In order for us to understand how all living organisms are related, they are arranged into different groups. The more features that a group of animals share, the more specific the group is. Animals are given scientific names so that people all around the world can communicate about animals, no matter what language they speak (these names are traditionally Latin words). Animals belong to a number of different groups, starting with the animal kingdom. Kingdom All living organisms are first placed into different kingdoms. There are five different kingdoms to classify life on Earth, which are Animals, Plants, Fungi, Bacteria, and Protists (single-celled organisms). Phylum The animal kingdom is divided into 40 smaller groups, known as phylum. Here, animals are grouped by their main features. Animals usually fall into one of five different phylum which are Cnidaria (invertebrates), Chordata (vertebrates), Arthropods, Molluscs and Echinoderms. Class The phylum group is then divided into even smaller groups, known as classes. The Chordata (vertebrates) phylum splits up into Mammalia (Mammals), Actinopterygii (Bony Fish), Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fish) , Aves (Birds), Amphibia (Amphibians) and Reptilia (Reptiles). Order Each class is divided into small groups again, known as orders. The class Mammalia (Mammals), splits into different groups including Carnivora, Primate, Artiodactyla and Rodentia. Family In every order, there are different families of animals which all have very similar features. The Carnivora order breaks into families that include Felidae (Cats), Canidae (Dogs), Ursidae (Bears), and Mustelidae (Weasels). Genus Every animal family is then divided into small groups known as genus. Each genus contains animals that have very similar features and are closely related. For example, the Felidae (Cat) family contains genus including Felis (small Cats and domestic Cats), Panthera (Tigers, Leopards, Jaguars and Lions) and Puma (Panthers and Cougars). Species Each individual species within the genus is named after it's individual features and characteristics. The names of animals are in Latin so that they can be understood worldwide, and consist of two words. The first word in the name of an animal will be the genus, and the second name indicates the specific species. Example 1 - Tiger Kingdom: Animalia (Animal) Phylum: Chordata (Vertebrate) Class: Mammalia (Mammal) Order: Carnivora (Carnivore) Family: Felidae (Cat) Genus: Panthera Species: Panthera tigris (Tiger)

1. KINGDOM ANIMALIA
PHYLUM CHORDATA
CLASS REPTALIA
SITTIE AINA SARIP PAGADOR
December 9, 2015

3. Objectives:
 To define what is reptilian
 To explain how the reptilian arise
 To show the phylogeny of the reprilia
 To understand their characteristics
 To explain their morphology and physiology
 Familiarize the different types of reptilia

4. • comprising today's turtles, crocodilians, snakes, lizards, tuatara,
and their extinct relatives.
• are tetrapod vertebrates, creatures that either have four limbs
or, like snakes, are descended from four-limbed ancestors
• The earliest known proto-reptiles originated around 315 million
years ago during the Carboniferous period.
REPTILIA

5. Features of Class REPTILIA
 Body varied in shape, covered with horny
epidermal scales or scutes
 Paired limbs, usually with five toes with claws
 Respiration by lungs.
 Three-chambered heart, except in crocodiles
which have four-chambered heart.

6.  Metanephric kidney; uric acid is the main nitrogenous
waste.
 Ectothermic animals.
 Nervous system with primitive brain, spinal cord dominant.
 Sexes separate; fertilization internal.
 Eggs covered with calcareous or leathery shells.
 Skeleton well ossified; ribs with sternum except in snakes,
forming a complete thoracic basket; skull with single
occipital condyle.

7. REPTILES HISTORY

8. 1. Linnaeus and the 18th century
 was the first to formally use the term "Reptilia" for an
expanded selection of reptiles and amphibians basically
similar to that of Linnaeus.
Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti

9. 2.Antediluvian monsters
a Mosasaurus discovered in a
Maastricht limestone quarry,
1770 (contemporary
engraving).

10. Pierre André Latreille
Erected the class Batracia (1825) for the latter,
dividing the tetrapods into the four familiar classes
of reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals.
Thomas Henry Huxley and Richard Owen
He subsequently proposed the names of
Sauropsida and Ichthyopsida.

