Polysaccharides - Biochemistry for Msc StudentsKEVENLIAM
This note is based on polysaccharides and glycoprotein which is useful for MSc zoology students. All the points including the structure is being added.
Polysaccharides - Biochemistry for Msc StudentsKEVENLIAM
This note is based on polysaccharides and glycoprotein which is useful for MSc zoology students. All the points including the structure is being added.
n chemistry, a glycosidic bond is a type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate.
Polysaccharide introduction, example, structure, starch, cellulose, chitin those structure and important functions and their presence in plants and animals, polysaccharide types based on functions and their composition , functions of polysaccharides , important images for relevant polysaccharides types, polysaccharide role in plants and animal cells. Starch - structure and functions, cellulose structure and functions, chitin - structure and functions
n chemistry, a glycosidic bond is a type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate.
Polysaccharide introduction, example, structure, starch, cellulose, chitin those structure and important functions and their presence in plants and animals, polysaccharide types based on functions and their composition , functions of polysaccharides , important images for relevant polysaccharides types, polysaccharide role in plants and animal cells. Starch - structure and functions, cellulose structure and functions, chitin - structure and functions
Glycogen is the storage from of glucose. The metabolism of glycogen both as glycogenolysis, breakdown of glycogen, and glycogenesis, formation of glycogen along with their regulation is briefed in the slides.
Oligonucleotide synthesis - Problems and Challengesajithnandanam
The oligonucleotides are synthesized on solid supports from the 3’-end and the first monomer at this end is normally attached to a CPG(Controlled Pore Glass) or Polystyrene (PS).
Aerogels also known as Frozen smoke exceptional light weight materialrita martin
Aerogel is a synthetic porous ultralight material derived from a gel in which the liquid component of the gel has been replaced with a gas it is a lowest density solid and best insulator
Carbohydrates are a class of biomolecules that are important sources of energy and structural components in living organisms. They are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, and they are classified based on their size and the number of sugar units they contain.
Solubility
Source
Classification
Important polysaccharide
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Xantham
Pectin
Agar
Inulin
Chitin
Function of polysaccharide
Conclusion
Cellular structures such as ribosomes, chromosomes, membranes, flagella, and cell walls are made up of ordered arrays of linear polymers or Macromolecules.
Macromolecules are constructed by covalently bonding monomers by condensation reactions where water is removed from functional groups on the monomers.
Carbohydrates for mbbs course.
Learn from the best materials.
Pick up and take subscription.
Get the best. Carbohydrate structure.
Carbohydrates function.
Learn from the best.
Be a good doctor.
Libe the life of a good doctor.
Carbohydrates structure and function.
This explains the complex carbohydrates and chemistry of heterpolysaccharides. composition, distribution and its function is explained for each GAGs. brief notes on blood group ag is available. difference between proteoglycan and glycoprotein is explained in a essay way to understand. clinical importance is also added.
Introduction
Definition
Classification of polysaccharides
1- Homopolysaccharides
2-Heteropolysaccharides
What is heteropolysaccarides?
Type of heteropolysaccharides
Function of heteropolysaccharides
Conclusion
References
This power point presentation consists of 64 slides including information about plant and other type of cell wall. Chemical composition, structure, function and properties of cell wall have been explained. Ultra structure of plant cell wall has also been high lighted. Algal,Fungal,Bacterial and Archaeal cell walls have also been explained.
It is a Complexaing agent.
Synonym: cavitron, cycloamyloses, cycloglucan, cyclic oligosaccharide
It is a important for increasing the solubility of poorly water soluble drugs.
Cyclodextrines are produced from starch by means of enzymatic conversion.
They are used in food, pharmaceutical, drug delivery, and chemical industries, as well as agriculture and environmental engineering.
Cyclodextrines are composed of 5 or more α-D glucopyranoside units linked 1->4, as in amylose linkage.
Cyclodextrines contains 32 1,4-anhydroglucopyranoside units, while as a poorly characterized mixture, at least 150-membered cyclic oligosaccharides are also known. Typical cyclodextrins contain a number of glucose monomers ranging from six to eight units in a ring.
CDs, with lipophilic inner cavities & hydrophilic outer surfaces, are interacting with a guest molecule to form non covalent inclusion complexes.
Today CDs are only synthesized either by fermentation or enzymatically.
