Reptiles are air-breathing vertebrates that first adapted to life on land. They are classified as belonging to the class Reptilia, which includes over 10,000 species ranging from snakes and lizards to crocodiles and turtles. Reptiles are divided into three main groups based on skull structure: anapsids having a solid skull roof; parapsids having one skull opening; and diapsids having two skull openings. Diapsids are the most diverse and include dinosaurs, pterosaurs, as well as modern reptile orders like squamates, crocodilians, turtles, and the tuatara.
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class ReptaliaiPagador
In order for us to understand how all living organisms are related, they are arranged into different groups. The more features that a group of animals share, the more specific the group is. Animals are given scientific names so that people all around the world can communicate about animals, no matter what language they speak (these names are traditionally Latin words). Animals belong to a number of different groups, starting with the animal kingdom.
Kingdom
All living organisms are first placed into different kingdoms. There are five different kingdoms to classify life on Earth, which are Animals, Plants, Fungi, Bacteria, and Protists (single-celled organisms).
Phylum
The animal kingdom is divided into 40 smaller groups, known as phylum. Here, animals are grouped by their main features. Animals usually fall into one of five different phylum which are Cnidaria (invertebrates), Chordata (vertebrates), Arthropods, Molluscs and Echinoderms.
Class
The phylum group is then divided into even smaller groups, known as classes. The Chordata (vertebrates) phylum splits up into Mammalia (Mammals), Actinopterygii (Bony Fish), Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fish) , Aves (Birds), Amphibia (Amphibians) and Reptilia (Reptiles).
Order
Each class is divided into small groups again, known as orders. The class Mammalia (Mammals), splits into different groups including Carnivora, Primate, Artiodactyla and Rodentia.
Family
In every order, there are different families of animals which all have very similar features. The Carnivora order breaks into families that include Felidae (Cats), Canidae (Dogs), Ursidae (Bears), and Mustelidae (Weasels).
Genus
Every animal family is then divided into small groups known as genus. Each genus contains animals that have very similar features and are closely related. For example, the Felidae (Cat) family contains genus including Felis (small Cats and domestic Cats), Panthera (Tigers, Leopards, Jaguars and Lions) and Puma (Panthers and Cougars).
Species
Each individual species within the genus is named after it's individual features and characteristics. The names of animals are in Latin so that they can be understood worldwide, and consist of two words. The first word in the name of an animal will be the genus, and the second name indicates the specific species.
Example 1 - Tiger
Kingdom: Animalia (Animal)
Phylum: Chordata (Vertebrate)
Class: Mammalia (Mammal)
Order: Carnivora (Carnivore)
Family: Felidae (Cat)
Genus: Panthera
Species: Panthera tigris (Tiger)
Reptiles are a class of vertebrates made up mostly of snakes, turtles, lizards, and crocodilians. These animals are most easily recognized by their dry, scaly skin. Almost all reptiles are cold-blooded, and most lay eggs—though some, like the boa constrictor, give birth to live young.
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class ReptaliaiPagador
In order for us to understand how all living organisms are related, they are arranged into different groups. The more features that a group of animals share, the more specific the group is. Animals are given scientific names so that people all around the world can communicate about animals, no matter what language they speak (these names are traditionally Latin words). Animals belong to a number of different groups, starting with the animal kingdom.
Kingdom
All living organisms are first placed into different kingdoms. There are five different kingdoms to classify life on Earth, which are Animals, Plants, Fungi, Bacteria, and Protists (single-celled organisms).
Phylum
The animal kingdom is divided into 40 smaller groups, known as phylum. Here, animals are grouped by their main features. Animals usually fall into one of five different phylum which are Cnidaria (invertebrates), Chordata (vertebrates), Arthropods, Molluscs and Echinoderms.
Class
The phylum group is then divided into even smaller groups, known as classes. The Chordata (vertebrates) phylum splits up into Mammalia (Mammals), Actinopterygii (Bony Fish), Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fish) , Aves (Birds), Amphibia (Amphibians) and Reptilia (Reptiles).
Order
Each class is divided into small groups again, known as orders. The class Mammalia (Mammals), splits into different groups including Carnivora, Primate, Artiodactyla and Rodentia.
Family
In every order, there are different families of animals which all have very similar features. The Carnivora order breaks into families that include Felidae (Cats), Canidae (Dogs), Ursidae (Bears), and Mustelidae (Weasels).
Genus
Every animal family is then divided into small groups known as genus. Each genus contains animals that have very similar features and are closely related. For example, the Felidae (Cat) family contains genus including Felis (small Cats and domestic Cats), Panthera (Tigers, Leopards, Jaguars and Lions) and Puma (Panthers and Cougars).
