Chronic laryngitis
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Chronic laryngitis is long-term inflammation of the larynx that can be caused by infection, irritants like smoking, or gastroesophageal reflux. Symptoms include hoarseness, throat clearing, and difficulty swallowing. Diagnosis involves examining the larynx to identify any lesions or diffuse changes. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes, medications like antacids or proton pump inhibitors, and voice therapy. Chronic laryngitis often has multiple contributing factors and the main causes are smoking, voice overuse, and reflux.
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Acute laryngitis
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This document discusses diseases that can affect the external ear. It begins by describing the anatomy of the external ear. It then discusses various congenital and traumatic conditions that can affect the pinna, including bat ear, preauricular appendages, and haematoma of the auricle. It also covers inflammatory conditions of the pinna like perichondritis. The document further discusses diseases of the external auditory canal, including conditions like otitis externa, otomycosis, and impacted cerumen. Foreign bodies in the ear are also mentioned. Finally, various diseases of the tympanic membrane are briefly outlined.
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Laryngitis
Laryngitis is an inflammation of the larynx or voice box that can be caused by viral or bacterial infection, chemical irritation, or vocal overuse. Common symptoms include hoarseness, coughing, throat pain, and difficulty speaking or swallowing. Acute laryngitis lasts less than 3 weeks and is often caused by viruses. Chronic laryngitis produces lingering hoarseness from long term irritation or misuse. Treatment focuses on voice rest, inhaling steam, cough suppressants, and sometimes short term steroids or antibiotics. Voice therapy can help restore normal voice quality and prevent future issues.
Acute and chronic inflammations of larynx
The document discusses various types of acute and chronic laryngeal inflammations including:
1. Acute laryngitis, which is usually caused by viral infections and has symptoms of hoarseness, cough, and throat discomfort. Treatment focuses on vocal rest, steam inhalation, and antibiotics if needed.
2. Acute fibrous laryngitis commonly affects young children and involves inflammation of the entire respiratory tract. It requires hospitalization and treatments like antibiotics, mucolytics, and sometimes intubation.
3. Chronic laryngitis can develop from repeated acute infections or irritants like smoking. It causes long-term hoarseness and requires treatments like voice rest and speech therapy.
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Tonsillitis
This document discusses the anatomy, causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of tonsillitis. It describes the anatomy of the palatine tonsils and their location in the oropharynx. It explains that tonsillitis is commonly caused by bacterial or viral infections, and presents as sore throat, difficulty swallowing and fever. The types of acute tonsillitis - catarrhal, follicular and membranous - are outlined. Treatment involves rest, fluids, analgesics and antibiotics. Complications and differential diagnoses are also summarized.
Acute & chronic inflammations of larynx clinical features treatment types oto...
based on dhingrambbs curricula ent infectious non infectious leprosy scleroma leprosy syphilis tuberculosis diagnosis treatment Pachydermia laryngis reinkes edema diagrams etiology hypertrophic based on dhingra....mbbs,,, curricula, ent, infectious,, non infectious, leprosy, scleroma ,leprosy, syphilis, tuberculosis ,diagnosis ,treatment ,Pachydermia, laryngis, reinkes edema .,diagrams ,etiology, hypertrophic..........................diagnosis treatment ...............................................................................................................................
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Adenoids are lymphoid tissue located in the nasopharynx that are typically not visible through the mouth. Adenoid hypertrophy can be caused by chronic inflammation and causes nasal obstruction, mouth breathing, ear infections, and sinus infections. Indications for surgery include recurrent ear or sinus infections, obstructive sleep apnea, or cardiopulmonary complications. Treatment involves antibiotics initially and adenoidectomy or tonsilloadenoidectomy for persistent or severe cases.
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This document discusses complications that can arise from chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM). It notes that complications occur when infection spreads beyond the middle ear into surrounding structures. Multiple complications occur in about 1/3 of patients, and children are more commonly affected than adults. Potential complications include mastoiditis, facial nerve paralysis, labyrinthine fistula, meningitis, brain abscess, and lateral sinus thrombosis. The document provides detailed descriptions and classifications of these various complications as well as their symptoms, diagnostic approach, and treatment options.