Many CGTases from different microorganisms are known, cloned, sequenced, characterized and used for production of CDs.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
7. STARCH & GLYCOGEN
Amylose: long, unbranched chains of D-glucose
residues connected by ( 1→4) linkages
Amylopectin: high molecular weight, highly branched.
Glycosidic linkages joining successive glucose residues
in amylopectin chains are ( 1→4); the branch points
(occurring every 24 to 30 residues) are ( 1→6)
linkages.
Glycogen is more extensively branched (on average,
every 8 to 12 residues) and more compact
8. DEXTRANS
Bacterial and yeast polysaccharides
made up of ( 1→6)-linked poly-D-glucose; all have
( 1→3) branches, and some also have ( 1→2) or
( 1→4) branches.
Dental plaque, formed by bacteria growing on the
surface of teeth, is rich in dextrans.
Synthetic dextrans are used in several commercial
products (for example, Sephadex) that serve in the
fractionation of proteins by size-exclusion
chromatography
9.
10. CELLULOSE & CHITIN
Fibrous, tough, water-insoluble substance
Found in the cell walls of plants
Linear, unbranched homopolysaccharide
10,000 to 15,000 D-glucose units (β1→4)
Most animals cannot use cellulose as a fuel source
Termites readily digest cellulose because their
intestinal tract harbors a symbiotic Microorganism,
Trichonympha, that secretes cellulase
Chitin is a linear homopolysaccharide composed of N-
acetylglucosamine residues in linkage
11.
12.
13. BACTERIAL CELL WALL
Heteropolymer of alternating (β1→4)-linked N-
acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid
residues
The linear polymers lie side by side in the cell wall,
cross-linked by short peptides
The peptide cross-links weld the polysaccharide
chains into a strong sheath that envelops the entire
cell and prevents cellular swelling and lysis due to
the osmotic entry of water
Gram-positive bacteria have a pentaglycine chain in
the cross-link while Gram-negative bacteria don’t.
14.
15. RED ALGAE CELL WALL
Cell walls that contain agar, a mixture of sulfated
heteropolysaccharides made up of D-galactose and
an L-galactose derivative ether-linked between C-3
and C-6
When a suspension of agarose in water is heated
and cooled, the agarose forms a double helix: two
molecules in parallel orientation twist together with
a helix repeat of three residues
16.
17. GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS
Extracellular matrix is composed of an interlocking
meshwork of heteropolysaccharides and fibrous proteins
such as collagen, elastin, fibronectin, and laminin.
These heteropolysaccharides, the glycosaminoglycans,
are a family of linear polymers composed of repeating
disaccharide units
One of the two monosaccharides is always either N-
acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine; the other is
in most cases a uronic acid, usually D-glucuronic or L-
iduronic acid
18. HYALURONIC ACID
Contains alternating residues of D-glucuronic acid and N-
acetylglucosamine
Up to 50,000 repeats of the basic disaccharide unit
Form clear, highly viscous solutions that serve as
lubricants in the synovial fluid of joints and give the
vitreous humor of the vertebrate eye its jellylike
consistency
Essential component of the extracellular matrix of
cartilage and tendons, to which it contributes tensile
strength and elasticity
Hyaluronidase, an enzyme secreted by some pathogenic
bacteria, can hydrolyze the glycosidic linkages of
hyaluronate, rendering tissues more susceptible to
bacterial invasion
19. Chondroitin sulfate :
Contributes to the tensile strength of cartilage,
tendons, ligaments, and the walls of the aorta
Dermatan sulfate :
Contributes to the pliability of skin and is also
present in blood vessels and heart valves
Keratan sulfates :
Present in cornea, cartilage, bone, and a variety of
horny structures formed of dead cells: horn, hair,
hoofs, nails, and claws
Heparin :
Natural anticoagulant made in mast cells
Highest negative charge density of any known
biological macromolecule
20. Hurler a-L-
Iduronidase
Dermatan
sulfate,
heparan
sulfate
Mental retardation, heart disease, corneal
clouding, coarse facies,
Hepatosplenomegaly, cardiac disease,
Hunter Iduronate
sulfatase
Dermatan
sulfate,
heparan
sulfate
Wide spectrum of severity, severe form
resembling hurler syndrome except corneal
clouding
Sanfilip
po A
Heparan-N-
sulfatase
Heparan
sulfate
Hyperactivity, mild somatic features,
profound mental deterioration; death
usually in 2nd decade
MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSES