
By the end of the lesson you will be able to …
define an adjective clause.
mention the characteristics of adjective clause.
mention types of adjective clause.
say different position of adjective clause.
identify some adjective clauses.
By the end of the lesson you will be able to …
say what is an Independent clause.
say the characteristics of Independent clause.
describe the position of the Independent clause in the sentence.
mention some independent clause markers.
Identify an independent clause.
This document summarizes habitual behavior in the present and past tenses.
It discusses using the present simple tense to describe habitual actions in the present, with or without adverbs of frequency. It also explains using the present continuous tense with adverbs of frequency to describe annoying habits. Additionally, it covers using "tend to" and "will" to describe habitual behavior.
For the past tense, it discusses using the past simple with adverbs of frequency, "used to" plus an infinitive, and "would" plus an infinitive to describe habitual behavior in the past.
The document also includes vocabulary related to clothing and different lifestyles.
By the end of the lesson you will be able to …
say what the past & future time clause are.
say the tense form of the verb of main clause used with time clause.
say the tense form of verb in the past and future time clause.
avoid using “will or will be going to” in the future time clause.
mention the clause order of the time clause.
At the end of the 1-hour learning period, learners will be able to: identify conditional sentences, construct conditional sentences, and appreciate their use in everyday conversations. The document provides instruction on identifying and constructing zero and first conditional sentences through examples and exercises for learners to practice. It emphasizes the importance of learning conditional sentences.
- Verb tenses must be used properly, with eternal truths staying in the present tense regardless of other verbs.
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Conjunctions Notes and Exercise By KelvinKelvinSmart2
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The document discusses the five basic rules for using commas: (1) between two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction, (2) after introductory words or phrases, (3) in a series, (4) with cumulative adjectives but not coordinate adjectives, and (5) to set off nonrestrictive elements. It provides examples for each rule and a short quiz to evaluate understanding of comma usage. The document concludes by requesting anonymous feedback on the training through a course evaluation.
This document provides information and examples about the use of pronouns in English. It discusses generic pronouns like you, one, we and they which can be used to refer to people in general. It also covers reflexive and reciprocal pronouns like myself, yourself, each other and one another. Finally, it examines the uses of the pronouns it and there, noting that it is used with be to talk about time, temperature, distance or as a preparatory subject, while there indicates existence or presence. The document aims to clarify the appropriate uses of different pronouns through examples.
This document provides an overview of basic writing and composition skills. It is the first of five parts that covers topics such as sentence structure, grammar, punctuation, and sentence rhetoric. The objectives are for students to learn the proper way of writing, composing, and basic writing concepts. Examples are provided to illustrate different sentence structures, grammar, and ways to improve sentence rhetoric. Activities are included for students to practice these skills.
This document discusses different types of sentences and clauses in English grammar. It defines four types of sentences: simple sentences with one independent clause, compound sentences with two independent clauses joined with a coordinator, complex sentences with one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses, and compound-complex sentences with two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. It then explains three types of dependent clauses in more detail: noun clauses, relative/adjective clauses introduced by relative pronouns, and adverbial clauses that function as adverbs of time, place, reason, purpose, concession, or condition.
The document discusses the key components of sentences in the English language. It begins by defining the basic units of phrases and clauses. It then explains the different types of sentences: simple sentences contain one independent clause, compound sentences join two independent clauses, complex sentences contain one independent clause and one dependent clause, and compound-complex sentences contain at least two independent clauses and one dependent clause. The document provides examples for each sentence type and discusses the punctuation and conjunctions used to join the clauses.
The document provides guidance on correcting errors in sentences for standardized tests. It discusses common grammatical rules tested, such as subject-verb agreement, tense, modifiers and parallels. Examples are given of sentences with errors and the correct answers. Tips are provided such as considering the whole context rather than just the underlined part and using a process of elimination to choose the best answer.
Commas aren't as scary as they seem! This show demystifies the comma. Learn to use them correctly and increase clarity in your writing, get more jobs, and influence people.
This document appears to be teaching materials for a class on English grammar related to clauses. It includes exercises where students are asked to identify different types of clauses in sentences. The exercises progress from identifying and underlining clauses to analyzing the structure of clauses by identifying subjects, verbs, and complements. The overall learning outcome is for students to be able to correctly identify different types of clauses.
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Clause (Part 4 of 10)- Coordinate clause
1. Md. Abdul Kader
Lecturer
Department of English
Cambrian College
Mobile: +8801715447430
Email : has83abdulkader@gmail.com
Welcome to all of you.
English Grammar
Class-IX-XII
3. Learning Outcome
8/2/2014Coordinate clause 3
• define coordinate clause.
• say the characteristics of
coordinate clause.
• mention 7 coordinate
conjunction.
• say the differences
between coordinate and
subordinate clause.
By the
end of
the
lesson
you will
be able
to …
5. When two or more than two clauses
of are joined with a
coordinating conjunction to make
sentence then it is called a
coordinate clause.
Definition
** Equal value means either two or more
principal clause or two or more subordinate
clause.
8/2/2014Coordinate clause 5
“equal value” **
6. Example of Coordinate Clause
• She heard the news and (she) cried
out in grief.
• He went there but (he) could not see
the man.
• You must study hard or (otherwise)
you will fail.
• "I wasn't a fan of most vegetables, but
I didn't mind peas.“
• "It was apple-blossom time, and the
days were getting warmer."
8/2/2014Coordinate clause 6
7. Example of Coordinate Clause
1. "I wasn't a fan of most vegetables, but I
didn't mind peas.“
2. "They ate the dessert, and neither one
mentioned the fact that it was slightly
burned.“
3. "Her name was Emma Glenn, but no one
except her closest friends and the white
people on the river ever called her anything
but Miss Emma.“
4. "The farmhouse is surrounded by heavy oaks
and maples, and a hundred acres of field corn
are visible from the kitchen."
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8. Example of Coordinate Clause
Coordination of Three Clauses
We fed Tommy on the porch, but he was too wild to set foot in
the kitchen, and only my grandmother, in a way wild herself,
couldtouchhim.
Money is not everything, but it is necessary, and business is not
volunteerwork.
Either defend the status quo, and stop complaining about the
resultingcosts,orrethinkthestatusquo.
"In college the whole world opened up, and the books and poets
being taught in my English and philosophy classes gave me the
feelingforthefirsttimeinmylifethattherewashope,hopethatI
mightfindmyplaceinacommunity."
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9. You can also coordinate with a semicolon.
+ ; + ma in cla use.
The interviewer had seven Persian cats. She would
understand Marvin’s predicament.
The interviewer had seven Persian cats; she
would understand Marvin’s predicament.
Main clause
Main clause + ; + main clause.t ra nsit ion + , +
The interviewer had seven Persian cats; as a
result, she would understand Marvin’s predicament.
Still
balanced.
8/2/2014Coordinate clause 9
11. Characteristics of coordinate clause
8/2/2014Coordinate clause 11
It doesn’t function as a subject, object,
complement or adverbial.
Often a coordinate clause is marked by
Coordinating Conjunctions.
Each clause makes complete sense by
itself even though it is a part of a larger
sentence.
The coordinate clauses in a sentence have
an equal level of importance or rank.
13. CO-ORDINATE CLAUSE MARKERS
Coordinating Conjunctions
F A N B O Y S - Join two independent
clauses (with a comma) to form
coordinate clause.
• For
• And
• Nor
• But
• Or
• Yet
• So
8/2/2014Coordinate clause 13
15. Difference between coordinate and
subordinate clause
A subordinate clause is a
clause that would make no
sense if it was taken out of
the sentence.
For Example:
He took out a book that he
had seen earlier.
The subordinate clause is
"that he had seen earlier“
makes no sense by itself. It
must be part of a larger
sentence.
A coordinate clause is a
clause that has meaning
independent of the
sentence.
For Example:
The rain ended and the
sun came out.
"The rain ended" and "The
sun came out" both have
meaning by themselves.
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16. • Coordination gives equal attention to two
items.
• Use coordinating conjunctions: and, but, for,
or, nor, yet, and so.
Coordination
The dog ate Marvin’s favorite tie. The cat
rubbed white hair on Marvin’s black suit.
The dog ate Marvin’s favorite tie, and the cat
rubbed white hair on Marvin’s black suit.
Both clauses could stand
alone. When joined
with and, they get equal
attention.
8/2/2014Coordinate clause 16
17. • Subordination gives less attention to one
idea so that the other has emphasis.
• Use subordinate conjunctions, such as
because, even though, and when.
Subordination
Marvin tried to clean his suit. He was late to
the interview.
Since Marvin tried to clean his suit, he was
late to the interview.
I’m sorry.
8/2/2014Coordinate clause 17
18. Pair work-1
Join the two independent clauses to make a
compound sentence. Use one of the
coordinating conjunctions (and, but, for, or,
nor, so, yet). Remember to use a comma
before the connecting word.
8/2/2014Coordinate clause 18
19. Exercise -1
1. He enjoys walking through the
country. He often goes backpacking
on his vacations.
2. He often watched TV when there
were only reruns. She preferred to
read instead.
3. I didn't know which job I wanted. I
decided to wait to decide.
8/2/2014Coordinate clause 19
20. Check your answers
1. He enjoys walking through the
country, and he often goes
backpacking on his vacations.
2. He often watched TV when there
were only reruns, but she preferred
to read instead.
3. I didn’t know which job I wanted, so I
decided to wait to choose.
8/2/2014Coordinate clause 20
21. Pair work-2
Join the two independent clauses to make a
complex sentence. Use one of the subordinating
conjunctions (after, although, as, as if, because,
before, even if, even though, if, if only, rather than,
since, that, though, unless, until, when, where,
whereas, wherever, whether, which, and while).
Remember to use a comma if the subordinating
conjunction comes at the beginning of the
sentence.
8/2/2014Coordinate clause 21
22. Exercise -2
1. I stayed up all night studying for my
Algebra exam. I was so tired all day
today.
2. Jerry and Elaine always go to movies
together. They don’t go to movies
together when Jerry is dating
someone.
3. Mad Season is a great band. They
only put out one album.
8/2/2014Coordinate clause 22
23. Check your answers
1. After staying up all night last night
studying for my Algebra exam, I was
so tired all day today.
2. Unless Jerry is dating someone, Jerry
and Elaine always go to movies
together.
3. Mad Season is a great band even
though they only put out one album.
8/2/2014Coordinate clause 23
24. Evaluation
1. What is a coordinate clause?
2. What are the characteristics of a
coordinate clause?
3. Mention the difference between
dependent clause & coordinate
clause.
4. Mention the coordinate clause
marker.
8/2/2014Coordinate clause 24
25. Home work
Recall the class and write at least 10
sentences using coordinate
conjunction.
8/2/2014Coordinate clause 25