Rhinoscleroma
Rhinoscleroma is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis bacteria. It primarily affects the nose and can spread to the throat and larynx. The disease progresses through three stages - an initial atrophic stage with crusting, followed by a granulomatous nodular stage with non-ulcerative nodules, and finally a cicatrizing stage with scarring and distortion of normal anatomy. Diagnosis involves culture, serological tests, and biopsy showing characteristic Mikulicz cells and Russell bodies. Treatment involves long-term high-dose antibiotics like streptomycin and tetracycline for 4-6 weeks. Local injections of carbolic acid or radiation therapy
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1) The document discusses diseases of the paranasal sinuses, focusing on sinusitis which is the inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the sinuses.
2) Sinusitis can be acute or chronic and involves inflammation of the maxillary, ethmoidal, frontal, or sphenoid sinuses.
3) Sinusitis is usually caused by infection spreading from the nasal cavity or upper teeth, but may also be due to immunodeficiency, anatomical abnormalities blocking sinus drainage, or changes in sinus secret quality.
Benign tumours of larynx
This document discusses benign tumours of the larynx. It divides them into non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions. Non-neoplastic lesions include vocal nodules, vocal polyps, Reinke's edema, and contact ulcers which result from vocal abuse or trauma. Neoplastic lesions include papillomas, chondromas, haemangiomas, granular cell tumours, and rare glandular tumours. Many lesions present with hoarseness and are typically treated with surgical excision and voice therapy.
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This document defines tympanoplasty and provides a history and overview of the procedure. It begins by defining tympanoplasty as a procedure to eradicate disease in the middle ear and reconstruct the hearing mechanism, with or without grafting of the tympanic membrane. It then discusses the history of developments in tympanoplasty techniques from the 1950s onward. The document outlines the aims, objectives, types based on various classification systems, indications, contraindications and steps of performing tympanoplasty.
Keratosis obturans
Keratosis obturans is a condition characterized by an accumulation of desquamated keratin in the external auditory meatus. It occurs when the normal migration of epithelium from the tympanic membrane to the posterior meatal wall is obstructed by wax or a foreign body, causing an abnormal separation of keratin. There are two main types - a silent type caused by this abnormal keratin separation, and an inflammatory type caused by acute ear canal inflammation. Clinically, it presents as a white keratin plug occluding the ear canal, sometimes with accompanying granulations or canal widening. Treatment involves removing the cause if present, using keratolytic agents, and potentially surgical removal under general anesthesia for recurrent cases
RETROPHARYNGEAL ABSCESS N.pptx
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Retropharyngeal abscess ia an infection of the retropharyngeal space
Retropharyngeal space is a potential space posterior to the pharynx and the cervical oesophagus
Often presents late, most times in airway obstruction
It is life threatening,adequate care and management is needed
Mortality and morbidity often follows delayed or missed diagnosis
Bullous myringitis
Bullous myringitis is a condition where fluid-filled blisters form on the eardrum, caused by viruses like influenza or bacteria like mycoplasma pneumoniae. It presents with sudden, severe pain in one ear following an upper respiratory infection, along with blood-stained discharge from the ear canal and hearing loss. On examination, blisters can be seen on the eardrum and inner ear canal. It is usually diagnosed based on symptoms and examination findings. While the eardrum heals within days, sensorineural hearing loss affects between 15-67% of patients, though often improves within 3 months with antibiotics.
Granulomatous conditions of larynx
1. Tuberculosis of the larynx commonly affects the posterior larynx, causing submucosal tubercles that can ulcerate, forming undermined ulcers. Symptoms include throat pain, hoarseness, and dysphagia. Diagnosis involves chest X-ray, sputum examination, laryngoscopy, and biopsy. Treatment consists of anti-tubercular drugs, vocal rest, and nutrition supplements.
2. Scleroma of the larynx is caused by Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis and commonly involves the subglottic region, presenting as a smooth red swelling. Diagnosis involves biopsy and culture. Treatment includes antibiotics, steroids, and surgery for stenosis
Diseases of external ear
This document discusses diseases that can affect the external ear. It begins by describing the anatomy of the external ear. It then discusses various congenital and traumatic conditions that can affect the pinna, including bat ear, preauricular appendages, and haematoma of the auricle. It also covers inflammatory conditions of the pinna like perichondritis. The document further discusses diseases of the external auditory canal, including conditions like otitis externa, otomycosis, and impacted cerumen. Foreign bodies in the ear are also mentioned. Finally, various diseases of the tympanic membrane are briefly outlined.
