The document discusses the classification of different types of animals. It begins by explaining the hierarchical classification system used to group similar or related entities into broader classes. It then provides details on three classifications:
1) Coelenterata/Cnidarians, which are aquatic animals with radial symmetry and include corals, jellyfish, and sea anemones.
2) Molluscs, which are the largest marine phylum and include gastropods like snails and slugs.
3) Vertebrates, which are grouped into fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Within mammals, there are further classifications of land mammals, marine mammals, and flying mammals like
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This is a ppt on the Anamalia Kingdom. made by :-
Anushka Mukherjee
Riddhima Ghosh Roy
Sameeha Pathan
Shruti Ugalmugale
Akaanksha Kadam
from Vibgyor High School NIBM,Pune, Maharashtra, India
This is for FYBSc students of University of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, studying in course one semester I. For further query you may email at sudesh_rathod@yahoo.co.in
This is a ppt on the Anamalia Kingdom. made by :-
Anushka Mukherjee
Riddhima Ghosh Roy
Sameeha Pathan
Shruti Ugalmugale
Akaanksha Kadam
from Vibgyor High School NIBM,Pune, Maharashtra, India
This is for FYBSc students of University of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, studying in course one semester I. For further query you may email at sudesh_rathod@yahoo.co.in
This PPT is for F.Y.B.Sc students of course I Semester I, belonging to Mumbai University of Maharashtra India. You can email at sudesh_rathod@yahoo.co.in for further query.
Mollusca of India and need for conservationAshish sahu
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda. The members are known as molluscs or mollusks. Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is estimated between 60,000 and 100,000 additional species
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class ReptaliaiPagador
In order for us to understand how all living organisms are related, they are arranged into different groups. The more features that a group of animals share, the more specific the group is. Animals are given scientific names so that people all around the world can communicate about animals, no matter what language they speak (these names are traditionally Latin words). Animals belong to a number of different groups, starting with the animal kingdom.
Kingdom
All living organisms are first placed into different kingdoms. There are five different kingdoms to classify life on Earth, which are Animals, Plants, Fungi, Bacteria, and Protists (single-celled organisms).
Phylum
The animal kingdom is divided into 40 smaller groups, known as phylum. Here, animals are grouped by their main features. Animals usually fall into one of five different phylum which are Cnidaria (invertebrates), Chordata (vertebrates), Arthropods, Molluscs and Echinoderms.
Class
The phylum group is then divided into even smaller groups, known as classes. The Chordata (vertebrates) phylum splits up into Mammalia (Mammals), Actinopterygii (Bony Fish), Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fish) , Aves (Birds), Amphibia (Amphibians) and Reptilia (Reptiles).
Order
Each class is divided into small groups again, known as orders. The class Mammalia (Mammals), splits into different groups including Carnivora, Primate, Artiodactyla and Rodentia.
Family
In every order, there are different families of animals which all have very similar features. The Carnivora order breaks into families that include Felidae (Cats), Canidae (Dogs), Ursidae (Bears), and Mustelidae (Weasels).
Genus
Every animal family is then divided into small groups known as genus. Each genus contains animals that have very similar features and are closely related. For example, the Felidae (Cat) family contains genus including Felis (small Cats and domestic Cats), Panthera (Tigers, Leopards, Jaguars and Lions) and Puma (Panthers and Cougars).
Species
Each individual species within the genus is named after it's individual features and characteristics. The names of animals are in Latin so that they can be understood worldwide, and consist of two words. The first word in the name of an animal will be the genus, and the second name indicates the specific species.
Example 1 - Tiger
Kingdom: Animalia (Animal)
Phylum: Chordata (Vertebrate)
Class: Mammalia (Mammal)
Order: Carnivora (Carnivore)
Family: Felidae (Cat)
Genus: Panthera
Species: Panthera tigris (Tiger)
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Turbellaria
Class Monogenea
Class Trematoda
Class Cestoidea
Characteristics
Reproduction and Development
Presentation
Best of Luck
ADAPTATION OF MARINE ORGANISMS TO DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTJaneAlamAdnan
Adaptation is an evolutionary process whereby an organism becomes increasingly well suited to living in a particular habitat. It is not a quick process! Natural selection over many generations results in helpful traits becoming more common in a population. This occurs because individuals with these traits are better adapted to the environment and therefore more likely to survive and breed. Adaptation is also a common term to describe these helpful or adaptive traits. In other words, an adaptation is a feature of an organism that enables it to live in a particular habitat.
Phylum Mollusca, Class Polyplacophora, Class Monoplacophora, Phylogenetic con...Dr. Muhammad Moosa
In this presentation, Phylum Mollusca Is described. After watching this you will learn Evolutionary Perspective of Mollusca and Relationships to Other Animals, Molluscan Characteristics, Class Gastropoda, Torsion, Shell Coiling, Locomotion, Feeding and Digestion, Other Maintenance Functions, Reproduction and Development, Gastropod Diversity, Class Bivalvia, Shell and Associated Structures Gas Exchange, Filter Feeding, and Digestion, Other Maintenance Functions Reproduction and Development, Bivalve Diversity, Class Cephalopoda, Shell, Locomotion, Feeding and Digestion, Other Maintenance Functions, Learning, Reproduction and Development, Class Polyplacophora, Class Scaphopoda, Class Monoplacophora, Class Solenogastres, Class Caudofoveata, Further Phylogenetic Considerations. It is part of BS Zoology Course, Animal diversity.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Comparative structure of adrenal gland in vertebrates
Classification of animals
1.
