This document provides information about sea anemones. It begins with an introduction describing sea anemones as solitary, filter-feeding marine invertebrates. It then covers their classification, identification of different species, food and feeding habits, reproduction and life cycle, ecological importance, and economic importance. Key points include that sea anemones use stinging cells to paralyze prey and push it into their mouth, can reproduce both sexually and asexually, form symbiotic relationships with other marine organisms, help conserve biodiversity, and are traded as marine ornamentals.
ORIGIN OF CHORDATES
Animal kingdom is basically divided into two sub kingdoms:
Non-chordata- including animals without notochord.
Chordata- This comprising animals having notochord or chorda dorsalis.
Chordates were evolved sometime 500 million years ago during Cambrian period (invertebrates were also began to evolve in this period) .
Chamberlain (1900) pointed out that all modern chordates possess glomerular kidneys that are designed to remove excess water from body.
It is believed that Chordates have originated from invertebrates.
It is difficult to determine from which invertebrate group the chordates were developed.
Chordate ancestors were soft bodied animals. Hence they were not preserved as Fossils.
However, early fossils of chordates have all been recovered from marine sediments and even modern protochordates are all marine forms.
Also glomerular kidneys are also found in some marine forms such as myxinoids and sharks. That makes the marine origin of chordates more believable.
Chordates evolved from some deuterostome ancestor (echinoderms, hemichordates, pogonophorans etc.) as they have similarities in embryonic development, type of coelom and larval stages.
Many theories infers origin of chordates, hemichordates and echinoderms from a common ancestor.
ORIGIN OF CHORDATES
Animal kingdom is basically divided into two sub kingdoms:
Non-chordata- including animals without notochord.
Chordata- This comprising animals having notochord or chorda dorsalis.
Chordates were evolved sometime 500 million years ago during Cambrian period (invertebrates were also began to evolve in this period) .
Chamberlain (1900) pointed out that all modern chordates possess glomerular kidneys that are designed to remove excess water from body.
It is believed that Chordates have originated from invertebrates.
It is difficult to determine from which invertebrate group the chordates were developed.
Chordate ancestors were soft bodied animals. Hence they were not preserved as Fossils.
However, early fossils of chordates have all been recovered from marine sediments and even modern protochordates are all marine forms.
Also glomerular kidneys are also found in some marine forms such as myxinoids and sharks. That makes the marine origin of chordates more believable.
Chordates evolved from some deuterostome ancestor (echinoderms, hemichordates, pogonophorans etc.) as they have similarities in embryonic development, type of coelom and larval stages.
Many theories infers origin of chordates, hemichordates and echinoderms from a common ancestor.
Fins are the most distinctive morphological features of fish and they plays a predominant role for locomotion of fish under the water. It is important to know how many kinds of fins are present and their precise functions.
Osmoregulation is the process of maintaining salt and water balance (osmotic balance) across membranes within the body. The fluids inside and surrounding cells are composed of water, electrolytes, and nonelectrolytes. An electrolyte is a compound that dissociates into ions when dissolved in water.
The main function of gills is respiration...In gills, there are many hair like projections called gill filaments..in gill filaments, there are number of lamella, from transfer of gases and water occur..
Accssory respiratiory organs in fishesaadiihussain
Gills are primary respiratory organs in fishes, Extra branchial respiration is highly useful for survival when oxygen supplied by gills is not sufficient.
Fins are the most distinctive morphological features of fish and they plays a predominant role for locomotion of fish under the water. It is important to know how many kinds of fins are present and their precise functions.
Osmoregulation is the process of maintaining salt and water balance (osmotic balance) across membranes within the body. The fluids inside and surrounding cells are composed of water, electrolytes, and nonelectrolytes. An electrolyte is a compound that dissociates into ions when dissolved in water.
The main function of gills is respiration...In gills, there are many hair like projections called gill filaments..in gill filaments, there are number of lamella, from transfer of gases and water occur..
Accssory respiratiory organs in fishesaadiihussain
Gills are primary respiratory organs in fishes, Extra branchial respiration is highly useful for survival when oxygen supplied by gills is not sufficient.
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The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
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Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
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This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. Content
1. Introduction .
2. Classification.
3. Identification of different species.
4. Food & Feeding habit.
5. Reproduction & Life cycle.
6. Ecological importance.
7. Economical importance.
3. Introduction
Sea anemones are flower-like, filter feeding,
solitary and sedentary marine invertebrates of the
order Actinaria class Anthozoa of the
phylum Cnidaria.
