This document provides information on various types of heteropolysaccharides:
- Dextran is a polymer of D-fructose used in medicine to increase blood volume. Hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfates are important components of the extracellular matrix.
- Glycosaminoglycans like hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate are present in joints, cartilage and other tissues where they provide structure and lubrication.
- Mucopolysaccharidoses are a group of disorders caused by deficiencies of lysosomal enzymes, leading to accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in tissues and symptoms like skeletal abnormalities.
This document discusses carbohydrate chemistry, including disaccharides, polysaccharides, and specific polysaccharides like starch, glycogen, dextran, cellulose, and inulin. It also covers glycosaminoglycans like hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, keratin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, and heparin. Proteoglycans and glycoproteins are also summarized. The document provides details on the composition, structure, sites, and functions of these various carbohydrates.
GlycosaminoGlycans are unbranched heteropolysaccharide chains composed of disaccharide repeat units.
Each disaccharide repeat unit is composed of amino sugar and uronic acid.
They were first isolated from mucin hence called mucopolysaccharide
They are a major component of the extracellular matrix.
Heteropolysaccharides are high molecular weight carbohydrate polymers composed of more than one type of monosaccharide unit. They are mainly glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) that contain an amino sugar and uronic acid. The major GAGs are hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, and heparin. They play important roles in tissue structure, hydration, lubrication and cell signaling. GAGs are isolated from tissues using ion exchange and gel permeation chromatography.
This document discusses the salivary glands and saliva. It begins with an introduction and overview of saliva, including its definition, composition, and functions. It then describes the major and minor salivary glands, how saliva is formed, and the factors that can affect saliva composition and secretion. Some key roles of saliva discussed include its role in oral health, acquired pellicle and calculus formation, and its correlation with dental caries. Methods of collecting saliva and some clinical considerations related to saliva are also summarized.
This document discusses heteropolysaccharides, also known as heteroglycans or glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). GAGs are polymers made from more than one type of monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative. Examples include those found in plants like agar and pectin, and those found in humans like hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, and heparin. The document describes the composition, location, and functions of several major GAGs, including their roles in structures like the extracellular matrix, cartilage, and blood groups. Proteoglycans are also discussed, which are core proteins that have one or more GAG chains covalently attached.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides or their derivatives joined by glycosidic bonds. They are classified as homopolymers or heteropolymers. Starch is a major homopolysaccharide composed of amylose and amylopectin, while glycogen is the animal equivalent found mainly in liver and muscle. Cellulose is an insoluble polymer of glucose that provides structure to plant cell walls. Mucopolysaccharides are heteropolymers containing amino sugars and acidic sugars. Common types include hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, keratin sulfate, heparin, and heparan sulfate. Mucopolysaccharidoses are a group of genetic disorders caused by
This document discusses carbohydrate chemistry, including disaccharides, polysaccharides, and specific polysaccharides like starch, glycogen, dextran, cellulose, and inulin. It also covers glycosaminoglycans like hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, keratin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, and heparin. Proteoglycans and glycoproteins are also summarized. The document provides details on the composition, structure, sites, and functions of these various carbohydrates.
GlycosaminoGlycans are unbranched heteropolysaccharide chains composed of disaccharide repeat units.
Each disaccharide repeat unit is composed of amino sugar and uronic acid.
They were first isolated from mucin hence called mucopolysaccharide
They are a major component of the extracellular matrix.
Heteropolysaccharides are high molecular weight carbohydrate polymers composed of more than one type of monosaccharide unit. They are mainly glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) that contain an amino sugar and uronic acid. The major GAGs are hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, and heparin. They play important roles in tissue structure, hydration, lubrication and cell signaling. GAGs are isolated from tissues using ion exchange and gel permeation chromatography.
This document discusses the salivary glands and saliva. It begins with an introduction and overview of saliva, including its definition, composition, and functions. It then describes the major and minor salivary glands, how saliva is formed, and the factors that can affect saliva composition and secretion. Some key roles of saliva discussed include its role in oral health, acquired pellicle and calculus formation, and its correlation with dental caries. Methods of collecting saliva and some clinical considerations related to saliva are also summarized.
