This document provides a classification of aquatic flora and fauna. It begins by explaining the phylogenetic tree used to classify organisms and their evolutionary relationships. It then lists and describes major kingdoms of aquatic life, including plants (algae and seagrasses), invertebrates (sponges, cnidarians, ctenophores, flatworms, annelids, molluscs, bryozoans, arthropods, echinoderms, tunicates), and vertebrates (reptiles, cartilaginous fish, bony fish, marine mammals, tetrapods). Over 40,000 species of algae, corals, jellyfish, shellfish, fish and marine
Mollusca of India and need for conservationAshish sahu
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda. The members are known as molluscs or mollusks. Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is estimated between 60,000 and 100,000 additional species
Mollusca of India and need for conservationAshish sahu
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda. The members are known as molluscs or mollusks. Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is estimated between 60,000 and 100,000 additional species
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class ReptaliaiPagador
In order for us to understand how all living organisms are related, they are arranged into different groups. The more features that a group of animals share, the more specific the group is. Animals are given scientific names so that people all around the world can communicate about animals, no matter what language they speak (these names are traditionally Latin words). Animals belong to a number of different groups, starting with the animal kingdom.
Kingdom
All living organisms are first placed into different kingdoms. There are five different kingdoms to classify life on Earth, which are Animals, Plants, Fungi, Bacteria, and Protists (single-celled organisms).
Phylum
The animal kingdom is divided into 40 smaller groups, known as phylum. Here, animals are grouped by their main features. Animals usually fall into one of five different phylum which are Cnidaria (invertebrates), Chordata (vertebrates), Arthropods, Molluscs and Echinoderms.
Class
The phylum group is then divided into even smaller groups, known as classes. The Chordata (vertebrates) phylum splits up into Mammalia (Mammals), Actinopterygii (Bony Fish), Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fish) , Aves (Birds), Amphibia (Amphibians) and Reptilia (Reptiles).
Order
Each class is divided into small groups again, known as orders. The class Mammalia (Mammals), splits into different groups including Carnivora, Primate, Artiodactyla and Rodentia.
Family
In every order, there are different families of animals which all have very similar features. The Carnivora order breaks into families that include Felidae (Cats), Canidae (Dogs), Ursidae (Bears), and Mustelidae (Weasels).
Genus
Every animal family is then divided into small groups known as genus. Each genus contains animals that have very similar features and are closely related. For example, the Felidae (Cat) family contains genus including Felis (small Cats and domestic Cats), Panthera (Tigers, Leopards, Jaguars and Lions) and Puma (Panthers and Cougars).
Species
Each individual species within the genus is named after it's individual features and characteristics. The names of animals are in Latin so that they can be understood worldwide, and consist of two words. The first word in the name of an animal will be the genus, and the second name indicates the specific species.
Example 1 - Tiger
Kingdom: Animalia (Animal)
Phylum: Chordata (Vertebrate)
Class: Mammalia (Mammal)
Order: Carnivora (Carnivore)
Family: Felidae (Cat)
Genus: Panthera
Species: Panthera tigris (Tiger)
Second-largest phylum in number of species- over 100,000 described.
Ecologically widespread- marine, freshwater, terrestrial (gastropods very successful on land)
Variety of body plans (therefore, many classes within the phylum)
Variety in body size- from ~1 mm to ~18 m (60 feet). 80% are under 5 cm, but many are large and therefore significant as food for man.
Dragonflies and damsenflies in Anawilundawa Ramsar wetland - Sri lankaKamindu Gayashan
A field workshop in Anawilundawa Wetland - Sri lanka
Special Acknowledgement -- Prof. Dilrukshi De Silva (Professor in Zoology), Dr. Pallewaththa (Senior lecturer in Zoology), Mr. Chamil Rajapaksha (Assistant Lecturer in Zoology) - University of Colombo
And the colleagues in the team..
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class ReptaliaiPagador
In order for us to understand how all living organisms are related, they are arranged into different groups. The more features that a group of animals share, the more specific the group is. Animals are given scientific names so that people all around the world can communicate about animals, no matter what language they speak (these names are traditionally Latin words). Animals belong to a number of different groups, starting with the animal kingdom.