Species
Each individual species within the genus is named after it's individual features and characteristics. The names of animals are in Latin so that they can be understood worldwide, and consist of two words. The first word in the name of an animal will be the genus, and the second name indicates the specific species.
Example 1 - Tiger
Kingdom: Animalia (Animal)
Phylum: Chordata (Vertebrate)
Class: Mammalia (Mammal)
Order: Carnivora (Carnivore)
Family: Felidae (Cat)
Genus: Panthera
Species: Panthera tigris (Tiger)
Reptiles are a class of vertebrates made up mostly of snakes, turtles, lizards, and crocodilians. These animals are most easily recognized by their dry, scaly skin. Almost all reptiles are cold-blooded, and most lay eggs—though some, like the boa constrictor, give birth to live young.
Mollusca of India and need for conservationAshish sahu
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda. The members are known as molluscs or mollusks. Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is estimated between 60,000 and 100,000 additional species
Dive deep into the majestic prehistoric world of dinosaurs: uncover their categories, features, and the defining characteristics that shaped their existence.
includes the acanthodians, bony --fishes, and their tetrapod offspring.
Teleostomes give rise to the teleosts (Teleostei).
ACANTHODII “Spiny forms”
The name is derived from the Greek root acantha (Ακανθα), which refers to a spine
Generally small fish but could be as long as 2 meters
Called spiny forms
The first fishes to have jaws
Numerous fins (both in-line and paired), most of which were supported at the anterior end by a large spine.
Basal gnathostomes that shared a suite of characters with the Osteichthyes and the Chondrichthyes (e.g. gills cover by an operculum, placoid-like scales, etc.)
Osteichthyes “bone” and “fish”
Bony Fish
At least some bone in their skeleton and/or scales.
·Operculum-Cover for the gill openings.
Some have lungs·
Lepidotrichia-slender bony rods or “rays”
Swim Bladders to adjust depth in the water. ·
Two classes:
Actinopterygians
Sarcopterygians
Actinopterygii “Ray-finned”
-dominant aquatic vertebrates since the mid-Paleozoic.
Fish Biologists
Chondrosteans
Holosteans
Teleosts
TWO DIVISIONS:
Palaeonisciformes
Neopterygii
Palaeonisciformes “primitive ray- finned fishes”
-Probably the earliest bony fishes.
-Includes living paddlefish,sturgeon and bichir (Africa)
-Marine and FW forms
-Characterized by...
heterocercal tail
The base of each scale was made of bone,the middle of dentin and the surface with an enamel-like substance called ganoine. Hence the name ganoid scales.
primitive forms with lungs to gulp air in oxygen-poor Devonian FW habitats
Neopterygii “advanced ray-finned fishes”
Replaced Palaeonisciformes as dominant fish group in early Mesozoic
Great range of morphologies and inhabit variety of habitats worldwide; trend toward invasion of SW habitats
Loss of ganoine scales and shortening of tail (homocercal tail)
Primitive living Neopterygians include gars and bowfins (former Holosteans)
Most recent group= Teleosts - 20,000 species; represent vast majority of living fishes
Sarcopterygii “fleshy-finned fish”
Second group of bony fishes
fins evolved into tetrapod limbs
Surviving sarcopterygian
lungfishes (dipnoans)-tropical streams
Coelacanths-e deep waters of the Indian Ocean
Choanae- external nostrils opening internally to the mouth through holes
Scale types of bony fishes
Fish tail types
Actinistia (Coelacanths)-first appeared in the Middle Devonian and survived into the Late Mesozoic
Latimeria- deep oceanic shelves of 100–400 meters
braincase - divided by a hingelike joint transversely across the top of the skull
vertebral centra – tiny
notochord is- prominent
swim bladder –doesn't serve in respiration but is filled with fat.
Lobefins-hold and position the fish within feeding currents
Our major goal is to help you achieve your academic goals. We are commited to helping you get top grades in your academic papers.We desire to help you come up with great essays that meet your lecturer's expectations.Contact us now at http://www.premiumessays.net/
Reptiles are tetrapod animals in the class Reptilia, comprising today's turtles, crocodilians, snakes, amphisbaenians, lizards, tuatara, and their extinct relatives. The study of these traditional reptile orders, historically combined with that of modern amphibians, is called herpetology.
Mollusca of India and need for conservationAshish sahu
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda. The members are known as molluscs or mollusks. Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is estimated between 60,000 and 100,000 additional species
Dive deep into the majestic prehistoric world of dinosaurs: uncover their categories, features, and the defining characteristics that shaped their existence.
includes the acanthodians, bony --fishes, and their tetrapod offspring.
Teleostomes give rise to the teleosts (Teleostei).
