Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda. The members are known as molluscs or mollusks. Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is estimated between 60,000 and 100,000 additional species
CAGE CULTURE OF FISH THEIR TREND,STATUS AND PRODUCTION Ashish sahu
Cage culture is an aquaculture production system where fish are held in Cage. Cage culture of fish utilizes existing water resources but encloses the fish in a cage which allows water to pass freely through the enclosures and the surrounding water body. Cages are used to culture several types of shell fish and finfish species in fresh, brackish and marine waters. Cages in freshwaters are used for food fish culture and for fry to fingerling rearing.
In 1950s modern cage culture began with the initiation of production of synthetic materials for cage construction. Fish production in cages became highly popular among the small or limited resource farmers who are looking for alternatives to traditional agricultural crops. The mesh size of the cage is kept smaller than the fish body. In India cage culture have been attempted first for Air breathing fish. Cage mesh netting made from synthetic material that can resist decomposition in water for a long period of time. Cage are used to culture several type of shell fish and fin fishes in fresh , brackish and marine water. Cage in fresh water are used for food fish culture and for fry to fingerling rearing. Cages are generally small, ranging in freshwater reservoirs from 1 square meter (m2) to 500 m2.
Definition –
Cage culture is a system in which the cultured Fish 0r animal are enclosed from all side allowing water to pass freely through the enclosures and the surrounding water body.
HISTORY-
Cage culture seem to have developed around 200 year ago in Cambodia where fisherman used to keep clarias spp. And some other fishes in bamboo made cage. Cage culture is traditional in part of Indonesia also attempted for the first time in air breathing fishes in swamp for raising major carp in running water in the river, Yamuna and Ganga at Allahabad and for raising Common carp , Catla , Silver carp, Rohu , Snakehead and Tilapia in still water body of Karnataka. In India sea cage start in 2007 for culture sea bass at Vishakhapatnam by CMFRI. anchored in streams which are practically open sewers. Common carp , where cage are in the southern USA. Around 80 species are being culture in cage. In India cage culture was initially culture in bamboo cage is practice in west java, since early 1940. Modern cage culture in open water bodies probably originated in Japan in early 1950. According to FAO cage culture is being practiced in more than 62 countries and has a become high tech business in developed countries such as floating and submerged cage culture of Salmonids in Norway, Canada and Scotland, Tuna and Yellowtails in Japan , Chinese carp in China, and catfish.
Traps are fishing devices into which fish or shellfish are enticed by bait or shelter spaces or enclosures where they are guided to enter, because of an obstacle placed in their normal migration path and from which their escape is made difficult by constriction, retarding valves or labyrinths.
Trap fishing is a passive fishing technique of ancient origin. There is extraordinary variety in their design, fabrication and operation.
CAGE CULTURE OF FISH THEIR TREND,STATUS AND PRODUCTION Ashish sahu
Cage culture is an aquaculture production system where fish are held in Cage. Cage culture of fish utilizes existing water resources but encloses the fish in a cage which allows water to pass freely through the enclosures and the surrounding water body. Cages are used to culture several types of shell fish and finfish species in fresh, brackish and marine waters. Cages in freshwaters are used for food fish culture and for fry to fingerling rearing.
In 1950s modern cage culture began with the initiation of production of synthetic materials for cage construction. Fish production in cages became highly popular among the small or limited resource farmers who are looking for alternatives to traditional agricultural crops. The mesh size of the cage is kept smaller than the fish body. In India cage culture have been attempted first for Air breathing fish. Cage mesh netting made from synthetic material that can resist decomposition in water for a long period of time. Cage are used to culture several type of shell fish and fin fishes in fresh , brackish and marine water. Cage in fresh water are used for food fish culture and for fry to fingerling rearing. Cages are generally small, ranging in freshwater reservoirs from 1 square meter (m2) to 500 m2.
Definition –
Cage culture is a system in which the cultured Fish 0r animal are enclosed from all side allowing water to pass freely through the enclosures and the surrounding water body.
HISTORY-
Cage culture seem to have developed around 200 year ago in Cambodia where fisherman used to keep clarias spp. And some other fishes in bamboo made cage. Cage culture is traditional in part of Indonesia also attempted for the first time in air breathing fishes in swamp for raising major carp in running water in the river, Yamuna and Ganga at Allahabad and for raising Common carp , Catla , Silver carp, Rohu , Snakehead and Tilapia in still water body of Karnataka. In India sea cage start in 2007 for culture sea bass at Vishakhapatnam by CMFRI. anchored in streams which are practically open sewers. Common carp , where cage are in the southern USA. Around 80 species are being culture in cage. In India cage culture was initially culture in bamboo cage is practice in west java, since early 1940. Modern cage culture in open water bodies probably originated in Japan in early 1950. According to FAO cage culture is being practiced in more than 62 countries and has a become high tech business in developed countries such as floating and submerged cage culture of Salmonids in Norway, Canada and Scotland, Tuna and Yellowtails in Japan , Chinese carp in China, and catfish.
Traps are fishing devices into which fish or shellfish are enticed by bait or shelter spaces or enclosures where they are guided to enter, because of an obstacle placed in their normal migration path and from which their escape is made difficult by constriction, retarding valves or labyrinths.