11.  In 1866, Haeckel demonstrated that vertebrates could be
divided based on their reproductive strategies, and that
reptiles, birds, and mammals were united by the amniotic
egg.
Haeckel
E.S. Goodrich
In 1916 "Sauropsida" ("lizard faces") and "Theropsida" ("beast
faces") were used again.
distinguish between lizards, birds, and their relatives on the
one hand (Sauropsida) and mammals and their extinct
relatives (Theropsida).

12. EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY

13.  The origin of the reptiles lies about 310–
320 million years ago, in the steaming
swamps of the late Carboniferous
period, when the first reptiles evolved
from advanced reptiliomorphs.
 The oldest known animal that may have
been an amniote is Casineria.
Mesozoic scene showing typical reptilian
megafauna: dinosaurs including
Europasaurus holgeri, iguanodonts and
Archaeopteryx lithographica perched on
the foreground tree stump.

14. RISE OF THE REPTILES
 The earliest amniotes, including stem-reptiles (those amniotes
closer to modern reptiles than to mammals), were largely
overshadowed by larger stem-tetrapods such as Cochleosaurus, and
remained a small, inconspicuous part of the fauna until the
Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse.
 From this point forward, reptiles dominated communities and had a
greater diversity than primitive tetrapods, setting the stage for the
Mesozoic (known as the Age of Reptiles). One of the best known
early stem-reptiles is Mesosaurus, a genus from the early Permian
that had returned to water, feeding on fish.

15. ANAPSID, SYNAPSID, AND DIAPSID

16.  Early in the period, the modern reptiles, or crown-group
reptiles, evolved and split into two main lineages: the
Archosauromorpha (forebears of turtles, crocodiles, and
dinosaurs) and the Lepidosauromorpha (predecessors of modern
lizards and tuataras). Both groups remained lizard-like and
relatively small and inconspicuous during the Permian.

17. MESOZOIC ERA
 Most of the earlier parareptile and synapsid
megafauna disappeared, being replaced by the
true reptiles particularly archosauromorphs,
 The archosaurs became the dominant group
during this period,
 Popularly known as the "Age of Reptiles"

18. CENOZOIC ERA
Varanus Priscus
 After the extinction of most archosaur and
marine reptile lines by the end of the
Cretaceous, reptile diversification continued
throughout the Cenozoic, with squamates
undergoing a greater radiation than they did in
the Mesozoic. Today, squamates make up the
majority of living reptiles approximately
10,000 extant species of traditional reptiles
are known, with birds adding about 10,000
more, almost twice the number of mammals,
represented by about 5,700 living species.

19. REPTILES PHYLOGENY

21. The Three Reptiles Characteristics
1. Amniotic eggs - Amphibians’ eggs must be laid in water
or a moist setting to avoid drying out. Most reptiles lay
watertight eggs that contain a food source (the yolk) and
a series of four membranes: the yolk sac, the amnion,
the allantois, and the chorion. Each membrane plays a
role in making the egg an independent life- support
system. All modern reptiles, as well as birds and
mammals, show exactly this same pattern of membranes
within the egg. These three classes are called amniotes.

23. 2.Dry skin - Most living amphibians have moist skin and must remain
in moist places to avoid drying out. Reptiles have dry, watertight
skin. A layer of scales covers their bodies, preventing water loss.
These scales develop as surface cells fill with keratin, the same
protein that forms claws, fingernails, hair, and bird feathers.
3.Thoracic breathing - Amphibians breathe by squeezing their throat to
pump air into their lungs; this limits their breathing capacity to the
volume of their mouths. Reptiles developed pulmonary breathing,
expanding and contracting the rib cage to suck air into the lungs and
then force it out. The capacity of this system is limited only by the
volume of the lungs.