This document discusses heteropolysaccharides, also known as heteroglycans or glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). GAGs are polymers made from more than one type of monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative. Examples include those found in plants like agar and pectin, and those found in humans like hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, and heparin. The document describes the composition, location, and functions of several major GAGs, including their roles in structures like the extracellular matrix, cartilage, and blood groups. Proteoglycans are also discussed, which are core proteins that have one or more GAG chains covalently attached.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides or their derivatives joined by glycosidic bonds. They are classified as homopolymers or heteropolymers. Starch is a major homopolysaccharide composed of amylose and amylopectin, while glycogen is the animal equivalent found mainly in liver and muscle. Cellulose is an insoluble polymer of glucose that provides structure to plant cell walls. Mucopolysaccharides are heteropolymers containing amino sugars and acidic sugars. Common types include hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, keratin sulfate, heparin, and heparan sulfate. Mucopolysaccharidoses are a group of genetic disorders caused by
This document discusses saliva, including its embryology, composition, functions, and role in dental health. Saliva is produced by major and minor salivary glands and contains water, enzymes, immunoglobulins, mucins and other components. It has functions like lubrication, buffering, digestion of starch, and protection against bacteria. Saliva aids in remineralization of teeth and prevention of dental caries through factors like calcium, phosphate, fluoride and proteins. It also plays a role in acquired pellicle formation, calculus formation, and various oral diseases.
This document provides information about carbohydrates including their structure, classification, functions and examples. It defines carbohydrates as polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones and discusses monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. Specific carbohydrates discussed include starch, glycogen, cellulose, inulin, dextrans, chitin and various heteroglycans. Disaccharides like sucrose, lactose and maltose are also summarized. The document outlines the functions of carbohydrates like being an energy source, involved in structural support, and roles of specific carbohydrates like hyaluronic acid and proteoglycans.
This document discusses the saliva and its role in oral health. It defines saliva and describes the major and minor salivary glands. The mechanisms of saliva formation and its composition, properties, and functions are explained. Factors that influence salivary flow rate and the correlation between saliva and dental caries are summarized. The roles of saliva in acquired pellicle formation, calculus formation, and salivary gland diseases are also outlined.
This document provides information on several polysaccharides and their uses. It discusses the following compounds: calcium gluconate, ferrous gluconate, sorbitol, mannitol, glucosamine, ascorbic acid, lactulose, sucralfate, hetastarch, cyclodextrins, chitin/chitosan, heparin, acarbose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, and hyaluronic acid. For each compound it provides details on source, mechanism of action, uses, and in some cases toxicity. The document contains information on the preparation and applications of these polysaccharides in pharmacy and medicine.
Saliva BY DR. C. P. ARYA (B.Sc. B.D.S, M.D.S , P.M.S, R.N.T;C.P.)DR. C. P. ARYA
Saliva is a watery substance produced in the mouths of humans and other animals. It is produced by salivary glands and contains water, electrolytes, mucus, enzymes, and other substances. The main functions of saliva are lubrication for swallowing, beginning the digestion of starches and fats, and supporting oral health. Saliva production and composition are regulated by the nervous system and saliva plays various roles beyond digestion for some animal species.
- Polysaccharides are biopolymers made of monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds that can be classified as homopolysaccharides or heteropolysaccharides.
- Starch is a homopolysaccharide energy storage molecule in plants composed of amylose and highly branched amylopectin. Glycogen is the analogous molecule that serves as energy storage in animals.
- Cellulose is an important structural heteropolysaccharide in plants composed of linear chains of beta-glucose units and forms part of insoluble dietary fiber.
Nutritional deficiencies and dentofacial growth /certified fixed orthodontic ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document provides information on vitamins A and D, including their classification, sources, functions, deficiencies, and more. It begins with an introduction to vitamins and their classification as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (C and B complex). Specific details are given for vitamin A and D, including dietary sources, recommended daily allowances, absorption, roles in bone health and vision, deficiency diseases like rickets and osteomalacia, and treatment. The summary concludes with prevention through a healthy diet and vitamin D synthesis from sunlight.
This document provides an overview of carbohydrates, including their classification, structures, functions, and histological staining properties. Carbohydrates are classified as simple carbohydrates or glycoconjugates. Glycogen and mucin are two important carbohydrates for histological analysis. Glycogen stains with PAS, Best's carmine, and other techniques. Mucins include acid and neutral forms that stain differently with Alcian blue, PAS, and other histochemical stains depending on their composition. Carbohydrates play important roles in cellular metabolism and structure.
This document discusses glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which are long unbranched polysaccharides made of repeating disaccharide units. GAGs differ in their sugar components, uronic acid composition, linkages, chain length, sulfate groups, and sulfate positions. Some major GAGs discussed are chondroitin sulfates, keratin sulfates, dermatan sulfate, heparin, heparan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid. GAGs have important structural and lubricating roles in tissues like cartilage and the eye due to their negative charge and hydration properties. Lysosomal storage diseases can result from defects in GAG degradation enzymes.