Trap fishing is a passive fishing technique of ancient origin. There is extraordinary variety in their design, fabrication and operation.
SYSTEMATIC POSITION of clams
What is the difference between mussels, oysters, scallops and clams?
General characteristics of clams
Distribution and habitat of clams
BIOLOGY of clams
Breeding habit of clams
Present status of production
Craft and gear
Clams have two symmetrical shells(Bivalve)
They can filters their food
Clams can control their outer shells and shut them in response to stimuli, via a elastic ligament and two large muscles
In side their usually grey, black shells you can see a white, tan center
Clams have siphons that forces water out and allows them to take in micro organisms
There are over 150 edible species.There are over 15,000 species of clams.Small freshwater clams fertilize eggs in a pouch and bear their young until its shell develops.
The Giant clam can weigh more than 400lb and live for over 150 years.
It takes 3-4 years for a clam to mature to market size.
Some clams can produce pearls.One in 5,000 clams forms a pearl.
A clam can live until about 35 years if not eaten.
distribution:
Marine clams are abundant in the low and mid intertidal zone in temperate seas globally. Other species of marine mussel live in tropical intertidal areas, but not in the same huge numbers as in temperate zones.
Certain species of marine clams prefer salt marshes or quiet bays, while others thrive in pounding surf, completely covering wave-washed rocks. Some species have colonized abyssal depths near hydrothermal vents. The South African white mussel exceptionally doesn't bind itself to rocks but burrows into sandy beaches extending two tubes above the sand surface for ingestion of food and water and exhausting wastes.
Freshwater clams inhabit permanent lakes, rivers, canals and streams throughout the world except in the polar regions. They require a constant source of cool, clean water. They prefer water with a substantial mineral content, using calcium carbonate to build their shells.
Trawl nets and bottom seines possess an initial selectiveness owing to their particular design and mode of operation. A mesh size limitation would vary considerably in effect from one type of trawl net to another. It is important therefore to consider gear selectivity and performance before we begin to think of mesh sizes and their effect.
Take a herring vinge trawl for example and two other bottom other trawls like the granton trawl and the shrimp trawl. All use otter boards, all are on the sea bed throughout the duration of the tow and all have the same basic structure of wings, square, bellies, bag and cod end. But their performances differ as much as those of a racing car, a truck and a tractor. All three nets could be fishing in the same area, yet the vinge trawl might take only herring, the granton trawl only demersal fish and the shrimp trawl primarily shrimp or prawn. Mesh size has little to do with this species selection. It is a function of other aspects of gear performance - speed of tow, headline height, ground contact, flow of water through the body of the net, otter door spread, length of ground-cables, and so on. The vinge trawl would have the smallest mesh in the cod end, yet it would take no cod, haddock or shrimp. The shrimp or prawn trawl would have a smaller mesh than the granton trawl yet it would capture only a small proportion of the bigger fish the granton trawl would take. To imagine that in these cases the size of mesh controls the size of fish caught would be as simplistic as to think that the respective speeds of the racing car, truck and tractor were determined by the size of their wheels.
In contrast to the trawls designed to capture one species or group of species, there are the multi-species trawls or combination trawls which take a great variety of fish. The North Sea prawn and fish trawl is a combination net designed to capture Nephrops norvegicus or Norway prawns, plus demersal fish like cod, haddock, skate, monks, plaice and lemon sole. Most bottom trawls in the tropics and sub-tropics are multi-species trawls taking fish which vary greatly from each other in size and shape. There is no common selectivity factor and no common minimum size or length for the various species. For these fisheries, a mesh regulation is at best an inadequate means of reducing juvenile mortality. It can be aimed only at the smallest of the main commercial species.
This slide is about a pearl spot fish which includes about its habit, habitat ,morphology, food and feeding, breeding behaviour, hatching, larval rearing, embryonic development, nutritive values, farming practices, seed production and pond preparation...
Shrimp farming in India, till 2009, was synonymous with the mono culture of tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon. About 1,90,000 ha brackishwater area have been developed for shrimp culture in the country spread over all the coastal states. Since 1995 culture of P monodon is affected by White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) and the development of shrimp farming has become stagnant.
Most of the Southeast Asian countries like Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia were also culturing P. monodon and since 2001-02 onwards most of them have shifted to culture of exotic Whiteleg shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei because of the availability of Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) and Specific Pathogen Resistant (SPR) broodstock. In India, Pilot-scale introduction of L.vannamei was initiated in 2003 and after a risk analysis study large-scale introduction has been permitted in 2009.
SYSTEMATIC POSITION of clams
What is the difference between mussels, oysters, scallops and clams?
General characteristics of clams
Distribution and habitat of clams
BIOLOGY of clams
Breeding habit of clams
Present status of production
Craft and gear
Clams have two symmetrical shells(Bivalve)
They can filters their food
Clams can control their outer shells and shut them in response to stimuli, via a elastic ligament and two large muscles
In side their usually grey, black shells you can see a white, tan center
Clams have siphons that forces water out and allows them to take in micro organisms
There are over 150 edible species.There are over 15,000 species of clams.Small freshwater clams fertilize eggs in a pouch and bear their young until its shell develops.
The Giant clam can weigh more than 400lb and live for over 150 years.
