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Herbarium

The document discusses different types of pasture grasses and legumes that can be used as animal feed. It describes 7 common pasture grasses and their morphological characteristics including kangaroo grass, bala thana, carpet grass, cowfoot grass, mayura thana, rila thana and signal grass. It also describes 9 common pasture legumes and their traits such as katarodu, stylo, silver leaf, puero, peanut, dambala, kollu, aswanna and siratro. The document provides information on the botanical name, family, photos and preferable agro ecological zones of each plant variety.

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Herbarium H.M.R.P. Perera 14/AG/023 EG 1023
Content 1. Introduction 2. Animal nutrition • Monogastric Animals • Ruminants 3. Main types of feed for Livestock. • Concentrates • Roughages 4. Classification of Roughages 5. Characteristics of Pasture & Fodder Grasses
Content 1. Common Pasture Grasses. I. Kangaroo Grass - Themeda australis II. Bala thana - Eleusine indika III. Carpet Grass - Axonopus offinis IV. Putu Thana / Cowfoot grass - Dactylotenium aegyptium V. Mayura Thana - Chloris barbata VI. Rila thana - Pennisetum purpureum VII.Signal grass - Cynodon dactylon
Content… 7. Common Pasture legumes I. Katarodu - Clitoria ternate II. Stylo - Stylosanthes hamata III. Silver Leaf - Desmodium uncinatum IV. Puero - Pueraria phaseoloides V. Pea nut/ Ratakaju - Arachis hypogaea VI. Dambala / Winged bean – Psophocarpus tetragonolobus VII.Kollu / Horse gram – Macrotyloma uniflorum VIII.Aswanna - Alysicarpus vaginalis IX. Siratro – Macroptilium atropurpureum X. Black gram – Vigna mungo
Content… 8. Common fodder Grasses I. Clone 13 (High breed) - Pennisetum pupureum II. Guinea A - Panicum maximum III. Guinea B - Panicum maximum IV. Mana / Wild Napier - Pennisetum purpureum V. Guathamala - Tripsacum laxum VI. Guinea Mutant - Panicum spp. VII.Golden Bristal grass - Setaria nandi
Content… 9. Fodder legumes. I. Katurumurunga - Sesbania grandiflora II. Ipil- ipil - Leucaena leucocephala III. Erabadu - Erythrina indica IV. Albesia - Albizia ebbece V. Large leaf Acasia - Acasia manglum VI. Andanahiriya - Crotalaria retusa VII.Ladappa/wetamara - Gliricidia sepium
Content… 10. Non – legume Tree Fodder. I. Apala - Urena lobata. II. Cassava/ Manyok - Manyok esculent III. Jack fruit - Artocarpus heterophyllus IV. Kapok - Ceiba pentandra V. Awara - Canavalla ensiformis
Content… 11. Toxic plants. I. Gandapana - Lantana camara II. Niyangala - Gloriosasuperba L III. Wal Rubber - Euphorbia heterophylla IV. Kekilla - Dicranopteris lineari
Introduction. The main factor to consider before undertaking livestock rearing is feed, where the main components are pasture grass and fodders. Animals need sufficient quality and balanced diet to ensure maximum health, reproduction and production of milk and meat. Due to this, the type or species of pasture and fodder of high quality and of high yield need to be produced as feed for the animals. Critical planning regarding animal feed to increase efficiency for easy management of livestock and to unkeep the quality of production to an economical level should be undertaken.
Pastures Natural or cultivated Grasses or Legumes for grazing animals. Those plants are short and whole aerial plant parts are edible.
Fodder Natural or cultivated Grasses or Legumes are given after cutting. Those plants are tall and all aerial parts are not edible.
Animal nutrients. There are two groups of farm animals. I. Monogastric Animals. II. Ruminants. Monogastric Animals  They have simple stomach.  Enzymatic digestion is mainly occurred.  Microbial digestion is comparatively loss.  They intake mainly concentrates.  They intake mainly concentrates.  Ex : Rabbit, Pig, Poultry Ruminants  They have complex stomach which has four chambers.  They digest their food by fermenting in their stomach.  There are bacteria that work to break down the tough stalks of the plants the ruminant animal has eaten.  Ex: Cattle ,Sheep
Main Types of Feed for Livestock There are two type of animal forages, 1. Concentrates 2. Roughages
Concentrates Technically, all feeds supplying nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates and fats) are classed as concentrates. Crude fiber content is less than 18%. Concentrates, for dairy feeding come in a perplexing verity of different individual ingredients, descriptions and forms, each with their own advantages and limitations. Concentrates provide the essential extra energy and protein dairy cows need on top of forages to support modern production level. They must be carefully selected to balance the specific nutrients provided by the forages available for the most efficient ruminant digestion ,greatest cow productivity and most cost- effective herd performance.