2. Classification
of animals
"The arrangement of
entities in a hierarchical
series of nested classes,
in which similar or
related classes at one
hierarchical level are
combined
comprehensively into
more inclusive classes
at the next higher
level." A class is defined
as "a collection of
similar entities"
3.
4. COELENTERATA/
CNIDARIANS
All coelenterates are aquatic,
mostly marine. The
bodyform is radially
symmetrical with a tissue
grade of organisation. The
body has a single opening
hypostome surrounded by
sensory tentacles leading
into a spacious cavity called
the gastrovascular cavity or
coelenteron. Digestion is
both intracellular and
extracellular. Respiration
and excretion are
accomplished by simple
diffusion. A network of
nerves is spread throughout
the body.
5.
6. Coelenterata is an obsolete term encompassing two animal phyla, the
Ctenophora (comb jellies) and the Cnidaria (coral animals, true jellies, sea
anemones, sea pens, and their allies). The name comes from the Greek "koilos"
("full bellied"), referring to the hollow body cavity common to these two phyla.
They have very simple tissue organization, with only two layers of cells,
external and internal and radial symmetry. Some of the examples are corals,
sea anemone which are colonial and hydra, jelly fish which are solitary.
History of classification
The term coelenterate is no longer recognized as scientifically valid, as the
Cnidaria and Ctenophora have less in common than previously assumed.[1] Any
group containing the two but excluding other phyla would be paraphyletic.
Nonetheless, the term coelenterate is still used in informal settings to refer to
the Cnidaria and Ctenophora.
Complicating the issue is the 1997 work of Lynn Margulis (revising an earlier
model by Thomas Cavalier-Smith) that placed the Cnidaria and Ctenophora
alone in the branch Radiata within Eumetazoa.[2] (The latter refers to all the
animals except the sponges, Trichoplax, and the still poorly understood
Mesozoa.) Neither grouping is accepted universally;[3] however, both are
commonly encountered in taxonomic literature.
The Coelenterata hypothesis has been more recently revived, based on
molecular data, placing the Coelenterates as a monophyletic sister-group to the
Bilateria
7. MOLLUSCA
The molluscs or
mollusks compose the
large phylum of
invertebrate animals
known as the
Mollusca. Around
85,000 extant species
of molluscs are
recognized. Molluscs
are the largest marine
phylum, comprising
about 23% of all the
named marine
organisms.
8.
9. Gastropods, the group of mollusks that include the terrestrial snails and
slugs and the marine limpets, periwinkles, abalones, whelks, and their
relatives, are the largest and most varied class of mollusks, with more than
75,000 extant species in addition to 15,000 fossil forms that are known.
These successful animals are the only class of mollusks to occupy both
marine, fresh-water, and terrestrial environments. In the sea, most species
are epibenthic, crawling on the surface, but there are some swimming forms
as well (some types of Opisthobranchia). Although many gastropods are
herbivorous grazers, several groups are active carnivores able to drill
through the shell of their victim, or in the case of predatory forms like the
Conidae (Neogastropoda) cases swallow it whole through a proboscis.
Most of the gastropods are classified on the characteristics the gill
structures and other soft-bodied features. Few distinguishing characters of
the shell are used in classification as many are the result of convergent
evolution. Although the differences in the shell form may be difficult to
recognize, different morphologic groups can generally can be differentiated
on characteristics of ornamentation, shell shape, and aperture. The shell of
many gastropods can either be external or, less commonly, internal. The
difference can often be deduced by the luster of shell material and the
presence of other features such as deviations of a structural shell form.
19. a.Marsupials
Commonly known as
marsupials, members
are divided into seven
orders;
Didelphimorphia,
Paucituberculata,
Microbiotheria,
Dasyuromorphia,
Peramelemorphia,
Notoryctemorphia, and
Diprotodontia. the
members of the order
Marsupialia are pouch-
bearing mammals who
give birth to
underdeveloped
offspring( Koalas,
Possums, Kangaroo,
Wallabies )
20.
21. b.Primates
The mammalian order
Primates contains over
230 species and includes
the prosimians, monkeys
and apes. All primates
are omnivorous,
although many who live
in rain forests eat
vegetation almost
exclusively. Primate eyes
face forward which
allows for binocular
vision ( Prosimians,
Monkeys, Apes and
Humans )
22.
23. c.Rodents
he order Rodentia consist
of nearly 2000 species or
mice, rats, squirrels,
gophers, porcupines and
various other rodents,
and is the largest
mammalian order. The
worlds largest rodent is
the capybara while the
smallest is the pygmy
mouse. Rodents naturally
occur everywhere around
the world with the
exception of Antarctica
and New Zealand, but
have been introduced
there as well. ( Rodents )
24.
25. Marine
mammal
Marine mammals, which
include seals, whales, dolphins,
otters and walruses, form a
diverse group of 129 species that
rely on the ocean for their
existence.[1] They do not represent
a distinct biological grouping, but
rather are unified by their reliance
on the marine environment for
feeding.[2] The level of
dependence on the marine
environment for existence varies
considerably with species. For
example, dolphins and whales are
completely dependent on the
marine environment for all stages
of their life, whereas seals feed in
the ocean
26.
27. Flying
Mammals
The bats are the representative
animal of this group.
Bats have many unusual
characteristics. They cannot walk
very well because skin that
reaches over its front and back
legs. It flies at night and stays in
caves and other dark places
during the day., Hanging upside
down by the claws of its back legs.
They look like flying mice.
Bats eat insects, although the
vampire bat drinks blood. Bats fly
in total darkness and have keen
hearing. They listen for sounds
and echoes to guide their flight.
Bats can be helpful in eating
insects but can be harmful as they
can carry such germs as rabies.