Kingdom
All living organisms are first placed into different kingdoms. There are five different kingdoms to classify life on Earth, which are Animals, Plants, Fungi, Bacteria, and Protists (single-celled organisms).
Phylum
The animal kingdom is divided into 40 smaller groups, known as phylum. Here, animals are grouped by their main features. Animals usually fall into one of five different phylum which are Cnidaria (invertebrates), Chordata (vertebrates), Arthropods, Molluscs and Echinoderms.
Class
The phylum group is then divided into even smaller groups, known as classes. The Chordata (vertebrates) phylum splits up into Mammalia (Mammals), Actinopterygii (Bony Fish), Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fish) , Aves (Birds), Amphibia (Amphibians) and Reptilia (Reptiles).
Order
Each class is divided into small groups again, known as orders. The class Mammalia (Mammals), splits into different groups including Carnivora, Primate, Artiodactyla and Rodentia.
Family
In every order, there are different families of animals which all have very similar features. The Carnivora order breaks into families that include Felidae (Cats), Canidae (Dogs), Ursidae (Bears), and Mustelidae (Weasels).
Genus
Every animal family is then divided into small groups known as genus. Each genus contains animals that have very similar features and are closely related. For example, the Felidae (Cat) family contains genus including Felis (small Cats and domestic Cats), Panthera (Tigers, Leopards, Jaguars and Lions) and Puma (Panthers and Cougars).
Species
Each individual species within the genus is named after it's individual features and characteristics. The names of animals are in Latin so that they can be understood worldwide, and consist of two words. The first word in the name of an animal will be the genus, and the second name indicates the specific species.
Example 1 - Tiger
Kingdom: Animalia (Animal)
Phylum: Chordata (Vertebrate)
Class: Mammalia (Mammal)
Order: Carnivora (Carnivore)
Family: Felidae (Cat)
Genus: Panthera
Species: Panthera tigris (Tiger)
Second-largest phylum in number of species- over 100,000 described.
Ecologically widespread- marine, freshwater, terrestrial (gastropods very successful on land)
Variety of body plans (therefore, many classes within the phylum)
Variety in body size- from ~1 mm to ~18 m (60 feet). 80% are under 5 cm, but many are large and therefore significant as food for man.
Dragonflies and damsenflies in Anawilundawa Ramsar wetland - Sri lankaKamindu Gayashan
A field workshop in Anawilundawa Wetland - Sri lanka
Special Acknowledgement -- Prof. Dilrukshi De Silva (Professor in Zoology), Dr. Pallewaththa (Senior lecturer in Zoology), Mr. Chamil Rajapaksha (Assistant Lecturer in Zoology) - University of Colombo
And the colleagues in the team..
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
2. AQUATIC FLORA
AND FAUNA
CLASSIFICATION
Filiation tree of aquatic life:
• A classification system that
partially reproduces the
phylogenetic tree, a
schematic tree that shows
the kinship relationships
between entities believed
to have a common ancestor.
• Each of the nodes of the
tree represents the
common ancestor of his
descendants.
3. FLORA
Plantae
• ALGAE (40,000 kinds)
• Algae are living beings capable of photosynthesis, the life cycle of
which generally takes place in an aquatic environment.
• They constitute a very important part of biodiversity, and one of the
bases of the trophic networks of freshwater, brackish and marine
aquatic environments.
• Plants that have no stem, leaf, flower or root, which differentiates
them from plants.
Acetabularia sp. Padina sp. Asparagopsis sp. (Red sea plume)
Valonia sp. (pearl alga)
4. • FLOWERING PLANTS (phanerogams) / SEAGRASS
• A phanerogamous plant is a plant with apparent reproductive
organs in the cone or in the flower.
• The dissemination is ensured by seeds.
• Plants that have stem, leaf, flower or root.
FLORA
Plantae
Halophila sp. Enhalus Acoroides Posidonia sp. Cymodocea sp.