Nasal polyps
Nasal polyps can be either antrochoanal polyps, typically seen in children, or ethmoid polyps, more common in adults. Antrochoanal polyps originate in the maxillary sinus and extend backwards towards the nasopharynx, while ethmoid polyps originate in the ethmoid sinuses and grow forwards, often bilaterally. Treatment involves surgical removal of antrochoanal polyps and may require postoperative antibiotics to prevent recurrence, whereas ethmoid polyps are usually first treated medically with steroids and antihistamines and only require surgery if medical treatment fails or for large polyps.
Hoarseness of voice
Hoarseness is defined as a roughness of the voice caused by irregular vibration of the vocal cords. The vocal cords must approximate properly, have the right size and stiffness, and vibrate regularly in response to air flow in order to produce normal voice. Conditions that can cause hoarseness include loss of approximation between the vocal cords due to paralysis, tumors, or cysts, as well as changes in cord size or stiffness. Causes of hoarseness include inflammation, both acute such as from a cold and chronic such as from infections, tumors either benign or malignant, trauma, paralysis, fixation of the cords, and congenital issues. An examination of the larynx through indirect laryngoscopy is needed to diagnose many local lary
Atrophic rhinitis
This document discusses three chronic nasal diseases: atrophic rhinitis, rhinosporidiosis, and rhinoscleroma. Atrophic rhinitis causes nasal atrophy and foul odors. It can be primary from infection or nutritional factors, or secondary from other conditions like sinusitis. Rhinosporidiosis is caused by Rhinosporidium seeberi and presents as red nasal lesions. Rhinoscleroma is caused by Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis and presents in stages from rhinitis to fibrosis, commonly affecting the nose and spreading to other areas. Treatment involves antibiotics, surgery, or other measures depending on the specific condition.
Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma
This document provides information on juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA), a rare benign tumor that occurs mostly in adolescent males. JNAs originate from sex steroid-stimulated hamartomatous tissue in the nasal cavity. They are highly vascular tumors that can locally invade structures in the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and skull base. Imaging like CT and MRI are used to determine the extent of disease. The Fisch staging system, which classifies JNAs into 4 types based on their extent, is commonly used to guide treatment planning.
Cholesteatoma
Cholesteatoma is a cyst-like structure in the middle ear filled with skin cells and debris. It can be congenital, arising from embryonic skin cell rests, or acquired through retraction of the eardrum or migration of skin cells through a perforated eardrum. The skin cells in the cholesteatoma produce enzymes that destroy the surrounding bone. Cholesteatoma is evaluated with examination, imaging, and hearing tests. Treatment involves surgery to remove the cholesteatoma and reconstruct the damaged bones.
Malignant tumours of larynx
The document discusses laryngeal cancer including epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis, staging, treatment options and management. Key points include:
- Laryngeal cancer accounts for 2.6% of cancers and most commonly presents between ages 40-70.
- Main risk factors are smoking, alcohol consumption and HPV infection.
- Diagnosis involves laryngoscopy and biopsy to determine tumor extent and staging.
- Treatment depends on tumor stage but may include radiation therapy, surgery such as laryngectomy, or chemotherapy. Preservation of the larynx is prioritized when possible.
Chronic tonsillitis
Chronic tonsillitis has several causes including complications from acute sinusitis or subclinical infections of the tonsils or sinuses. It most commonly affects children and young adults. There are three main types: chronic follicular tonsillitis where the tonsillar crypts are full of infected material; chronic parenchymatous tonsillitis with enlarged lymphoid tissue; and chronic fibroid tonsillitis where the tonsils are small but infected. Clinical features include recurrent sore throats, throat irritation, bad breath, and difficulty swallowing. Examination may show enlarged or small tonsils with pus or debris. Complications can include peritonsillar abscess, tonsilloliths, or intratonsillar
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Acute & chronic inflammations of larynx clinical features treatment types oto...
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Laryngitis
Laryngitis is an inflammation of the larynx or voice box that can be caused by viral or bacterial infection, chemical irritation, or vocal overuse. Common symptoms include hoarseness, coughing, throat pain, and difficulty speaking or swallowing. Acute laryngitis lasts less than 3 weeks and is often caused by viruses. Chronic laryngitis produces lingering hoarseness from long term irritation or misuse. Treatment focuses on voice rest, inhaling steam, cough suppressants, and sometimes short term steroids or antibiotics. Voice therapy can help restore normal voice quality and prevent future issues.