It takes 3-4 years for a clam to mature to market size.
Some clams can produce pearls.One in 5,000 clams forms a pearl.
A clam can live until about 35 years if not eaten.
distribution:
Marine clams are abundant in the low and mid intertidal zone in temperate seas globally. Other species of marine mussel live in tropical intertidal areas, but not in the same huge numbers as in temperate zones.
Certain species of marine clams prefer salt marshes or quiet bays, while others thrive in pounding surf, completely covering wave-washed rocks. Some species have colonized abyssal depths near hydrothermal vents. The South African white mussel exceptionally doesn't bind itself to rocks but burrows into sandy beaches extending two tubes above the sand surface for ingestion of food and water and exhausting wastes.
Freshwater clams inhabit permanent lakes, rivers, canals and streams throughout the world except in the polar regions. They require a constant source of cool, clean water. They prefer water with a substantial mineral content, using calcium carbonate to build their shells.
Trawl nets and bottom seines possess an initial selectiveness owing to their particular design and mode of operation. A mesh size limitation would vary considerably in effect from one type of trawl net to another. It is important therefore to consider gear selectivity and performance before we begin to think of mesh sizes and their effect.
Take a herring vinge trawl for example and two other bottom other trawls like the granton trawl and the shrimp trawl. All use otter boards, all are on the sea bed throughout the duration of the tow and all have the same basic structure of wings, square, bellies, bag and cod end. But their performances differ as much as those of a racing car, a truck and a tractor. All three nets could be fishing in the same area, yet the vinge trawl might take only herring, the granton trawl only demersal fish and the shrimp trawl primarily shrimp or prawn. Mesh size has little to do with this species selection. It is a function of other aspects of gear performance - speed of tow, headline height, ground contact, flow of water through the body of the net, otter door spread, length of ground-cables, and so on. The vinge trawl would have the smallest mesh in the cod end, yet it would take no cod, haddock or shrimp. The shrimp or prawn trawl would have a smaller mesh than the granton trawl yet it would capture only a small proportion of the bigger fish the granton trawl would take. To imagine that in these cases the size of mesh controls the size of fish caught would be as simplistic as to think that the respective speeds of the racing car, truck and tractor were determined by the size of their wheels.
In contrast to the trawls designed to capture one species or group of species, there are the multi-species trawls or combination trawls which take a great variety of fish. The North Sea prawn and fish trawl is a combination net designed to capture Nephrops norvegicus or Norway prawns, plus demersal fish like cod, haddock, skate, monks, plaice and lemon sole. Most bottom trawls in the tropics and sub-tropics are multi-species trawls taking fish which vary greatly from each other in size and shape. There is no common selectivity factor and no common minimum size or length for the various species. For these fisheries, a mesh regulation is at best an inadequate means of reducing juvenile mortality. It can be aimed only at the smallest of the main commercial species.
This slide is about a pearl spot fish which includes about its habit, habitat ,morphology, food and feeding, breeding behaviour, hatching, larval rearing, embryonic development, nutritive values, farming practices, seed production and pond preparation...
Shrimp farming in India, till 2009, was synonymous with the mono culture of tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon. About 1,90,000 ha brackishwater area have been developed for shrimp culture in the country spread over all the coastal states. Since 1995 culture of P monodon is affected by White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) and the development of shrimp farming has become stagnant.
Most of the Southeast Asian countries like Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia were also culturing P. monodon and since 2001-02 onwards most of them have shifted to culture of exotic Whiteleg shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei because of the availability of Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) and Specific Pathogen Resistant (SPR) broodstock. In India, Pilot-scale introduction of L.vannamei was initiated in 2003 and after a risk analysis study large-scale introduction has been permitted in 2009.
Phylum Mollusca, Class Polyplacophora, Class Monoplacophora, Phylogenetic con...Dr. Muhammad Moosa
In this presentation, Phylum Mollusca Is described. After watching this you will learn Evolutionary Perspective of Mollusca and Relationships to Other Animals, Molluscan Characteristics, Class Gastropoda, Torsion, Shell Coiling, Locomotion, Feeding and Digestion, Other Maintenance Functions, Reproduction and Development, Gastropod Diversity, Class Bivalvia, Shell and Associated Structures Gas Exchange, Filter Feeding, and Digestion, Other Maintenance Functions Reproduction and Development, Bivalve Diversity, Class Cephalopoda, Shell, Locomotion, Feeding and Digestion, Other Maintenance Functions, Learning, Reproduction and Development, Class Polyplacophora, Class Scaphopoda, Class Monoplacophora, Class Solenogastres, Class Caudofoveata, Further Phylogenetic Considerations. It is part of BS Zoology Course, Animal diversity.
Threat of sea turtle Rajeev raghavan Kufos kerala Ashish sahu
Sea turtles, sometimes called marine turtles, are reptiles of the order Testudines and of the suborder Cryptodira. The seven existing species of sea turtles are the green sea turtle, loggerhead sea turtle, Kemp's ridley sea turtle, olive ridley sea turtle, hawksbill sea turtle, flatback sea turtle, and leatherback sea turtle.