ACANTHODII “Spiny forms”
The name is derived from the Greek root acantha (Ακανθα), which refers to a spine
Generally small fish but could be as long as 2 meters
Called spiny forms
The first fishes to have jaws
Numerous fins (both in-line and paired), most of which were supported at the anterior end by a large spine.
Basal gnathostomes that shared a suite of characters with the Osteichthyes and the Chondrichthyes (e.g. gills cover by an operculum, placoid-like scales, etc.)
Osteichthyes “bone” and “fish”
Bony Fish
At least some bone in their skeleton and/or scales.
·Operculum-Cover for the gill openings.
Some have lungs·
Lepidotrichia-slender bony rods or “rays”
Swim Bladders to adjust depth in the water. ·
Two classes:
Actinopterygians
Sarcopterygians
Actinopterygii “Ray-finned”
-dominant aquatic vertebrates since the mid-Paleozoic.
Fish Biologists
Chondrosteans
Holosteans
Teleosts
TWO DIVISIONS:
Palaeonisciformes
Neopterygii
Palaeonisciformes “primitive ray- finned fishes”
-Probably the earliest bony fishes.
-Includes living paddlefish,sturgeon and bichir (Africa)
-Marine and FW forms
-Characterized by...
heterocercal tail
The base of each scale was made of bone,the middle of dentin and the surface with an enamel-like substance called ganoine. Hence the name ganoid scales.
primitive forms with lungs to gulp air in oxygen-poor Devonian FW habitats
Neopterygii “advanced ray-finned fishes”
Replaced Palaeonisciformes as dominant fish group in early Mesozoic
Great range of morphologies and inhabit variety of habitats worldwide; trend toward invasion of SW habitats
Loss of ganoine scales and shortening of tail (homocercal tail)
Primitive living Neopterygians include gars and bowfins (former Holosteans)
Most recent group= Teleosts - 20,000 species; represent vast majority of living fishes
Sarcopterygii “fleshy-finned fish”
Second group of bony fishes
fins evolved into tetrapod limbs
Surviving sarcopterygian
lungfishes (dipnoans)-tropical streams
Coelacanths-e deep waters of the Indian Ocean
Choanae- external nostrils opening internally to the mouth through holes
Scale types of bony fishes
Fish tail types
Actinistia (Coelacanths)-first appeared in the Middle Devonian and survived into the Late Mesozoic
Latimeria- deep oceanic shelves of 100–400 meters
braincase - divided by a hingelike joint transversely across the top of the skull
vertebral centra – tiny
notochord is- prominent
swim bladder –doesn't serve in respiration but is filled with fat.
Lobefins-hold and position the fish within feeding currents
Our major goal is to help you achieve your academic goals. We are commited to helping you get top grades in your academic papers.We desire to help you come up with great essays that meet your lecturer's expectations.Contact us now at http://www.premiumessays.net/
Reptiles are tetrapod animals in the class Reptilia, comprising today's turtles, crocodilians, snakes, amphisbaenians, lizards, tuatara, and their extinct relatives. The study of these traditional reptile orders, historically combined with that of modern amphibians, is called herpetology.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
2. Reptilia
These were the first class of organisms to adapt to life on land.
They are believed to have evolved from the amphibians
millions of years ago.
There are about 10000 different species of reptiles on earth.
They are cold-blooded animals belonging to the phylum
Chordata of Animal kingdom.
The skull of the reptiles is modified that gives the reptiles an
efficient and powerful jaw action. The modification also
makes the skull light.
3. Reptiles are air-breathing vertebrates covered
in special skin made up of scales, bony plates,
or a combination of both. They include crocodiles,
snakes, lizards, turtles, and tortoises.
Today, animals belonging to class reptilian range in size
from tiny geckos to huge saltwater crocodiles that
measure more than 19 feet in length.
There are approximately 10,700 extant reptile species.
4. Characteristics of Reptilia
Following are the important characteristics of the animals
belonging to Class Reptilia:
These are creeping and burrowing terrestrial animals with scales
on their body.
They are cold-blooded animals found in most of the warmer
regions of the world.
Their skin is dry, and rough, without any glands.
The body is divided into head, neck, trunk, and tail.
Few of these shed the scales on their skin as skin cast.
The respiration takes place with the help of the lungs.
The skull is monocondylic.
5. They have two pairs of pentadactyl limbs, each bearing
claws. Snakes are an exception.
The heart is 3 chambered. However, crocodiles have a 4-
chambered heart.
The nervous system comprises of 12 pairs of cranial nerves.
The lateral line system is absent in reptiles.
Except for snakes, all the reptiles have well-developed ears.
They possess a typical cloaca.
Reptiles are ureotelic, uricotelic, and ammonotelic.