5. FAUNA
Animalia
Invertebrate
• SPONGES (5000 species)
• The body of sponges is a non-living mass between two layers of cells or cell leaflet(Diploblastic), the
ectoderm which lies on the outside and the endoderm which lies on the inside. They have no nervous system.
• The terms sponge and spongia both come from the Latin spongia, meaning sponge. Porifera comes from
the Latin porus, meaning small hole, or pore and the verb ferre which means to carry.
• The geographic distribution of sponges is very important, as they have colonized marine waters, fresh and
brackish, from shallow depths to more than 5,000 m deep, in all climates. T
• They have an important action in the filtration of water.
Haliclona sp. Nyphates sp. Xestospongia sp Ciocalypta sp.
6. • CNIDARIA
• The cnidarians, or branch of the Cnidaria, are relatively simple animal species, specific to the
aquatic environment (marine at 99%, 1% freshwater only).
• The name comes from the ancient Greek κνιδη "nettle", referring to the stinging cells
characteristic of these animals (cnidocytes or cnidoblasts).
• Cnidarians exist in two forms: fixed forms or polyps (coral, sea anemone, gorgon) and free
forms (jellyfish).
• There are over 10,000 recognized species.
• Principal groups of cnidaria: Anthozoa / scyphozoa / Cubomedusae / hydrozoa
Medusa family Anemona family Gorgonia family Coral family
FAUNA
Animalia
Invertebrate
7. • CTENOPHORA
• Ctenophores (Ctenophora, from the Greek ktenos, “comb” and phorein,
“porter”) or “Ctenaries” are marine organisms represented by nearly 150
species, widespread in all the oceans of the world.
• Their name derives from the comb structure of rows of locomotor cilia.
• Their superficial resemblance to jellyfish formerly led them to classify them
as coelenterates, a classification which has now fallen into disuse.
• They are easily identifiable by their eight rows of locomotor ciliated palettes
that glisten in the light.
Eurhamphaea sp. Beroe sp.
Cestum sp. Leucothea sp.
FAUNA
Animalia
Invertebrate
8. • PLATHELMINTHES (Flatworms)
• The group of plathelminthes (or Platyhelminthes, from the Greek
platus, "large" and helmins, "worm") or platodes or tapeworms
mainly group together worms which are elongated animals without a
distinct head and without appendages.
• A ventral side lined with many eyelashes allows them to glide over
any surface.
Pseudoceros sp. Thysanozoon sp. Prostheceraeus sp. Maiazoon sp.
FAUNA
Animalia
Invertebrate
9. • ANNELIDS
• The Phylum Annelids groups all ringed worms, whether aquatic (lugworm,
leech) or terrestrial (earthworm).
• They are the oldest multicellular animals.
• The classification is made according to the number and the arrangement of
the more or less long bristles which cover their body.
• They are composed of different groups: Polychaete / Clitellates /
Archiannelida
Lanice sp. Sabella sp.
Hermodice sp.
Spirobranchus sp.
FAUNA
Animalia
Invertebrate
10. FAUNA
Animalia
Invertebrate
• MOLLUSCS
• The phylum molluscs (Mollusca) takes its name from the Latin mollis, "soft".
• Molluscs are non-segmented animals (invertebrates), sometimes with altered bilateral symmetry.
Their body is usually consists of a head, visceral mass, and a foot. The visceral mass is covered in
whole or in part by a mantle, which secretes a calcareous shell.
• The phylum contains 130,000 species, some of which are very frequently
consumed by humans.
• Some molluscs can secrete pearls by covering irritants that enter their shells
with mother-of-pearl.
• The principal groups of molluscs are: Gastropod / Cephalopod / Lamellibranch
Conus sp.
Sepia sp. Tridacna sp.
Nembrotha sp.
11. FAUNA
Animalia
Invertebrate
• BRYOZOAN
• The name originates from the Greek bruon, moss, and zôon, animal:
it is therefore a moss animal ...
• Bryozoa form colonies of individuals, each housed in a cell with a
crown of tentacles protruding; they were once taken for plants.