Sea turtle, any of seven species of marine turtles belonging to the families Dermochelyidae (leatherback sea turtles) and Cheloniidae (green turtles, flatback sea turtles, loggerhead sea turtles, hawksbills, and ridleys).
Seven different species of sea (or marine) turtles grace our ocean waters, from the shallow seagrass beds of the Indian Ocean, to the colorful reefs of the Coral Triangle, and even the sandy beaches of the Eastern Pacific. WWFs work on sea turtles focuses on five of those species: green, hawksbill, loggerhead, leatherback and olive ridley.
See more on worldwildlife.org
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class ReptaliaiPagador
In order for us to understand how all living organisms are related, they are arranged into different groups. The more features that a group of animals share, the more specific the group is. Animals are given scientific names so that people all around the world can communicate about animals, no matter what language they speak (these names are traditionally Latin words). Animals belong to a number of different groups, starting with the animal kingdom.
Kingdom
All living organisms are first placed into different kingdoms. There are five different kingdoms to classify life on Earth, which are Animals, Plants, Fungi, Bacteria, and Protists (single-celled organisms).
Phylum
The animal kingdom is divided into 40 smaller groups, known as phylum. Here, animals are grouped by their main features. Animals usually fall into one of five different phylum which are Cnidaria (invertebrates), Chordata (vertebrates), Arthropods, Molluscs and Echinoderms.
Class
The phylum group is then divided into even smaller groups, known as classes. The Chordata (vertebrates) phylum splits up into Mammalia (Mammals), Actinopterygii (Bony Fish), Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fish) , Aves (Birds), Amphibia (Amphibians) and Reptilia (Reptiles).
Order
Each class is divided into small groups again, known as orders. The class Mammalia (Mammals), splits into different groups including Carnivora, Primate, Artiodactyla and Rodentia.
Family
In every order, there are different families of animals which all have very similar features. The Carnivora order breaks into families that include Felidae (Cats), Canidae (Dogs), Ursidae (Bears), and Mustelidae (Weasels).
Genus
Every animal family is then divided into small groups known as genus. Each genus contains animals that have very similar features and are closely related. For example, the Felidae (Cat) family contains genus including Felis (small Cats and domestic Cats), Panthera (Tigers, Leopards, Jaguars and Lions) and Puma (Panthers and Cougars).
Species
Each individual species within the genus is named after it's individual features and characteristics. The names of animals are in Latin so that they can be understood worldwide, and consist of two words. The first word in the name of an animal will be the genus, and the second name indicates the specific species.
Example 1 - Tiger
Kingdom: Animalia (Animal)
Phylum: Chordata (Vertebrate)
Class: Mammalia (Mammal)
Order: Carnivora (Carnivore)
Family: Felidae (Cat)
Genus: Panthera
Species: Panthera tigris (Tiger)
Marine fisheries regulation act (mfra), and its amendments of gujrat and dama...Ashish sahu
Marine Fisheries Regulation Act
An Act to provide for the regulation of fishing by fishing vessels in the sea along the coast line of the State. (1) This Act may be called the Kerala Marine Fishing Regulation Act, 1980. (2) It extends to the whole of the State of Kerala.
Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH value of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere. ... When carbon dioxide dissolves into seawater, it forms carbonic acid (H2CO3). Ocean acidification impacts many species, especially organisms like oysters and corals.
Ocean acidification reduces the amount of carbonate, a key building block in seawater. This makes it more difficult for marine organisms, such as coral and some plankton, to form their shells and skeletons, and existing shells may begin to dissolve. ... The impacts of ocean acidification are not uniform across all species.
Mangroves and their importance with Threats iucn pptAshish sahu
A mangrove is a shrub or tree that grows in coastal saline or brackish water. ... Mangroves are salt-tolerant trees, also called halophytes, and are adapted to live in harsh coastal conditions. They contain a complex salt filtration system and a complex root system to cope with saltwater immersion and wave action.
Mangroves are defined as assemblages of salt tolerant trees and shrubs that grow in the intertidal regions of the tropical and subtropical coastlines. They grow luxuriantly in the places where freshwater mixes with seawater and where sediment is composed of accumulated deposits of mud.
Fisheries crime and their sollution pptAshish sahu
What is fisheries crime?: Fisheries crime is an ill-defined legal concept referring to a range of illegal activities in the fisheries sector. These activities – frequently transnational and organized in nature – include illegal fishing, document fraud, drug trafficking, and money laundering.
Illegal fishing is a key driver of global overfishing, it threatens marine ecosystems, puts food security and regional stability at risk, and is linked to major human rights violations and even organized crime.
Iconic species are socially, culturally and economically important, and the community expects them to be effectively managed and protected.
What is a flagship species? A flagship species is a species selected to act as an ambassador, icon or symbol for a defined habitat, issue, campaign or environmental cause. ... Flagship species are usually relatively large, and considered to be 'charismatic' in western cultures.