Fertilization is internal.
They exhibit a meroblastic segmentation.
They are oviparous and the eggs are very yolky.
Eg., Snakes, Turtles, Lizards, Crocodiles
6. Classification of Reptilia
The class Reptilia is differentiated into following major
sub-classes:
Anapsida
Parapsida
Diapsida
The reptile groups also show a diversity of morphologies.
Some groups, such as most lizards and all crocodiles, possess
strongly developed limbs, whereas other groups, such as the
worm lizards and snakes, are limbless.
Reptilian body flexibility ranges from the highly flexible
forms found in snakes to the inflexible bodies of turtles. In
addition, the tails of most turtles tend to be short, especially
when compared with the long heavy tails of crocodiles.
7.
8. Anapsida
The dermal bones form a complete roof over the skull
with no temporal fossae.
These are sub-divided into Cotylosauria and Chelonia.
Modern chelonians are classified according to the method
of retracting the head in the shell.
Turtles, tortoises, and terrapins belong to this group.
No temporal skull openings; body in bony shell; no teeth in
living members; oviparous.
Anapsid reptiles are characterized by a primitive skull with
no temporal openings. Turtles are the only living
representatives and belong to one order.
Thus, when we refer to chelonians, we refer to turtles,
tortoises, and terrapins as a group.
9.
10. Parapsida
These reptiles possess one temporal fossa present high up on
the skull.
Protosaurs, Nothosaurs, Placodonts showed this type of skull.
The two largest groups among these were- Ichthyosaurs and
Plesiosaurus.
These became extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period
when several other reptiles including dinosaurs died.
A subclass of reptiles in which the skull has two dorsal
temporal openings adjoining the parietals and which includes
the ichthyosaurs and related extinct forms and sometimes the
lizards and snakes.
11. This group includes extinct forms.
Those forms lived from cretaceous period.
Their skull shows one pair of temporal vacuities.
12. Diapsida
The name Diapsida means "two arches", and diapsids
are traditionally classified based on their two ancestral
skull openings (temporal fenestrae) posteriorly above
and below the eye. This arrangement allows for the
attachment of larger, stronger jaw muscles, and
enables the jaw to open more widely.
There are two temporal vacuities in the skull.
They are diverse of all reptiles.
The dinosaurs and pterosaurs are included in this group.
These are divided into two major groups- Archosauria and
Lepidosauria.
Eg., Chameleon
13. These Reptiles skull shows two temporal vacuities.
Modification of typical diapsid condition is common among
these members.
This subclass is divided into two super orders Lëpidosauria
and Archosauria.
14. Order Examples
Order Squamata Lizards, Snakes
Order Testudines
Turtles, Tortoises,
Terrapins
Order Crocodilia Crocodiles, Alligators
Order Sphenodontia Tuataras
Groups of Reptiles
The class Reptilia is further divided into different groups
known as orders:
15. The Vertebrae procoelous and the rib articulates
with the backbone by a single head.
The lower jaw hinges upon a movable quadrate.
Order Squamata
Squamata is the largest order of reptiles, comprising
lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians (worm lizards),
which are collectively known as squamates or scaled
reptiles.
Squamata (scaled reptiles) is the most diverse order of
extant reptiles, comprised of the lizards and snakes and
characterized a flexible jaw structure (movable quadrate
bones) and having scales or shields rather than shells or
secondary palates.
16.
17. These reptiles are easily recognized by the presence
of a dorsal bony carapace and a ventral bony
plastron, with the limb girdles located inside the ribs.
All living forms lack teeth, have internal fertilization,
and lay shelled amniotic eggs.
Order Testudines
Tortoises have more rounded and domed shells where
turtles have thinner, more water-dynamic shells.
One major key difference is that tortoises spend most
of their time on land and turtles are adapted for life
spent in water. Tortoises have club-like forelegs and
'elephantine' hind legs.
18. Order Crocodilia
Crocodile, (order Crocodylia, or Crocodilia), any of
23 species of generally large, ponderous, amphibious
animals of lizard-like appearance and carnivorous habit
belonging to the reptile order Crocodylia. Crocodiles
have powerful jaws with many conical teeth and short
legs with clawed webbed toes.
19.
20. Order Sphenodontia
Sphenodontia includes only one living genus that has just
two living species, both tuataras (Sphenodon).
The tuatara is a sphenodont that is found only in New
Zealand.
The two species of tuatara are the only surviving members
of the sphenodontians, who lived around 200 million
years ago.
Their teeth are extensions of their jaw bones, rather than
individual teeth sitting in bony sockets.
They are able to hear, although no external ear or eardrum
is present, and they have a number of unique features in their
skeleton, some of which are apparently retained from fish.