• The colonial skeleton is formed by the affixing of these multiple
chitinous chambers (flexible structure) or limestones (rigid structure)
which distribute and separate the zoids.
Beania sp. Flustra sp. Reteporella sp. Chorizopora sp.
12. FAUNA
Animalia
Invertebrate
• ARTHROPODS
• Arthropods (Arthropoda) - from the Greek arthron "joint" and podos "foot", also called
"articulated" - form a phylum of invertebrate animals.
• The body of arthropods is made up of articulated segments (or metamers), covered
with a rigid cuticle, which constitutes their external skeleton, in most cases made up of
chitin.
• The arthropod phylum is by far the one with the most species and the most individuals
in the entire animal kingdom (80% of known species). There are more than one and a half
million current species of arthropods.
Neopetrolisthes sp. Dardanus sp. Odontodactylus sp. Tachypleus sp.
13. • ECHINODERMS
• Echinoderms, whose name means thorny skin in Greek, are a very
ancient group of marine animals, the earliest fossil records of which
date back to the Cambrian.
• It has 7,000 species living today, the best known representatives of
which are sea urchins, starfish,sea cucumber and crinoide.
Oxycomanthus sp.
FAUNA
Animalia
Invertebrate
Stichopus sp. Linckia sp. Heterocentrotus sp.
14. • UROCHORDATES or TUNICATES
• The tunicates (Tunicata) or urochordates (Urochordata), are a sub-phylum of the
Chordates.
• They number around 1,500 species.
• The Tunicates or are contrary to appearances very evolved organisms. They have, at
least in the larval state, a chord which announces the skeletal axis of future vertebrates.
• Solitary, they have two siphons, an inhalant (or buccal) and an exhalant (or cloacal).
• Colonial, they present a fusion of exhaling siphons and each merged group evokes a
flower.
FAUNA
Animalia
Chordata
Vertebrate
Diazona sp. Clavelina sp. Botrylloides sp.
Polycarpa sp.
15. • REPTILIA
• Marine reptiles are reptiles which have become secondarily
adapted for an aquatic or semiaquatic life in a marine environment.
• Currently, of the approximately 12,000 extant reptile species and
subspecies, only about 100 are classed as marine reptiles: extant
marine reptiles include marine iguanas, sea snakes, sea turtles and
saltwater crocodiles.
FAUNA
Animalia
Chordata
Vertebrate
Amblyrhynchus sp. Crocodilus sp. Laticauda sp. Chelonia sp.
16. • CARTILAGINOUS FISH (Chondrichthyes)
• The class of chondrichthyes or cartilaginous fish includes
cartilaginous fish quite different morphologically from each other, such
as rays and sharks, very varied in size such as the elven sagre which
measures 18 centimeters (adult) and the whale shark which it reaches
18 meters long.
• We find in this class the different species of sharks, rays and
chimaeras.
FAUNA
Animalia
Chordata
Vertebrate
Rhincodon sp. Carcharhinus sp.
Taeniura sp.
Mobula sp.
17. FAUNA
Animalia
Chordata
Vertebrate
• BONY FISH (Osteichthyes)
• The bony fish or Osteichthyes is a diverse superclass of vertebrates
that have skeletons primarily composed of bone tissue.
• The group is composed of 45 orders, and over 435 families and
28,000 species.
• The group Osteichthyes is divided into the ray-finned fish
(Actinopterygii) and lobe-finned fish (Sarcopterygii).
Hippocampus sp. Pterois sp. Sphyraena sp. Gymnothorax sp.
18. FAUNA
Animalia
Chordata
Vertebrate
Mammal
• TETRAPODS
• A tetrapod (Broili, 1913) is an animal of the vertebrate sub-phylum whose
skeleton has two pairs of limbs and whose respiration is normally pulmonary.
• The first tetrapods were exclusively aquatic animals, still poorly differentiated
from fish.
• Their proto-legs seem to have been used for movement in the tangled
vegetation of the submerged banks, and their lungs seem to have been adapted
to water poor in oxygen.
Dugong sp. Tursiops sp.
Delphinapterus sp. Megaptera sp.