Collection device of fish eggs and larvae pdfAshish sahu
First, an incision is made in her abdomen and then a small tube is inserted. The farmer then puts his mouth on the tube and sucks out a sWhen the internal ovaries or egg masses of fish and certain marine animals are ripe for spawning they are called roe.mall quantity of eggs for examination. If they're the right color and consistency, he'll kill the animal and harvest the caviar.When the internal ovaries or egg masses of fish and certain marine animals are ripe for spawning they are called roe. I think the best way is to use a toothpick and place them on something flat like a small chunk of marble or any flat ornament. Then place in a submerged container. Don't let the eggs hit open air. Well, the eggs in my breeding tank hatched, but overnight the fry either escaped or died
Goodbye, Gillnets Belize bans deadly fishing gear, protecting countless marine animals Magazine Opting Out Amazon packages are awash in plastic, and shoppers want alternatives Q&A with Sam Waterston On cod, climate change, and his ... Ocean Council Susan Rockefeller, Founder Kelly Hallman, Vice Chair Dede McMahon, Vice Chair Anonymous Samantha Bass Violaine and John Bernbach Rick Burnes Vin Cipol
A coral reef is an underwater ecosystem characterized by reef-building corals. Reefs are formed of colonies of coral polyps held together by calcium carbonate. Most coral reefs are built from stony corals, whose polyps cluster in groups.
Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology is a university located in Kumarganj, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, India, established in 1975. It is named after the politician and educator Narendra Deva, who served as vice chancellor of the University of Lucknow and Banaras Hindu University. It also has constituent colleges in Ambedkar Nagar district and Azamgarh district, as well as a planned college in Gonda district.
Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and TechnologyAshish sahu
Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology
Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology is a university located in Kumarganj, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, India, established in 1975. It is named after the politician and educator Narendra Deva, who served as vice chancellor of the University of Lucknow and Banaras Hindu University. It also has constituent colleges in Ambedkar Nagar district and Azamgarh district, as well as a planned college in Gonda district.
Impact of climate change in atmosphere of oceanAshish sahu
How does climate change effect the ocean?
5 ways that climate change affects the ocean
Higher temperatures are bad for fish — and for us.
Polar ice is melting.
Rising sea levels represent a slow, seemingly unstoppable threat.
Warming oceans alter currents.
Climate change is affecting the chemistry of seawater.
Three main methods for pond management are adding aeration, water treatments like beneficial bacteria, and weed and algae controls. The single best water management strategy you can implement is adding pond aeration.
Integrated fish farming manual by Ashish sahuAshish sahu
Integrated Fish Farming is a sustainable-agriculture technology practiced widely in Asia and other regions of the world. This integrated technology can offer farmers economic improvements while lessening the adverse environmental impacts of farming. IFF systems typically involve a combination of fish polyculture, integration of agricultural production with aquaculture.
Types of Integrated Fish Farming:
Paddy-Cum-Fish Culture:. Rice fields which are water-logged for 3-8 months in a year, there is always small...
Duck-Cum-Fish Farming:. Although duck and fish farming have been in practice in eastern Europe and China and their...
Fish-Cum-Poultry Farmings:. Integrated fish farming with poultry is generally cultured as the poultry manure is a...
Kish-Cum-Pig Culture:. In integrated fish farming with pig, the ‘pig dung’ is useful for conditioning the soil
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
Mollusca of India and need for conservation
1.
2.
3. Mollusca are one of the most diverse groups of animals on
the planet, with at least 50,000 living species (and more
likely around 200,000) which range in size from 20-meter-
long giant squid to microscopic aplacophorans, a
millimeter or less in length, that live between sand grains.
It includes such familiar organisms as snails, octopuses,
squid, clams, scallops, oysters, and chitons.
4. • The word mollusc (or mollusk)
derives from the Latin word
“mollis,” which means “soft.”
There are an estimated 200,000 species of mollusk worldwide accounting for nearly a quarter of all
marine life.
They have a ribbon-like tongue, called the radula, covered in thousands of denticles (tiny teeth).
Many have a calcium-carbonate shell.
Most molluscs live in water, but slugs and snails live on land.
5. The African land snail can be
30 cm (12 in) long. It moves
slowly on a large, muscular
foot, using slime to ease the
way. Its mouth, underneath its
head, contains the denticle-
covered radula.
6. The blue-ringed octopus is a mollusc
that does not have a shell. It has a
large brain and big eyes. It uses its
eight arms to crawl, but also squirts
water from inside its body to move
more quickly.
7. According to fossil records, the first mollusks appeared
on earth some 600 million years ago.
It took another 100 million years before mollusks first
appeared in and near freshwater lakes and streams.
8. Molluscs have unsegmented bodies generally protected
by a shell. There are more than 50,000 species in seven
classes,
CLASSES OF MOLLUSCS:
9. 1. Class Aplacophora:
(“bearing no plates”) includes worm-like animals primarily found in
benthic marine habitats.
These animals lack a calcareous shell, but possess aragonite spicules
on their epidermis.
10. 2. Class Monoplacophora
(“bearing one plate”) posses a single, cap-like shell that
encloses the body.
The monoplacophorans were believed extinct and only
known via fossil records until the discovery of Neopilina
galathaea in 1952.
Neopilina connecting link between Annelida and
Mollusca
Neopilina is a highly derived genus of
modern monoplacophoran.
11. 3. Class Polyplacophora:
(“bearing many plates”) are commonly known as “chitons” and bear an armor-like, eight-plated dorsal
shell.
Chitons live worldwide, in cold water, warm water, and the tropics. Most chiton species inhabit intertidal
or subtidal zones.
And are exposed to the air and light for long periods.
Chiton morphology: The underside of the
gumboot chiton, (Cryptochiton stellari,)
showing the foot in the center, surrounded by
the gills and mantle. The mouth is visible to
the left in this image.
12. Several different kinds of algae growing on the
plates of this mossy chiton camouflage
Lined Chiton, Tonicella lineata
13. Class Bivalvia:
Marine and freshwater molluscs with
laterally compressed bodies enclosed by a
shell in two hinged parts.
Include clams, oysters, mussels, scallops,
and numerous other families of shells.
Filter feeders and have no head or radula.
The gills have evolved into ctenidia,
specialised organs for feeding and
breathing.
Most bivalves bury themselves in
sediment on the seabed, while others lie on
the sea floor or attach themselves to rocks
or other hard surfaces.
also known as pelecypods.
The world's largest clam (187 cms), a Sphenoceramus
steenstrupi fossil from Greenland in the Geological
Museum in Copenhagen
14. Empty shell of a bivalve: The empty shell of
the giant clam, Tridacna gigas. Note the pair
of shells that are hinged together, a
characteristic of members of the class
Bivalvia.
Different bivalves shells
15. Class Gastropoda:
(“stomach foot”) include well-known mollusks like snails,
slugs, conchs, sea hares, and sea butterflies.
These animals are asymmetrical and usually present a coiled
shell.
Shells may be planospiral (like a garden hose wound up),
commonly seen in garden snails, or conispiral (like a spiral
staircase), commonly seen in marine conches.
key characteristic of this group, along with a foot that is
modified for crawling.
Most gastropods bear a head with tentacles, eyes, and a style.
Gastropod foot: Gastropods, such as this
Roman snail, have a large foot that is
modified for crawling.
16. Sea hare (Aplysia californica) emitting
ink cloud
This gastropod molluscs with a soft internal shell
made of protein. And also used in the study of
memory loss.
Cone Snail is also known as the “cigarette snail”.
Amazing fact is one drop of venom from it is enough to
end 20 human lives. You die within minutes and there
is no antivenom.
17. 6. Class Cephalopoda
(“head foot” animals) includes octopus, squids, cuttlefish, and
nautilus.
They display vivid coloration, typically seen in squids and
octopus, which is used for camouflage.
Carnivorous predators and have beak-like jaws at the anterior
end.
Locomotion in cephalopods is facilitated by ejecting a stream
of water for propulsion (“jet” propulsion).
Cephalopods, such as squids and octopi, also produce sepia or
a dark ink, which is squirted upon a predator to assist in a
quick getaway.
Suckers are present on the tentacles in octopi and squid.
(“head foot”) include this octopus,
which ejects a stream of water from a
funnel in its body to propel itself
through the water.
18. Self-defense in cuttlefish
Cuttlefish are eaten by various species of predator fish,
dolphins and people.
They have three ways to defend themselves.
First of all, they can swim backwards at an incredible
rate using their ‘jet motor’.
Secondly, cuttlefish can emit a cloud of ink. The ink
blocks the attacker’s vision and knocks out its sense of
smell.
Thirdly, the animals use camouflage: they can change
color very quickly and take on the color of their
surroundings.
Squid are often called ‘the chameleons of
the sea’. Perhaps it is better to call the
chameleon ‘the squid of the land’.
19. 7. Class Scaphopoda
(“boat feet”) are known colloquially as “tusk shells” or “tooth shells,”
Usually buried in sand with the anterior opening exposed to water.
These animals bear a single conical shell, which has both ends open.
These animals do not possess eyes, but they have a radula, as well
as a foot modified into tentacles with a bulbous end, known as
captaculae.
Captaculae serve to catch and manipulate prey.
Ctenidia are absent in these animals.
Antalis vulgaris, the shell of which is
depicted here.
Shells of the species Dentalium
pretiosum were used as money.
20. Freshwater molluscs are common in ponds, lakes, quiet water pools, and flowing waters like
perennial rivers, irrigation canals, etc.
Gastropods are generally found attached to submerged vegetation, rocks, sticks, bricks, etc., but
bivalves live partly buried in the sand or mud.
Primarily inhabitant of the intertidal and littoral zones of the oceans molluscs descend into a
greater depth.
Most mollusks are marine animals that live in habitats from shallow coastal areas to deep waters.
Most stay within the sediments at the bottom of water bodies, although a few—such as cephalopods—
are free swimming.
Habitat:
21. With the exception of cephalopods, mollusks are by and large gentle vegetarians.
Terrestrial gastropods like snails and slugs eat plants, fungi, and algae, while the vast
majority of marine mollusks (including bivalves and other ocean-dwelling species)
subsist on plant matter dissolved in the water, which they ingest by filter feeding.
The most advanced cephalopod mollusks—octopuses, squids, and cuttlefish—feast on
everything from fish to crabs to their fellow invertebrates; octopuses, in particular,
have gruesome table manners, injecting their soft-bodied prey with venom or drilling
holes in the shells of bivalves and sucking out their tasty contents.
DIET OF MOLLUSCS
24. Mollusks generally reproduce sexually, although some (slugs and snails) are hermaphrodites, they still
must mate to fertilize their eggs.