Acute and chronic inflammations of larynx
The document discusses various types of acute and chronic laryngeal inflammations including:
1. Acute laryngitis, which is usually caused by viral infections and has symptoms of hoarseness, cough, and throat discomfort. Treatment focuses on vocal rest, steam inhalation, and antibiotics if needed.
2. Acute fibrous laryngitis commonly affects young children and involves inflammation of the entire respiratory tract. It requires hospitalization and treatments like antibiotics, mucolytics, and sometimes intubation.
3. Chronic laryngitis can develop from repeated acute infections or irritants like smoking. It causes long-term hoarseness and requires treatments like voice rest and speech therapy.
Laryngitis
Laryngitis is inflammation of the vocal cords caused by irritation or infection, resulting in hoarseness or loss of voice. Common symptoms include hoarseness, sore throat, coughing, and difficulty swallowing or breathing. Laryngitis is often caused by overuse of the voice, acid reflux, allergies, bronchitis, or bacterial/viral infections such as colds and pneumonia.
Laryngeal infections
This document discusses laryngeal infections. It begins by introducing laryngitis as an inflammation of the larynx that can be acute or chronic. Acute laryngitis is usually self-limited while chronic lasts over 3 weeks. Causes include vocal misuse, noxious agents, and viruses or bacteria. In children, important acute laryngeal infections are epiglottitis, croup, and bacterial laryngotracheobronchitis. Chronic laryngitis can be caused by repeated acute infections or long-term irritants like smoking. Diagnosis involves examination and investigations depend on the suspected infection. Management involves treating the underlying cause, antibiotics, corticosteroids, and occasionally intubation or tracheostomy
Conferance of chronic laryngitis
This document provides information on chronic laryngitis, including:
1. It defines the larynx and its structures such as cartilages and muscles. Chronic laryngitis is an inflammatory process that causes irreversible damage to the larynx mucosa.
2. Common causes include infections, voice abuse, allergies, and environmental factors. Signs and symptoms include hoarse voice, chronic cough, and difficulty swallowing.
3. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, imaging, and biopsy. Treatment focuses on identifying and treating the underlying cause, with measures like voice rest, steam inhalation, and surgery in severe cases.
Gerd management guidelines
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GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE
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विश्वमा २४ करोडभन्दा बढी बालबालिकाहरू श्रममा संलग्न रहेको तितो यथार्थभित्र बाँचिरहेका हाम्रा बालबालिकाहरूको भविष्य र त्यसले झल्काउने हाम्रो समाजको वर्तमान तथा भविष्य दुवै अत्यन्तै गम्भीर र चिन्ताजनक देखिन्छ । हाम्रो देशमा पनि बीस लाखभन्दा बढी बालबालिकाहरू श्रममा संलग्न रहेका छन् जसमध्ये १ लाख २७ हजार बालबालिकाहरू निकृष्ट प्रकारको बालश्रममा संलग्न रही आफ्नो जीवन यापन गरिरहेका छन् । यसरी निकृष्ट बाल श्रममा संलग्न हुन बाध्य भएका बालबालिकाहरूमा सर्वाधिक संख्या घरेलु बालश्रमिकहरूको रहेको छ । अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय श्रम संगठनको तथ्याङ्कअनुसार नेपालका सहरी क्षेत्रमा मात्र ५५ हजारभन्दा बढी बालबालिकाहरू घरेलु श्रममा संलग्न रहेका छन् । घरेलु श्रममा संलग्न बालबालिकाहरू विभिन्नखाले हिंसा, शोषण तथा दुव्र्यवहारहरू खप्न बाध्य भइरहेका छन् र पनि यस्तो अवस्थामा थोरै मात्र संघसंस्था तथा सरकारी निकायहरूले यस क्षेत्रलाई आवश्यक मात्रामा ध्यान पुर्याउन सकिरहेको देखिँदैन भने भइरहेका प्रयासहरूमा पनि कमी कमजोरीहरू देखिन्छन् ।
यही करु ालार्इ मध्यनजर गर्दै सिविसले घरेलु बालश्रम र हस्तक्षेपका उपायहरू विषयभित्र विभिन्न कार्यि नर्दिेशकाहरू तयार गरकेा छ र त्यसै अन्तगर्त याे ”घरेलु बालश्रम परिचय” पुस्तक यहाँहरूमाझ प्रस्तुत गर्न पाउँदा हामीलाई अत्यन्तै खुसी लागेको छ ।
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The newsletter provides updates on Marks & Spencer's sustainability initiatives, including two additional sites achieving silver status. It announces changes to the silver validation process to increase throughput and require continuous improvement. Suppliers are encouraged to attend workshops, exchanges, and farm visits to help embed sustainability in their businesses and work towards silver and gold levels.