Named after a terrestrial flower (the anemone),
these aquatic animals are classified with
the corals in the Class Anthozoa, which means
"flower animals.“
They lack the external or internal calcareous
skeletons.
Length of sea anemone ranges from few cm. to >
1m.
4. Cont…
The Sea anemones look like plants, but they are
really meat-eating animals.
The sea anemone can attach itself to rocks,
submerged timber or coral by the help of pedal
disc.
Some are live attached to jelly fish and shell of
hermit crab.
Some even burry themselves in the mud.
They are different in colors.
5. Cont…..
At the oral end of column flare slightly to form the
oral disc which bear 8 to several hundreds hollow
tentacles
They may considered biradial when there are two
siphonoglyph, and bilateral when there is only one.
In many sea anemone column bears a circular fold at
its junction with the oral disc. This fold is known as
coller. This act as cover of oral surface when
contraction of animal.
7. Cont…….
The Anthozoa can be divided into two subclass:
Alcyonaria and Zoantharia (Fautin and Romano
2000).
The Zoantharia includes the sea anemones
(Order- Actiniaria) and the tube-dwelling
anemones (Order- Ceriantharia).
8. Cont…..
1-Order: Actinaria
Sea Anemones are in the order Actinaria, and are often
called the "true anemones".
They have an adhesive pedal disc or foot used to hold
them in place, a hollow cylindrical or column shaped
body, and an oral disc, or mouth, at the top which is
surrounded by a circle of tentacles containing stinging
nettle-cells or nematocysts.
9. Cont….
2-Order: Ceriantharia
They are also known as Tube-dwelling Anemones or
Burrowing Sea Anemones.
They are solitary animals, living and withdrawing into
tubes that are buried in soft sediments.
Tube Anemones look very similar to sea anemones, but
they have elongated bodies adapted for burrowing and
they lack the pedal disc or foot.
The cylindrical shaped body is covered by a tube of
secreted mucous and is usually hidden in the muddy
substrate.
The mouth is on a central disk, surrounded by short
tentacles in the centre and longer tentacles on the
margins. Usually only the tentacles are visible above the
ground.
10. Identification of different species
They deal with features such as nature of the
animal's muscles, size and distribution of
nematocysts, and arrangement of tentacles.
Such characters, which are retained in preserved
specimens, require dissection and histological
examination to study.
We believe actinians can be identified in the field,
based on appearance and habitat, although some
experts consider nematocyst analysis essential.
11. Adhesive Sea Anemone
Cryptodendrum adhaesivum
Specimen collected from Koseir in the Red Sea.
Diagnostic field characters- Tentacles extremely
sticky. short ( 5 mm long), dense, of two forms:
those in centre of oral disc have narrow stalk with
five or more short branches at end (resembling a
miniature glove) those near the edge simple
elongate bulbs about 1 mm diameter at extreme
margin is a ring of tentacles like the central ones
but with fewer branches.
Tentacles of the two forms usually different colours
12. Cont….
Details - Oral disc to 300 mm diameter, flat when
expanded, but commonly undulating.
Entirely covered with tentacles except immediately
around mouth, which can be fuchsia, yellow, green,
white.
Moreover, tentacle stalk and tips may differ in colour.
Therefore, may be extremely colourful animal.
However, the two distinct types of tentacles arrayed in
separate fields is a feature unique to C. adhaesivum.
Distribution Australia to southern Japan and
Polynesia, Micronesia, and Melanesia westward to
Thailand, Maldives, and the Red Sea
14. Bulb-Tentacle Sea Anemone
Actinia quadricolor
Specimens collected from the Red Sea, near Suez
Diagnostic field characters
Each long (to 100 mm) brown tentacle usually with bulb
at or somewhat below end; tip of tentacle red (rarely
blue), equator of bulb white.
Bulb seems to be related to presence of fish, and can
disappear; tentacle lacking a bulb has white ring where
equator would form.
Tentacles without bulbs are blunt-ended. As a rule, in
shallow water (e.g. on tops of reefs) polyps small (oral
disc diameter 50 mm).
Anchored in deep hole.
15. Cont….
Details - Animal commonly attached deeply in crevice
or hole so that only emergent tentacles visible.
Column without verrucae; usually brown,
sometimes reddish or greenish; gradually flared from
small pedal disc.
Oral disc same brown colour as tentacles. Tentacles
can collapse when disturbed, appear gray-green.
The most numerous host actinian, widespread
geographically and abundant locally.
Distribution Micronesia and Melanesia to East
Africa and the Red Sea, and from Australia to Japan
17. Beaded Sea Anemone
Actinia aurora
Specimens collected in New Ireland.
Diagnostic field characters - Tentacles to 50 mm
long, with swellings at intervals, either on only one
side or nearly surrounding a tentacle so that it
resembles a string of beads. Swellings often white.
Oral disc broad, to 250 mm or possibly more,
spread flat or slightly undulating at surface of
sediment.
Details - Tentacles brown or purplish, arising from
oral disc of the same colour.
Oral disc mostly visible because of sparse
tentacles; may have white or brown radial
markings that can continue onto tentacles.
18. Cont….
Tentacles may be sticky to touch; tapered to point
that may be magenta in colour.
Adhesive verrucae on upper column lighter in colour
than column; lower column often mottled or solid
orange or red.
Animals attached to buried objects capable of
retracting completely into sediment.
Distribution Micronesia and Melanesia to East
Africa and the Red Sea, and Australia to the Ryukyu
Islands
20. Leathery Sea Anemone
Actinia crispa
Specimens collected in the Red Sea
Diagnostic field characters - Tentacles long
(typically to 100 mm), sinuous, evenly tapered to
point, often tipped mauve or blue, rarely yellow or
green.
Oral disc widely flared, may exceed 500 mm diameter,
but commonly 200 mm.
Column gray in colour, leathery in texture, with
prominent adhesive verrucae; lower part rarely
mottled with yellow.
Column buried in sediment so oral disc lies at surface
of sediment, or pedal disc attached to branching coral.
21. Cont….
Details -Tentacles very numerous -- to 800 counted.
Oral disc usually brownish violet or gray, rarely
bright green.
Tentacles shrivel when animal is disturbed, and
assume green or gray luster; may shorten greatly in
absence of fish. Distribution French Polynesia,
Micronesia, and Melanesia to the Red Sea, and
Australia to Japan
23. Magnificent Sea Anemone
Actinia magnifica
Specimens collected at Vanikoro, Santa Cruz Islands, New
Hebrides
Diagnostic field characters - Typically occupies fully
exposed, prominent position, attached to solid object such as
coral boulder.
Cylindrical column of uniform bright colour (commonly blue,
green, red, white, chestnut brown).
Oral disc to 1 m diameter (although commonly 300-500 mm),
flat to gently undulating, densely covered with finger-like
tentacles (to 75 mm long) that hardly taper to blunt or slightly
swollen end.
Details - Lower portion of tentacles same colour as oral disc
(usually shade of brown), terminal portion yellow, green, or
white; some tentacles bifurcate or with side branch. Tentacles
approach mouth to within 20-30 mm;
24. Cont..
Central oral disc yellow, brown, or green, often
raised so that mouth sits on a cone.
Column with longitudinal rows of translucent
verrucae same colour as column or slightly lighter or
darker.
Animal capable of almost complete contraction so
that only a tuft of tentacles is visible in centre.
Distribution French Polynesia to East Africa, and
Australia to the Ryukyu Islands
26. Delicate Sea Anemone
Discosoma malu
Specimens collected at Mer, in the Torres Straits
Diagnostic field characters -Tentacles sparse, stubby (rarely
to 40 mm long), of variable length even within one radial row,
commonly magenta-tipped.
Oral disc lies at surface of sediment in which delicate column is
burrowed.
Column commonly pale cream or yellow colour, may have
splotches of deep yellow or orange.
Details- Tentacles arise from brown or purplish (rarely bright
green) oral disc as much as 200 mm in diameter that may have
white radial markings; evenly tapered to point or slightly
inflated in middle; lower part same colour as oral disc, but
upper portion may have several white rings or green end.
Column very thin in expansion; upper part violet-brown.
Distribution: Scattered localities from the Hawaiian Islands
to Australia and northwards to Japan
28. Corkscrew Tentacle Sea Anemone
Actinia doreensis
Specimens collected at Port Dorey, New Guinea.
Diagnostic field characters -Tentacles few, long (to 175 mm),
all alike, sinuous, evenly tapered to point, sometimes
assuming corkscrew shape.
Oral disc widely flared, to 500 mm diameter but commonly
considerably less, with radial white lines that may extend onto
tentacles; lies at surface of sediment.
Column buried in sediment; lower part dull orange to brilliant
red, upper part brownish with non-adhesive, prominent white
round to ovoid (eye-shaped) verrucae in longitudinal rows.
Details- Oral disc usually purplish-gray to brown, sometimes
with a green cast; tentacles basically same colour but tips may
be darker or lighter.
When disturbed, tentacles may shrivel or may adhere to
collector's hand and pull off. Often found in mud, generally no
deeper than 5 m, commonly without fish; can retract
completely into sediment.
30. Gigantic Sea Anemone
Priapus giganteus
Specimens collected from the Red Sea.
Diagnostic field characters - Deeply-folded oral disc covered
with short slightly tapering tentacles that typically all vibrate
constantly.
Tentacles extremely sticky in life, adhering to collector's hand,
and pulling off in clumps; but do not cause stinging sensation.
Typically in such shallow water that animals may be exposed
at low tide.
Details - May be extraordinarily abundant.
Oral disc rarely as much as 500 mm diameter, usually lies at
surface of sand, often among corals; pedal disc attached to
buried object.
Non-adhesive verrucae on upper column blue to maroon,
contrasting with yellowish, pinkish, tan, greenish-blue, or
gray-green column.
Distribution Micronesia to the Red Sea, and Australia to the
Ryukyu Islands
32. Haddon's Sea Anemone
Discosoma haddoni
Specimens collected on the northern Great Barrier Reef.
Diagnostic field characters - Slightly to deeply folded oral disc
lies on or above sand surface.
Tentacles either bulbous or with basal "stalk," at the end of
which is a blunt or swollen terminal portion that can appear
puckered.
Column sturdy.
Details - Oral disc diameter commonly 500 mm, rarely 800 mm;
yellowish to orange tentacle-free oral area 10-20 mm in
diameter.
Oral disc, lower portion of tentacles, and column drab --
commonly yellowish
Tentacle ends can be green, yellow, gray, or rarely pink, which
can give oral disc a variegated appearance.
Tentacles sticky to touch. Small, non-adhesive verrucae on
uppermost column are same colour as column or light rose to
purple.
34. Mertens' Sea Anemone
Stichodactyla mertensii
Specimens collected from the easternmost Caroline Islands
Diagnostic field characters - Oral disc to 1 m or even more
diameter; tan to white column with longitudinal rows of
verrucae pigmented magenta or orange non-adhesive
tentacles club-shaped to finger-like all may be short (10-20
mm long), or some (in patches) very long (to 50 mm or more).
Details -This anemone holds the record for oral disc diameter.
Broadly flared oral disc lies smoothly over substratum.
Living only on hard surfaces, often reef slopes.
yellow or greenish tentacle-free oral area 20-50 mm
diameter.
Distribution Micronesia and Melanesia to East Africa, and
Australia to the Ryukyu Islands
36. Bubble Tip Anemone
Entacmaea quadricolor
Also called as Four Colored Anemone, Maroon Bulb
Anemone, Bulb Tip Anemone, Bulb Tentacle
Anemone, Bulb Anemone, and Rose Anemone.
The tentacles are short and bulbous when relaxing.
Orange, Brown, Red, Pink, Maroon, & common
Green colors.
38. Food & Feeding habit
These stinging cells are used to capture prey and
push it into its mouth.
With only a slight touch, the tentacles shoot
harpoon-like filaments into passing prey, injecting
it with a paralyzing neurotoxin, and then guiding it
into the mouth.
In the centre of the sea anemone is their mouth. In
order for the sea anemone to eat, they must wait for
their food.
39. Cont….
Then they sting it with their tentacles, and then push
it into their mouth.
Although sea anemones can catch fish and other
prey items, some species obtain much of their
nutrients from symbiotic unicellular algae.
Other symbiotic relationships are formed between
sea anemones and various fish or crustaceans.
40. Reproduction & Life cycle.
The sexes in sea anemones are separate.
Both sexual and asexual reproduction may occur.
In sexual reproduction, males release sperm, which
stimulates females to release eggs, and fertilization
occurs.
The eggs or sperm are ejected through the mouth.
The fertilized egg develops into a planula, which
finally settles down somewhere and grows into a
single anemone.
They can also reproduce asexually by budding
(binary fission), which involves pulling apart into
two halves.
By pedal laceration, in which small pieces of the
pedal disc break off and regenerate into small
42. Ecological importance.
Help in conserving aquatic biodiversity.
Having symbiotic relationship with so many fishes,
algae and crustaceans.
43. Economical importance
The global trade of marine ornamentals has been a
rapidly expanding industry involving numerous
countries worldwide.
Provide aesthetic benefit to humans in terms of their
beauty of colour and form.