Carbohydrates are the most abundant biological molecules on Earth. They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. There are five major classifications of carbohydrates: monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and nucleotides. Monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Disaccharides such as sucrose, lactose, and maltose are formed through the joining of two monosaccharides. Polysaccharides allow for large storage of glucose and include starch, glycogen, and dietary fiber such as cellulose. Carbohydrates have many functions including energy storage, structure, and components of proteins.
1) Glycogen storage diseases are inherited disorders caused by defects in glycogen metabolism enzymes, resulting in abnormal glycogen storage in tissues like the liver and muscle.
2) Symptoms vary depending on the type of enzyme defect and affected tissues, and can include hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly, muscle weakness, fatigue, and developmental delays.
3) The most common types are Von Gierke disease (type I) affecting glucose production in the liver, Pompe disease (type II) affecting heart and liver, and McArdle disease (type V) causing exercise intolerance due to a muscle enzyme defect.
Heteropolysaccharides are classified into three main categories: glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), glycoconjugates, and mucilage. GAGs include hyaluronic acid, chondroitin, keratan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and heparin. They are long unbranched chains composed of repeating disaccharide units. Glycoconjugates include proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. Proteoglycans are GAGs covalently attached to core proteins. GAGs contribute to tissue structure and function through their hydrophilic and compressive properties. They also act as lubricants and barriers in tissues like cartilage.
This document discusses principles of nutrition, including:
1. Food provides energy and building blocks for cells through metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
2. An adequate diet must supply essential nutrients like vitamins, minerals, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and water.
3. Carbohydrates are the primary energy source and consist of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides that provide energy through various metabolic pathways.
Calcium is an essential mineral that makes up 2% of body weight. Over 99% is stored in bones, with the rest in tissues and plasma. Calcium levels are tightly regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and calcitriol (active vitamin D). PTH increases calcium levels by promoting bone resorption, while calcitonin and calcitriol decrease calcium levels by reducing resorption. Bisphosphonates are used to treat osteoporosis and Paget's disease by inhibiting bone resorption. They decrease osteoclast activity and survival. Calcium supplements are used to treat deficiencies and osteoporosis, while bisphosphonates and calcim
This document discusses nutritional deficiencies and their effects on dentofacial growth and development. It covers the classes of nutrients including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and water. It then examines specific deficiencies of proteins, vitamins like thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin, vitamin C, D and minerals and their oral and dental manifestations. Protein deficiencies like kwashiorkor and marasmus cause growth failure, skin changes, hair changes and liver enlargement. Vitamin deficiencies result in conditions like beriberi, angular cheilitis, pellagra and scurvy, rickets and osteomalacia, causing effects on the oral cavity, teeth
This document discusses heteropolysaccharides, which are polysaccharides containing two or more monosaccharide units. It focuses on glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and glycoconjugates. GAGs are heteropolysaccharides found in the extracellular matrix that consist of repeating disaccharide units containing an uronic sugar and an amino sugar. Major GAGs include hyaluronan, keratan sulfate, heparin, and chondroitin sulfate. Glycoconjugates are carbohydrates covalently bonded to proteins, lipids, or other molecules. Major glycoconjugates are glycoproteins, glycolipids, and proteoglycans. Proteoglycans are proteins heavily decorated with GAG
Carbohydrates are primarily used for energy but also have other important functions. Glucose is absorbed from the diet and enters systemic circulation. It is then oxidized for energy, stored as glycogen, or converted into other substances. The hexose monophosphate shunt is an alternate pathway for glucose oxidation that produces NADPH and pentose sugars. NADPH is used for biosynthesis while pentose sugars are used for nucleotide and nucleic acid synthesis. Glucuronic acid derived from glucose is important for detoxification by conjugating with hormones and drugs for excretion. Glycoproteins and glycolipids containing carbohydrates are important structural components of cell membranes and play roles in cell recognition.
This document summarizes the anatomy and function of the salivary glands. It describes the three major salivary glands - the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. It explains that the parotid gland secretes a watery fluid rich in amylase, the submandibular gland secretes a mixture of fluid and mucus, and the sublingual gland secretes mainly mucus. It also discusses the numerous minor salivary glands found throughout the oral cavity. The document outlines the components and functions of saliva, as well as advantages of saliva collection and analysis for diagnostic purposes. It provides details on various systemic disorders that can affect saliv
- Purines are synthesized through de novo and salvage pathways. The de novo pathway involves 10 steps that use PRPP to synthesize IMP from simple precursors like glycine and aspartate. IMP is then converted to AMP and GMP.
- The salvage pathway recycles purine bases released from nucleic acid breakdown to form nucleotides. It requires less energy than de novo synthesis.
- Uric acid is the end product of purine degradation in humans. Elevated uric acid can cause gout if crystals form in the joints. Gout is treated through diet, drugs like allopurinol, and NSAIDs.
Beriberi is a disease caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency. It presents as either "wet" or "dry" beriberi depending on whether there are cardiovascular or neurological manifestations. Symptoms include edema, heart weakness, and sensory disturbances. Treatment involves high doses of thiamine supplementation. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a specific neurological condition seen in alcoholics and is also treated with thiamine.
This document discusses saliva, including its embryology, composition, functions, and role in dental health. Saliva is produced by major and minor salivary glands and contains water, enzymes, immunoglobulins, mucins and other components. It has functions like lubrication, buffering, digestion of starch, and protection against bacteria. Saliva aids in remineralization of teeth and prevention of dental caries through factors like calcium, phosphate, fluoride and proteins. It also plays a role in acquired pellicle formation, calculus formation, and various oral diseases.
This document provides information about carbohydrates including their structure, classification, functions and examples. It defines carbohydrates as polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones and discusses monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. Specific carbohydrates discussed include starch, glycogen, cellulose, inulin, dextrans, chitin and various heteroglycans. Disaccharides like sucrose, lactose and maltose are also summarized. The document outlines the functions of carbohydrates like being an energy source, involved in structural support, and roles of specific carbohydrates like hyaluronic acid and proteoglycans.
This document discusses the saliva and its role in oral health. It defines saliva and describes the major and minor salivary glands. The mechanisms of saliva formation and its composition, properties, and functions are explained. Factors that influence salivary flow rate and the correlation between saliva and dental caries are summarized. The roles of saliva in acquired pellicle formation, calculus formation, and salivary gland diseases are also outlined.
This document provides information on several polysaccharides and their uses. It discusses the following compounds: calcium gluconate, ferrous gluconate, sorbitol, mannitol, glucosamine, ascorbic acid, lactulose, sucralfate, hetastarch, cyclodextrins, chitin/chitosan, heparin, acarbose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, and hyaluronic acid. For each compound it provides details on source, mechanism of action, uses, and in some cases toxicity. The document contains information on the preparation and applications of these polysaccharides in pharmacy and medicine.
Saliva BY DR. C. P. ARYA (B.Sc. B.D.S, M.D.S , P.M.S, R.N.T;C.P.)DR. C. P. ARYA
Saliva is a watery substance produced in the mouths of humans and other animals. It is produced by salivary glands and contains water, electrolytes, mucus, enzymes, and other substances. The main functions of saliva are lubrication for swallowing, beginning the digestion of starches and fats, and supporting oral health. Saliva production and composition are regulated by the nervous system and saliva plays various roles beyond digestion for some animal species.
- Polysaccharides are biopolymers made of monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds that can be classified as homopolysaccharides or heteropolysaccharides.
- Starch is a homopolysaccharide energy storage molecule in plants composed of amylose and highly branched amylopectin. Glycogen is the analogous molecule that serves as energy storage in animals.
- Cellulose is an important structural heteropolysaccharide in plants composed of linear chains of beta-glucose units and forms part of insoluble dietary fiber.
Nutritional deficiencies and dentofacial growth /certified fixed orthodontic ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document provides information on vitamins A and D, including their classification, sources, functions, deficiencies, and more. It begins with an introduction to vitamins and their classification as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (C and B complex). Specific details are given for vitamin A and D, including dietary sources, recommended daily allowances, absorption, roles in bone health and vision, deficiency diseases like rickets and osteomalacia, and treatment. The summary concludes with prevention through a healthy diet and vitamin D synthesis from sunlight.
This document provides an overview of carbohydrates, including their classification, structures, functions, and histological staining properties. Carbohydrates are classified as simple carbohydrates or glycoconjugates. Glycogen and mucin are two important carbohydrates for histological analysis. Glycogen stains with PAS, Best's carmine, and other techniques. Mucins include acid and neutral forms that stain differently with Alcian blue, PAS, and other histochemical stains depending on their composition. Carbohydrates play important roles in cellular metabolism and structure.
This document discusses glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which are long unbranched polysaccharides made of repeating disaccharide units. GAGs differ in their sugar components, uronic acid composition, linkages, chain length, sulfate groups, and sulfate positions. Some major GAGs discussed are chondroitin sulfates, keratin sulfates, dermatan sulfate, heparin, heparan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid. GAGs have important structural and lubricating roles in tissues like cartilage and the eye due to their negative charge and hydration properties. Lysosomal storage diseases can result from defects in GAG degradation enzymes.
Carbohydrates are the most abundant biological molecules on Earth. They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. There are five major classifications of carbohydrates: monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and nucleotides. Monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Disaccharides such as sucrose, lactose, and maltose are formed through the joining of two monosaccharides. Polysaccharides allow for large storage of glucose and include starch, glycogen, and dietary fiber such as cellulose. Carbohydrates have many functions including energy storage, structure, and components of proteins.
1) Glycogen storage diseases are inherited disorders caused by defects in glycogen metabolism enzymes, resulting in abnormal glycogen storage in tissues like the liver and muscle.
2) Symptoms vary depending on the type of enzyme defect and affected tissues, and can include hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly, muscle weakness, fatigue, and developmental delays.
3) The most common types are Von Gierke disease (type I) affecting glucose production in the liver, Pompe disease (type II) affecting heart and liver, and McArdle disease (type V) causing exercise intolerance due to a muscle enzyme defect.
Heteropolysaccharides are classified into three main categories: glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), glycoconjugates, and mucilage. GAGs include hyaluronic acid, chondroitin, keratan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and heparin. They are long unbranched chains composed of repeating disaccharide units. Glycoconjugates include proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. Proteoglycans are GAGs covalently attached to core proteins. GAGs contribute to tissue structure and function through their hydrophilic and compressive properties. They also act as lubricants and barriers in tissues like cartilage.
This document discusses principles of nutrition, including:
1. Food provides energy and building blocks for cells through metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
2. An adequate diet must supply essential nutrients like vitamins, minerals, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and water.
3. Carbohydrates are the primary energy source and consist of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides that provide energy through various metabolic pathways.
Calcium is an essential mineral that makes up 2% of body weight. Over 99% is stored in bones, with the rest in tissues and plasma. Calcium levels are tightly regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and calcitriol (active vitamin D). PTH increases calcium levels by promoting bone resorption, while calcitonin and calcitriol decrease calcium levels by reducing resorption. Bisphosphonates are used to treat osteoporosis and Paget's disease by inhibiting bone resorption. They decrease osteoclast activity and survival. Calcium supplements are used to treat deficiencies and osteoporosis, while bisphosphonates and calcim
This document discusses nutritional deficiencies and their effects on dentofacial growth and development. It covers the classes of nutrients including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and water. It then examines specific deficiencies of proteins, vitamins like thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin, vitamin C, D and minerals and their oral and dental manifestations. Protein deficiencies like kwashiorkor and marasmus cause growth failure, skin changes, hair changes and liver enlargement. Vitamin deficiencies result in conditions like beriberi, angular cheilitis, pellagra and scurvy, rickets and osteomalacia, causing effects on the oral cavity, teeth
This document discusses heteropolysaccharides, which are polysaccharides containing two or more monosaccharide units. It focuses on glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and glycoconjugates. GAGs are heteropolysaccharides found in the extracellular matrix that consist of repeating disaccharide units containing an uronic sugar and an amino sugar. Major GAGs include hyaluronan, keratan sulfate, heparin, and chondroitin sulfate. Glycoconjugates are carbohydrates covalently bonded to proteins, lipids, or other molecules. Major glycoconjugates are glycoproteins, glycolipids, and proteoglycans. Proteoglycans are proteins heavily decorated with GAG
Carbohydrates are primarily used for energy but also have other important functions. Glucose is absorbed from the diet and enters systemic circulation. It is then oxidized for energy, stored as glycogen, or converted into other substances. The hexose monophosphate shunt is an alternate pathway for glucose oxidation that produces NADPH and pentose sugars. NADPH is used for biosynthesis while pentose sugars are used for nucleotide and nucleic acid synthesis. Glucuronic acid derived from glucose is important for detoxification by conjugating with hormones and drugs for excretion. Glycoproteins and glycolipids containing carbohydrates are important structural components of cell membranes and play roles in cell recognition.
This document summarizes the anatomy and function of the salivary glands. It describes the three major salivary glands - the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. It explains that the parotid gland secretes a watery fluid rich in amylase, the submandibular gland secretes a mixture of fluid and mucus, and the sublingual gland secretes mainly mucus. It also discusses the numerous minor salivary glands found throughout the oral cavity. The document outlines the components and functions of saliva, as well as advantages of saliva collection and analysis for diagnostic purposes. It provides details on various systemic disorders that can affect saliv
- Purines are synthesized through de novo and salvage pathways. The de novo pathway involves 10 steps that use PRPP to synthesize IMP from simple precursors like glycine and aspartate. IMP is then converted to AMP and GMP.
- The salvage pathway recycles purine bases released from nucleic acid breakdown to form nucleotides. It requires less energy than de novo synthesis.
- Uric acid is the end product of purine degradation in humans. Elevated uric acid can cause gout if crystals form in the joints. Gout is treated through diet, drugs like allopurinol, and NSAIDs.
Beriberi is a disease caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency. It presents as either "wet" or "dry" beriberi depending on whether there are cardiovascular or neurological manifestations. Symptoms include edema, heart weakness, and sensory disturbances. Treatment involves high doses of thiamine supplementation. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a specific neurological condition seen in alcoholics and is also treated with thiamine.
Digestion and absorption of Lipids.pptxjaswant kaur
Lipids are digested and absorbed in the stomach and small intestine. Lingual and gastric lipases begin digestion in the stomach. Co-lipase and pancreatic lipase work together to further digest triglycerides in the small intestine. Absorbed fatty acids are packaged into chylomicrons for transport. The liver regulates lipid metabolism through synthesis and breakdown of triglycerides and cholesterol. Excess lipids are stored as triglycerides or converted to ketone bodies.
This document provides an overview of lipids and their classification. It begins by defining lipids and listing their main functions in the body, which include energy storage, structural components of cell membranes, and as insulating and protective layers. It then classifies lipids such as fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and sphingolipids. Specific lipid types like PUFAs and their health benefits are discussed. The roles of phospholipids and prostaglandins are also summarized.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
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• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
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Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
1. Polymer of D- fructose , linked by ß- (1-2)
glycosidic linkage.
Levorotatory, MW. 5000
Occur in the tubers of some plants.
Is not utilized as food.
Importance:-
Role in the glomerular filtration rates.
estimation of body water volume.
2. Bacterial and yeast Polysaccharides.
• (α -1-6) linked poly-D-glucose.
• Branched with (α -1-3) ,(1-4),MW 1-million
to 4-million.
• Some sticky dextran by bacteria
(streptococcus mutant) makes dental plaque.
•Importance:-
used as plasma volume expander.
3. When gives IV in cases of blood loses ,it
increase blood volume because, of their high
viscosity, low osmotic pressure, slow
elimination from the body ,they remain in
blood many hrs.
Used for chromatography by gel filtration.
Disadvantage:- can interfere with blood
grouping & cross matching, so blood sample
should be collected before IV. Of dextran.
4. Polymer of sulfated galactose units .
Obtained from seaweeds
Biomedical importance :-
- Used in constipation.
- Used as culture medium for bacterial growth
& isolation.
5.
6. Glycoconjugates
Heteroglycans appear in the form of
glycoconjugates.
Proteoglycans: glycosaminoglycans + protein
Peptidoglycans: bacterial cell wall
Glycoproteins: O or N link to protein
7. Heteropolysaccarides contain two or more
different kind of monosaccharides.
They provide extracellular support for
organisms of all kingdoms: the bacteria cell
envelope, or the matrix that holds individual
cells together .
Provides protection, shape and support to
cells, tissues and organs.
8. Heteropolysaccharides are the
most important components of the
extracellular matrix.
Hyaluronic acid, condroitin sulfates
and dermatan sulfates are important
heteropolysaccharides in the
extracellular matrix.
These heteropolysaccharides usually
are formed by the repetition of a
monosaccharides unit of an amino
sugar and an acid sugar.
9. Other common constituents are sulfate
groups linked to certain monosaccharides.
heteropolysaccharides are associated with
proteins forming proteoglycans,
glycosaminoglycans or mucopolysaccharides
(since they are abundant in mucous
secretions).
10. Glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides)
complex carbohydrates , made up of
repeating units of monosaccharides & their
content of amino sugars, either D-
glucosamine or D-galactosamine and uronic
acids, L-glucuronic acid.
GAGs contain sulphate gp or not.
structure resemble a bottle brush.
11. Their property of holding large quantities of
water and occupying space, thus cushioning
or lubricating other structures, is due to the
large number of OH groups and negative
charges on the molecules, which by
repulsion, keep the carbohydrate chains
apart.
Examples are hyaluronic acid, chondroitin
sulfate, and heparin
12. Occurrence of GAGs :-
synovial fluid of joints.
Vitreous humour of eye
Arterial wall
Bones & cartilage.
