The document discusses different types of clauses, including main and subordinate clauses. It defines a clause as a group of words containing a subject and verb. Main clauses can stand alone as sentences, while subordinate clauses depend on a main clause for meaning. The document goes on to describe different types of subordinate clauses such as noun clauses, relative clauses, and adverbial clauses. It provides examples and explanations of each type of clause.

1. STRUCTURES IN CONTEXTSTRUCTURES IN CONTEXT
SKBE 1023SKBE 1023
MAIN AND SUBORDINATE
CLAUSES
TYPES OF CLAUSES

2. CLAUSECLAUSE
 Definition
A clause is a group of related words
containing a subject and a verb. A clause can
be usefully distinguished from a phrase, which
is a group of related words that does not
contain a subject-verb relationship, such as "in
the morning" or “the extremely smart girl" or
"having grown used to this harassment."

3. CLAUSECLAUSE
Phrase Clause
1. in the room. 1. Who is in the room.
2.little girl. 2. Which is very long.
3. very smart. 3. Where the tree is.
There are two sets of group of words. Not one of
them make complete sentence. Those on the left
have no subject-verb relationship and they are called
phrases. Those on the right are called clauses
because they each have a finite verb (is), although they
do not make complete sentence.

4. CLAUSECLAUSE
 Clauses are categorized into main and subordinate
clauses. This simply means that some clauses can stand by
themselves, as separate sentences, and some can't.
See how the following sentences are divided into Main and
Subordinate clauses
1. I know what he wants.
2. In order to pass the exam, he cheated.
3. Why they went out, I do not know.
4. The book that you saw is mine.
5. You must read if you want to learn.

5. CLAUSECLAUSE
Main clause Subordinate clause
1. I know 1. What he wants
2. You must read 2. If you want to learn
3. I do not know 3. Why they went out
4. The book is mine 4. That you saw
Subordinate clause is a group of words containing a
subject and a verb but which depends on another
clause for its meaning. It is always joined to the
main clause by joining a word- a relative pronoun
e.g. where, which, that etc or subordinating
conjunction e.g. when, if, because, since etc.

6. Test: How many clauses do you see?Test: How many clauses do you see?
1. Hannah is eating her favourite supper.1. Hannah is eating her favourite supper.
2. Finally, we arrived.2. Finally, we arrived.
3. It’s late, so she’s not going.3. It’s late, so she’s not going.
4. When he was younger, Mariam had many cats.4. When he was younger, Mariam had many cats.
5. I like reading and I love Hemingway.5. I like reading and I love Hemingway.
6. While Tom reads novels, Jack reads comics, but6. While Tom reads novels, Jack reads comics, but
Sam only reads magazines.Sam only reads magazines.
7. Many people enjoy cooking, however, Jack does7. Many people enjoy cooking, however, Jack does
not.not.

7. Types of clausesTypes of clauses
i. Noun Clauses
ii. Relative clauses
iii. Adverbial clauses
iv. Finite & Non-finite clauses
** These types of clauses are
DEPENDENT clauses!

8. Noun ClauseNoun Clause
 Noun clauses can begin with …
 1. … a question word:
 where he lives
 what one says
 who the man is
 how she survives

 2. … “whether” or “if”
 whether she will stay
 if she will stay


9. 3. … a question word + TO infinitive3. … a question word + TO infinitive
what to saywhat to say
where to meetwhere to meet
e.g:e.g:
I don’t know what to sayI don’t know what to say
Tell me where to meetTell me where to meet
4. … “that”4. … “that”
that he is innocentthat he is innocent
that she knows three languagesthat she knows three languages
e.g.:e.g.:
It is proven that he is innocentIt is proven that he is innocent

10. RELATIVE CLAUSERELATIVE CLAUSE
 A relative clause—also called adjective or adjectival
clause.
 We use relative clauses to give extra information about
something. We can get more information into a sentence
without the need to start a new one.
 There are two types of relative clauses: defining and non-
defining

11. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSEDEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE
-The purpose of a defining relative clause is to clearly-The purpose of a defining relative clause is to clearly
define who or what we are talking about. Without thisdefine who or what we are talking about. Without this
information, it would be difficult to know who or what isinformation, it would be difficult to know who or what is
meant.meant.
Examples:Examples:
i. The woman who lives in apartment No. 34 has beeni. The woman who lives in apartment No. 34 has been
arrested.arrested.
ii. The document that I need has 'important' written atii. The document that I need has 'important' written at
the top.the top.
Iii. The house is being renovated.Iii. The house is being renovated.

12. NON DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSESNON DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
Non-defining relative clauses provide interestingNon-defining relative clauses provide interesting
additional information which is not essential toadditional information which is not essential to
understanding the meaning of the sentence.understanding the meaning of the sentence.
Examples:Examples:
i.i. Mrs. Jackson, who is very intelligent, lives on theMrs. Jackson, who is very intelligent, lives on the
corner of Middle Street.corner of Middle Street.
ii. Michael Jackson, who was a great artiste, came fromii. Michael Jackson, who was a great artiste, came from
California.California.
** Non defining relative clauses have commas.** Non defining relative clauses have commas.

13. In bothIn both definingdefining andand non-defining relative clausesnon-defining relative clauses we us thewe us the
followingfollowing RELATIVE PRONOUNSRELATIVE PRONOUNS::
WhoWho = is for people:= is for people: 'The person who lives next door is a'The person who lives next door is a
doctor.‘doctor.‘
WhoseWhose = is used to show ownership/possession= is used to show ownership/possession 'The'The
woman whose son you met works in UKM.woman whose son you met works in UKM.
WhomWhom = object pronoun, although 'who' can be used in= object pronoun, although 'who' can be used in
informal English.informal English. 'I saw the man whom you saw at the party.‘'I saw the man whom you saw at the party.‘
WhichWhich = is used for things:= is used for things: 'The car which you bought is'The car which you bought is
cool.'cool.'
ThatThat = Can be used informally instead of ‘who’ and ‘which’.= Can be used informally instead of ‘who’ and ‘which’.

14. ADVERBIAL CLAUSEADVERBIAL CLAUSE
Adverbial clauses are clauses that function as
adverbs.
Adverbial clauses provide information about
when, why, or how something happens.
How do you recognize an adverbial clause?
Adverbial clauses always begin with a word
known as an adverbial subordinator i.e. when,
if, because, while, after, before, until, since.
Adverbial subordinators create adverbial clauses

15. ADVERBIAL CLAUSEADVERBIAL CLAUSE
There are eight types of adverbial clause:
Types of clause Usual subordinators
Time clause When, before, after,
since, while, as, until
Result clause So that
Purpose clause In order to, so that
Reason/ clause Because, since, as
Concessive clause Although, though,
while
Clause of manner As, like, the way
Place clause Where, wherever
Conditional clause If, unless

16. ADVERBIAL CLAUSEADVERBIAL CLAUSE
Time clauses
 Time clauses are used to say WHEN something
happens by referring to a period of time or to
another event.
For example:
Her father died when she was young
He was detained after he returned from a
business trip.
I’ve been in politics since I was at university.
Stay with me until I go.

17. ADVERBIAL CLAUSEADVERBIAL CLAUSE
Purpose clauses
 When you want to indicate the purpose of an
action, you use a purpose clause.
 The most common subordinators used in purpose
clauses are in order that, in order to, so, so as to,
so that, to.
For example:
Farmers have put up fences in order to prevent
hippies moving on to their land.
She wanted early dinner so that she could leave by
eight.
Rose tread with care in order not to spread the dirt.

18. ADVERBIAL CLAUSEADVERBIAL CLAUSE
Reason/Cause clauses
 When you want to indicate the reason for
something, you use a reason clause.
 Common conjunctions include as, because, in
case, just in case and since.
For example:
I wanted to leave because I hated him.
As Cindy had gone to school, it seemed a good time
to have friends over.
Take a coat just in case it rains.

19. ADVERBIAL CLAUSEADVERBIAL CLAUSE
Result clauses
 When you want to indicate the the result of
something, you use result clause.
 Result clauses always come after the main clause.
 Result clauses usually begin with ‘so that’. This
simply says what the result of an event or situation
was.
For example:
Explain it so that a 10-year-old could understand it.
They arranged things so that they never met.