26. MORPHOLOGY
AND
PHYSIOLOGY

27. SquamateS and turtles have a three-
chambered heart consisting of two atria, one
variably partitioned ventricle, and two aortas
that lead to the systemic circulation.
Crocodilians have an anatomically four-
chambered heart, similar to birds, but also
have two systemic aortas and are therefore
capable of bypassing only their pulmonary
circulation.
CIRCULATION

28. RESPIRATION
 Breathing during locomotion has been studied in three species, and
they show different patterns. Adult female green sea turtles do not
breathe as they crutch along their nesting beaches. They hold their
breath during terrestrial locomotion and breathe in bouts as they rest.
 Box turtles have also been observed to breathe while completely
sealed up inside their shells.
Red-eared Slider

29. SKIN
 Reptilian skin is covered in a horny epidermis,
making it watertight and enabling reptiles to live
on dry land, in contrast to amphibians. Compared
to mammalian skin, that of reptiles is rather thin
and lacks the thick dermal layer that produces
leather in mammals.
 Exposed parts of reptiles are protected by scales
or scutes, sometimes with a bony base, forming
armor.

30.  Excretion is performed mainly by two small kidneys. In
diapsids, uric acid is the main nitrogenous waste product;
turtles, like mammals, excrete mainly urea. Unlike the kidneys
of mammals and birds, reptile kidneys are unable to produce
liquid urine more concentrated than their body fluid. This is
because they lack a specialized structure called a loop of
Henle, which is present in the nephrons of birds and mammals.
Because of this, many reptiles use the colon to aid in the
reabsorption of water. Some are also able to take up water
stored in the bladder. Excess salts are also excreted by nasal
and lingual salt glands in some reptiles.
EXCRETION

31. Defense mechanisms
 Many small reptiles, such as snakes and lizards that live on the
ground or in the water, are vulnerable to being preyed on by all
kinds of carnivorous animals. Thus avoidance is the most
common form of defense in reptiles.
 At the first sign of danger, most snakes and lizards crawl away
into the undergrowth, and turtles and crocodiles will plunge
into water and sink out of sight.

32. CAMOUFLAGE AND WARNING
 Reptiles tend to avoid confrontation
through camouflage.
 Two major groups of reptile predators are
birds and other reptiles
 Thus the skins of many reptiles have
cryptic colouration of plain or mottled
gray, green, and brown to allow them to
blend into the background of their
natural environment.
A camouflaged Phelsuma deubia on a palm frond

33. Modern reptiles belong to four groups
 The order Chelonia consists of about 250 species of turtles (most of
which are aquatic) and tortoises (which are terrestrial). Turtles and
tortoises lack teeth but have sharp beaks.

34.  Today, the order Rhynchocephalia contains only two species of
tuataras, large, lizard-like animals about half a meter long.
 An unusual feature of the tuatara (and some lizards) is the
inconspicuous “third eye” on the top of its head, called a parietal
eye.

35. The order Squamata (figure 35.24c) includes 3800 species of lizards and
about 3000 species of snakes.
The lack of limbs, movable eyelids, and external ears, as well as a great
number of vertebrae
The ability to lose their tails and then regenerate a new one.

36. Crocodiles are largely nocturnal animals that live in or near
water in tropical or subtropical regions
All crocodilians are carnivores.
In many ways, crocodiles resemble birds far more than they
do other living reptiles.

37. Typical Reptiles
A typical small lizard
Coast Garter Snake - Thamnophis elegans terrestris

38. A Green Sea Turtle - Chelonia mydas
American alligator – Alligator mississippiensis

39. Marine iguana - Amblyrhynchus cristatus
Thorny Devil - Moloch horridus

40. A Tokay Gecko - Gekko gecko
Giant Galapagos tortoise - Saddleback
Geochelone nigra

41. Yemen Chameleon - Chamaeleo calyptratus

42. Reptiles in Human Culture
 In Hindu mythology, God Vishnu took the form of a turtle,
Kurma.
 A snake is playing a prominent role in the biblical story of
Genesis.
 Turtles have also served as food for millennia, as have other
reptiles.
 Snake bite causes the death of an estimated 100,000 people
annually. By contrast, reptiles have also been used as
medicine, especially in China. Finally, human impact has
threatened many reptile species with extinction.

44. REFERENCE:
 Reptiles/Phylum Chordata.htm
 Reptiles/PsychJourn.htm
 Reptiles/Classification of Reptilia.htm
 Reptiles/Darwin.htm
 Mason Raven and Johnson Biology 9th Edition
 Campbell Biology 9th Edition

45. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!