13. Composition- ( N-acetyl glucosamine-
glucuronic acid)n
Location :- synovial fluid of joints, vitreous
humour of the eye, loose connective tissue &
umbilical cord.
Importance:- Act as barrier in tissues
lubricant in the synovial fluid of joints.
strength and elasticity of cartilages and
tendons.
Role in cell migration in embryonic tissue.
Present in basement membrane of renal
glomeruli.
14.
15. Composition- (ß-1,3 N-acetyl galactosamine
so ₄ -glucuronic acid)n
Location :- at sites of calcification in bone &
cartilage, certain neurons.
Importance-
Provide an endoskeletal structure helping to
maintain their shape.
Have role in compressibility of cartilage in
weight bearing.
strength and elasticity of cartilages, tendons,
ligaments and walls of aorta.
16. Role in sclera of eye:- is
present in sclera of the eye
where it has an important role
in maintaining over all shape
of the eye.
Regulate flow & concentration
of cations round the cells.
17. Chondroitin SO ₄ A:- N-acetyl galactosamine
so ₄ -glucuronic acid)n
Chondroitin SO ₄ B:- N-acetyl galactosamine
& L-iduronic acid)n
Chondroitin SO ₄ C:-similar to A
Chondroitin SO ₄ D:- isolated from cartilage
of shark
18.
19. Composition- (ß-1,3 N-acetyl galactosamine
so₄-L-iduronic acid)n
Location :- skin, blood vessels, heart, lungs.
It may be related to coagulation and vascular
diseases and other conditions.
Role in the transparency of cornea .
Maintain the overall shape of eye.
20.
21. Composition- ( N-acetyl glucosamine so₄ -
galactose )n
Not contain uronic acid
Two type – I , II
Type I :- present in the cornea of the eye
Location :- Present in cornea, cartilage bone
and a variety of other structures as nails and
hair.
Role in the transparency of cornea.
22. Composition- ( glucosamine so ₄ -iduronic
acid so ₄ )n
Location :-intracellular component of mast
cell, lie on the wall of arteries, heart, lungs &
skin
It is a potent natural anticoagulant produced
in the Mast Cells that causes antithrombin
bind to thrombin and produce inhibition of
blood coagulation.
23.
24. • Hyaluronic acid - lubricant and cushioning
substance in Joints
Chondroitin sulfate-most abundant
glycosaminoglycan in teeth and cartilage
Keratan sulfate - important component of
cartilage
Heparin - blood coagulation
Heparin sulfate - important in adhesion
between cells of the retina
25. Glycosaminoglycans are synthesized in the ER
and Golgi. They are degraded by lysosomal
hydrolases. A deficiency of one of the
hydrolases results in a
mucopolysaccharidosis.
These are hereditary disorders in which
glycosaminoglycans accumulate in tissues,
causing symptoms such as skeletal and
extracellular matrix deformities, and mental
retardation.
26. Examples of these genetic diseases are
Hunter and Hurler syndromes.
These diseases, caused by different enzyme
deficits, are characterized by physical
deformities, mental retardation and
disturbances in the degradation of heparin
sulfate and dermatan sulfate.
27.
28. Lactose intolerance – lack of the enzyme
lactase causes inability to digest lactose in milk
products.
signs & Symptoms :-
Diarrhoea & flatulence;- lactose accumulated in
the intestinal tract ,which is osmotically active
& hold water ,leads diarrhoea.
Abdominal cramps & Distension :- lactose also
fermented by intestinal bacteria which produce
gas & leads cramps , distension.
Diagnosis :- lactose intolerance test
Treatment :- avoidance of milk
29. ◦ Some people are really allergic to milk.
This allergy seems to be increasing in
infants.
◦ Big Problem – calcium deficiency.
Sucrase deficiency
Disacchariduria :- disaccharides appear
in the urine.
Monosaccharides malabsorption:
monosaccharides are deficient in the
body.
Causes:- due to absence of transport
protein.
30.
31. A new born baby had severe abdominal
distension , abdominal pain and diarrhea
after being fed breast milk . Stool analysis
revealed the presence of reducing sugar .
1. What is your diagnosis?
2. What is the enzyme defect?
3. Enumerate all reducing sugars?
4. How can it be treated ?
32. mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are a group of
inherited lysosomal storage disorders.
In individuals with MPS disorders, deficiency or
malfunction of specific lysosomal enzymes leads to
an abnormal accumulation of certain complex
carbohydrates (mucopolysaccharides or
glycosaminoglycans) in the arteries, skeleton, eyes,
joints, ears, skin, and/or teeth.