Eggs are laid singly or in groups within jelly masses or leathery capsules.
The eggs hatch into veliger larva—small, free-swimming larvae—and metamorphose into different stages,
depending on the species.
Reproduction and Offspring
25. Squid (Loligo opalescens) pair mating, with egg
cases on ocean floor
In oyster, occurs external fertilization
Male and female release the sperms and
eggs in water
27. Amazing Cluster of Octopus Eggs Squid Eggs
Giant river snail laying hot pink eggs
28. • Estimation of global diversity of molluscs varies from 80,000 to 1,00,000.
• According to one estimate there are
62,000 species of gastropods
9200 species of bivalves
500 species of polyplaphora
400 species of cephalopods
300 species of scaphopods
130 species of aplacophorans
5 species of monoplacophorans.
• A more conservative estimate gives the number as 31,663 marine, 8765 freshwater
and 24,503 terrestrial species, total 64,931.
Diversity of Mollusca of world:
29. In India, till today, 5155 species of Mollusca have been recorded,
• from freshwater (22 families, 53 genera 183 species), land (26
families, 140 genera and 1487 species)
• from marine habitats (242 families 591 genera, 3400+ species)
Diversity of Mollusca of India:
(Subba Rao, 1991, 1998, 2000; ZSI, 2011).
34. • Molluscs play important roles in almost every known ecosystem on land and in the sea.
• Many molluscs are links in food chains, the pathways and the animals that are food for humans
and other animals.
• Nearly 20% of reef fishes feed on molluscs in the coral reef ecosystem.
• Throughout the world oceans, squids and octopus are the animals on which fishes, whales,
dolphins, and sea birds mainly feed.
• Sustainable use of molluscs in the long run may pave way for the restoration of species balance
in nature, especially in the ecologically sensitive, biotically rich, fragile areas like sea grass,
mangrove and coral reef ecosystem
35. Molluscs have lost much of their historical usage as medicine,
tools or religious symbols but their economic value as a source of
protein and as ornaments or decorations is possibly greater now
than ever before.
36. Ornamental shells are still traded in huge quantities and perhaps
even more so today because of the increase of trade via electronic
media especially Internet.
Throughout the world, gastropod, cephalopods and bivalve shells
are bought or collected as 'portable memories' when people are
vacationing.
Tropical shells, with their attractive colours and hues, various
morphologies with intricate spikes and curves, are especially
popular souvenirs.
37. The development of international and local tourism in the
tropics over the last three decades has increased the
demand and trade in souvenirs, with consequent
pressures on marine resources.
38. Economic Importance
The livelihood of these regions rely on the abundance and availability of
molluscs to survive.
The reliance on this protein source parallels the predation phenomenon
discussed in the previous section.
As human populations continue to exponentially increase protein sources
derived from fish, crustaceans and molluscs account for 16.5% of animal protein
intake globally.
Nutritional Resource
39. If Molluscan populations decrease, reduction of population of all marine phyla
utilized as a protein source for humans will occur.
Currently, two-thirds of global marine food supply is obtained from off-shore
and inland waters.
The increase in dietary recommendation for consuming fish has lead to
concerns about the sustainability of maintaining harvest for demands without
depleting this resource.
In the United States alone, approximately 300,000 pounds of various Mollusca
species were harvested in 2013.
40.
41.
42. What are the Threats ?
• Destruction of their habitat and depredation by humans, but that's not the case for
freshwater mollusks (i.e., those that live in lakes and rivers) and terrestrial (land-
dwelling) species.
• Lakes and rivers are also prone to the introduction of invasive species, particularly
mollusks which travel attached to international seagoing ships.
• Sand mining
• Tourism
• Trade of sea shell
43. Why we need to protect Mollusca ?:
• Several edible and commercial species fall in to the conservation category,
and demonstrates how heavy demand and intensive fishing can have a
considerable impact on population as a whole, even though the species
themselves are at the risk of extinction.
44. Pugilina (Hemifusus) cochlidium, a Crown Conch is often used
as medicinal purpose by the tribal people of West Bengal
especially people from Sunderbans.
In West Bengal Crassostrea gryphoides (Kausturi Jhinuk) and
Anadara granosa (Padma Jhinuk), a huge number of dead and
living shells are used as calcium resources in the poultry feed.
Crown Conch
Anadara granosa
45. • Found in Andaman and Nicobar as well as Lakshadweep groups of Islands.
• Population of the larger species of Giant Clams (Tridacnidae) has declined
dramatically in many parts of the Indo Pacific as a result of over collecting
both for shell and meat.
• The Giant Triton Charonia tritonis, which occurs naturally at low densities
seems to have become rare in recent years.
• For this reason, this species is included in the Schedule I of the Wildlife
(Protection) Act, 1972 of India.
Gaint Clams (Tridacna spp. )
Charonia tritonis
( Triton's trumpet or
giant triton)
which occurs naturally
at low densities, has
become rare through
over-collection.
46. Chank (Turbinella pyrum) is restricted in its distribution, which
occur at a depth from 30 m to 45 m in the Gulf of Manner and at
lesser depth in the Gulf of Kachchh are fished at regular intervals.
Species viz.