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This document contains information about an organization called Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha including its website, email address, publication details, and editor's name. It also contains several unrelated short news articles on topics like communal harmony, women's safety issues, and responsibility of government towards children's education and welfare.
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Open stack in action cern _openstack_accelerating_science
Open stack in action cern _openstack_accelerating_science
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Chronic laryngitis
- 1. Chronic laryngitis Definition & aetiology : Chronic laryngitis is chronic inflammation of the laryngeal structures, most commonly the laryngeal mucosa. The inflammatory process can be either infectious or non-infectious, with a broad spectrum of aetiologies ranging from nonspecific diffuse hyperplastic laryngitis associated with various irritants such as smoking or voice abuse to extremely rare infective conditions such as histoplasmosis. Aetiology Upper & lower respiratory tract infection; Occupation with excess noise,asbestos workers, cement workers, shoe workers, hairdressing. Highly significant with age& smoking; Allergy Gastro-oesophageal reflex; Aetiology of chronic laryngitis is frequently multifactorial. Clinical presentation Dysphonia (alternation of voice quality). A sensation of something being in the pharynx. Difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia) Painful speaking( odynophonia) Persistent cough Throat clearing Halitosis Bitter taste Waterbrush Otalgia Operative assessment The initial outpatient assessment establishes if there are any discrete lesions such as leukoplakia, nodules, or polyps & if not , whether the diffuse changes are uniform, such as Reinke’s oedema or non-specific & possibly irregular as in chronic laryngitis. Once the finding have been categorized, next step stage is either initiation of treatment. Voice therapy by the speech & language therapists, or further assessment by microlaryngoscopy.
- 2. Four-point gradation of chronic laryngitis; Grade Grade I Mild erythema, stasis of secetions, string sign, pilling up of inter-arytenoid mucosa. Grade II Diffuse oedema & mucosal thickening but with little erythema Grade III Diffuse erythema, with granular friable mucosa or ulceration. Grade IV Discrete granuloma(s) with or without oedema or erythema. Histological features of chronic laryngitis Grade Grade I Thickened epithelium, hyperkeratosis, regular maturation retained. Grade II Cellular atypia, abnormal mitoses Grade III Severe dysplasia, epithelium has squamous cell carcinoma but without infiltration through the basement. Nonspecific laryngitis Nonspecific laryngitis is an extremely common condition which may present with a wide spectrum of signs & symptoms & severity. Patients invariably present with a degree of dysphonia & may have throat discomfort, awareness in the throat, i.e. globus type symptoms, throat clearing, halitosis. The most common aetiological factors are smoking, voice abuse, GERD. There are two theories of GERD. 1. Direct reflex of acid from stomach & oesophagus crossing the upper oesophageal sphincter & causing an inflammatory effect on laryngopharynx. 2. The indirect theory where chronic repetitive throat clearing & cough is caused by a vagally mediated response secondary to acid in the lower oesophagus.
- 3. Treatment 1. Lifestyle changes Avoiding late evening eating & drinking; Reducing evening alcohol intake Avoiding foodstuffs giving reflux symptoms; Raising the head of the bed. 2. Antacids; 3. H2 antagonists; ranitidine 150mg twice daily; 4. Proton pump inhitors; omeprazole 20mg twice daily for at least eight weeks; 5. Fundiplication. Best clinical practice 1. Chronic laryngitis frequently has a multifactorial aetiology. 2. The main aetiological factors are smoking , voice abuse & gastro-oesophageal reflex. 3. Following the clinical diagnosis,treat with proton pump inhibitor, voice therapy & smoking cessation therapy. 4. Surgery should be used for discrete lesions only. 5. Chronic infectious processes in the larynx are rare & frequently mimic squamous cell carcinoma. Treatment in the K.J.Lee 1. Vocal hygiene- absolute silence not advised. 2. Hydration of patients. 3. Decongestant for nasal obstruction 4. Cough suppression 5. Mucolytic 6. Avoid drying antihistamines 7. H2 blockers or proton pump inhibitors if acid reflux detected or suspected. 8. Steroid only for need to use voice (performance). Steroid mask symptoms; therefore, performer should be monitored closely to detect injury due to overuse.