These accumulations may also be found in the
respiratory system, liver, spleen, central nervous
system, blood, and bone marrow.
33. Individuals with MPS disorders share many similar
symptoms such as multiple organ involvement,
“coarse” facial features, and abnormalities of the
skeleton especially joint problems.
short stature, heart abnormalities, breathing
irregularities, liver and spleen enlargement
(hepatosplenomegaly), and/or neurological
abnormalities.
34. most severe form of mucopolysaccharidosis.
Deficiency of the enzyme :- alpha-L-iduronidase
Biochemical defect:- in an accumulation of
dermatan and heparan sulfates.
Symptoms :- Affected infants may experience
developmental delays, recurrent urinary and
upper respiratory tract infections, noisy
breathing and persistent nasal discharge.
large tongue, severe deformity of the spine, and
joint stiffness. Mental development begins to
regress at about the age of two.
35. Inheritance:- X-linked trait.
Enzyme deficiency :- Iduronate sulphatase
Accumulation of heparin sulfate may occur
progressive growth delays, resulting in short
stature; joint stiffness, with associated restriction
of movements; and coarsening of facial features,
including thickening of the lips, tongue, and
nostrils.
Affected children may also have an abnormally
large head (macrocephaly), a short neck and
broad chest, delayed tooth eruption, progressive
hearing loss, and enlargement of the liver and
spleen (hepatosplenomegaly).
36. MPS III) has four subtypes (A, B, C, and D)
Accumulation of heparan sulfate may occur.
Symptom:- hyperactivity, sleep disorders, and
delays in attaining developmental milestones
(e.g., crawling and walking).
37. exists in two forms (Morquio syndromes A and B)
Deficiency of the enzyme :- N-acetyl-
galactosamine-6-sulfatase and beta-galactosidase,
resulting in accumulation of keratan and
chondroitin sulfate in type A and keratan sulfate in
type B.
clinical features :-
growth retardation, a prominent lower face, an
abnormally short neck, knees that are abnormally
close together (knock knees ) flat feet, abnormal
sideways and front-to-back or side-to-side
curvature of the spine , abnormal development of
the growing ends of the long bones (epiphyses). In
some cases, hearing loss, weakness of the legs,
and/or additional abnormalities also occurs.
38. Hurler and Scheie syndromes occur due to a
deficiency of the same enzyme.
39. Deficiency of the enzyme N-
acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase, resulting in
accumulation of dermatan sulfate.
Symptoms :- coarse facial features, umbilical
hernia, a prominent breast bone (pectus
carinatum), joint contractures, clouding of the
corneas, and an abnormal enlargement of the
liver and/or spleen (heptasplenomegaly).
40. Deficiency of the enzyme beta-glucuronidase,
Accumulation of three glycosaminoglycans:
dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate and
chondroitin sulfate.
mild to severe intellectual disability, skeletal
abnormalities , Hernias, clouding of the
corneas, excessive accumulation of
cerebrospinal fluid in the skull
(hydrocephalus), short stature, heart disease,
and coarse facial features .
41. described in a single individual with clinical
and biochemical features of Morquio and
Sanfilippo syndromes.
deficiency of glucosamine-6-sulfate
sulfatase.
42. rare form of MPS
Deficiency of the enzyme :- hyaluronidase,
which is needed to breakdown the
mucopolysaccharides known as hyaluronan
Symptoms :- mild short stature, cysts,
frequent ear infections, cleft palate, and the
development of soft-tissue masses.
43. Are protein to which oligosaccharides are
covalently attached to their polypeptide
chain.
Contain much shorter carbohydrate chain
than proteoglycans.
Glycoprotein contain less than 4%
carbohydrate in the molecule.
Mucoprotein contain more than 4%
carbohydrate .
44. All the plasma proteins of human are
glycoproteins.
Serve as hormones, eg;- chorionic
gonadotropin, thyroid stimulating hormone
(TSH)
Serve as enzymes ,eg:- alkaline phosphates.
Act as antibodies, eg; Igs, histocompatibility
antigens.
Act as structural component , eg:- collagen.
45. Role as lubricant & protective agent.
Role as transport molecules. Eg:- transferrin
& ceruloplasmin.
Play role in cell surface recognition sites.
Also act as cell surface antigen.
Vitamin B 12 absorption ----intrinsic factor
Blood clotting-- –fibrinogen
Angiotensin converting enzyme-2 :- is a
glycoprotein with 805 aminoacids. It acts as
receptor for the spike protein S1 of SARS-
COV-2 viral entry into the cell.