Chank (Turbinella pyrum)
Trochus niloticus and Turbo marmoratus are two commercially
important gastropods. Both the species are distributed in the
coral reefs of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and occur up to 20 m
depth.
Trochus niloticus Turbo marmoratus
Use of Chank
47. The shells, of the Placuna Bruguiere, and of cockles (Chiefly
Cardiidae), are used in the manufacture of tooth pastes. The shells
are collected in Tuticorin and sent to Calcutta and Madras for this
purpose (CSIR, 1962a).
48. Conservation Status of
Molluscs:
Insufficient information on status of the population (wild stocks) and optimum level of exploitation of
marine molluscs in India is known.
Determination of the status of many Mollusca is the need of the hour to provide protection and
conservation.
Data on the life history, abundance, productivity and rates of exploitation from specific localities are
essential for every species involved in the shell trade.
Recently it is noticed that conservation problems are on the increase and makes it possible to predict
which areas and species are most vulnerable
49. Similarly, the Operculum of Pugilina (Hemifusus)
cochlidium, a crown conch, is used for its medicinal
value “Sanka Bhasma” by the coastal dwellers of West
Bengal, especially fisher folk in Sunderbans.
The bivalve Meretrix meretrix is extensively used in
the manufacture of poultry feed and lime and is
collected by the tone from the Subarnarekha River in
Odisha and West Bengal
51. Conservation Measures:
There are several action that may be taken,
Control trade in shells, and thus avoid over - exploitation and habitat damage.
Manage the fishery properly, used in sustainable manner.
Government of India should implement species specific management programmes and
regulate exports, and importing countries can control imports.
The problems would also be lessened if demand for ornamental shells declined.
A greater “public” awareness of the conservation issues could help in this respect.
52. Conservation and management of population of molluscs in the long run may pave way for
restoration of species balance in nature, especially in the ecologically sensitive, biotically rich,
fragile ecosystems such as coral reef, mangrove and sea grass.
There are several rules and regulations formulated by the Government of India to protect
conservation of marine biodiversity.
54. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and climate change promulgated 24 species of marine mollusc
under Schedule I (9 species) and IV (15 species) of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) provides
a means of controlling international trade in species considered to be seriously threatened.
At present, the only marine molluscs listed are the giant clams (Family Tridacnidae).
These are listed in Appendix II, which means that a valid export licence is required from the country of
origin before the shells, meat or live animals can be traded between the parties to the convention.
55. Legislation for protection of mollusca
Sea ranching of Mollusca also done by govt.
ranching for enhancing molluscan diversity,
sustainable utilization and conservation.
56. Collector of the shells should understand the importance of
conserving stocks, and using selecting methods which do not
damage the habitat.
Guidelines or instructions could be produced for both
commercial collectors and tourist. The suggested codes of
conduct are:
1. Eggs, juveniles and breeding groups should not be taken.
2. Shells with defects should not be taken (these are in any case
generally unsalable “specimen” shells)..
3. The habitat should be disturbed as little as possible.
4. Living attached corals should not be touched.
5. If stones, loose coral or boulders are moved, they should be
returned to their original positions.
Improved collecting methods:
57.
58.
59. It is suggested that general awareness can be made through,
• Various seminars, symposium
• Short documentary attractive films
• Training programmes to make aware to the common people
• Coastal inhabitants
• College students
• School children's even to the forest rangers about the conservation
of molluscs, role of molluscs in the ecosystems.
Power of knowledge exercised by the common people is evidently a
great tool for conservation of nature and natural resources
Awareness:
60.
61. • Dey, A. (2006). Contribution to the knowledge of Indian Marine molluscs (Part – IV) Family Tellindiae.
Rec. Zool. Surv. India., Occ. Paper No. 249: 1-124, 38 pls.
• Dey, A. (2008). Commercial and medicinal important molluscs of Sunderbans. Rec. Zool. Surv. India Occ.
Paper No. 286: 1-54.
• Ramakrishna and Dey, A. (2010). Manual on identification of Schedule mollusks from India, Zoological
Survey of India, 40 p.
•Subba Rao, N.V. (2003). Indian Seashells (Part I), Polyplacophora and Gastropoda. Rec. Zool. Surv. India,
Occ. Paper 192: 1-416.
• Subba Rao, N.V., and Dey, A. (1984). Contribution to the knowledge of Indian marine molluscs. 1. Family
Mitridae. Zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper 61: 1-48.
•Subba Rao, N.V., and Dey, A. (1986). Contribution to the knowledge of Indian marine molluscs. 2. Family
Donacidae. Zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper 91: 1-30.
•Tikader, B.K. and Das, A. K. (1985). Glimpses of animal life of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Zoological
Survey of India, Kolkata. 170 p.
62. • Tikader, B.K., Daniel, A. and Subba Rao, N.V. (1986). Sea shore animals of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata. 188 p.
•Sturm, Charles F., Timothy A. Pearce, Ángel Valdés (eds.). "The Mollusks: A Guide to Their Study,
Collection, and Preservation." Boca Raton: Universal Publishers for the American Malacological Society,
2006.
•Fyodorov, Averkii, and Havrila Yakovlev. "Mollusks: Morphology, Behavior, and Ecology." New York:
Nova Science Publishers, 2012.