Main Concentrate Types Straights Individual feed ingredients, home –grown or purchased. Blends Unpolluted mixture of ingredients in varying degree of sophistication. Compounds Polluted mixtures of ingredients, generally well balanced and mineralized, the suitability and feeding systems as well as relative cost and convenience.
Roughages. Crude fiber content is greater than 18% roughages mainly suitable for ruminants. Grasses are provided to farm as roughages. Natural or cultivated grass or legumes for grazing animals short are edible. Fodder natural or cultivated grasses or legumes are given after cutting parts all aerial plant parts.
Classification of Roughages. Roughage Pastures Pasture Legumes Pasture Grasses Fodder Non legume Tree Fodder Fodder Legumes Fodder Grasses Toxic plants
Characteristics of Pasture and Fodder
Fodder grasses  Unbranched stem  Long leaves  Fibrous root system  Shorter plants  Low growth rate  Less in dry matter
Fodder legumes  Deep root system  Branched stem  Drought tolerant  Simple flowers  Fix nitrogen  Crude protein level>18
Pasture legumes  Deep tap root system  Drought tolerant  Simple flowers  Fix nitrogen  Crude protein level >18  Contain minerals
Non legume tree fodders  Erect tall plants  Trifoliate with leaflets  Have toxic plants  Preferable climate is wet and dry zone
Pasture Grasses
01. Kangaroo Grass- Themeda australis Flowers- when they become matured Their color become brownish Seeds Common Name – Kangaroo Grass Botanical Name – Themeda australis Family- Poaceae Date of photo taken – 15.07.2017 Place - Near to farm
 Morphological Characters. Stem : Erect Stem Leaves : Pointed leaves, Sharp edge Root System : Fibrous root system Flowers : Brownish color flower Life Cycle : Perennial Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 8% -10% Remarks : Has a rapid growth rate Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Dry zone
02. Bala thana - Eleusine indika Flowers Leaves Stem Tillering ability of the plant Common Name – Bala thana Botanical Name – Eleusine indika Family - Poaceae Date of photo taken – 12.07.2017 Place - Near to farm
 Morphological Characters. Stem : Erect, Round Shape stem Leaves : Long narrow leaves with parallel Venation. Small hair on the leaf surface. Root System : Fibrous root system Flowers : Finger like elongated inflorescence Life Cycle : Annual Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 12% Remarks : Compete with crops Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Wet, dry & intermediate zones
03. Carpet Grass - Axonopus offinis Flowers Common Name – Carpet grass Botanical Name – Axonopus offinis Family - Poaceae Date of photo taken – 20.08.2017 Place - Near to farm
 Morphological Characters. Stem : Creeping type Strongly compressed Leaves : Linear lanceolate with base Root System : Fibrous root system Flowers : Bisexual spike Life Cycle : Annual Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 5%-7% Remarks : Has ornamental value Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Dry &low country wet zones
04. Cowfoot grass - Dactylotenium aegyptium Leaves Common Name – Cowfoot grass Botanical Name – Dactylotenium aegyptium Family - Poaceae Date of photo taken – 16.09.2017 Place - Ratmalana
 Morphological Characters. Stem : Creeping & mat forming structure Leaves : Compressed, glabrous or with a Few bulbous based hairs on the keel Root System : Fibrous root system Flowers : Spikelets borne at the tip of the stem Life Cycle : Annual Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 8%-10% Remarks : Reduces the yield as it competes on Nutrient uptake Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Dry zones
05. Mayura Thana - Chloris barbata Flowers are Purple in color Erect stem Seeds Common Name – Mayura Thana Botanical Name – Chloris barbata Family - Poaceae Date of photo taken – 09.10.2017 Place - Faculty
 Morphological Characters. Stem : Erect Leaves : leaves are strip like & Has a rough margined Root System : Fibrous root system Flowers : A terminal panicle of many finger Like spike. Purple in Color Life Cycle : Annual Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 8%-10% Remarks : Fodder for animal ,Use as decorations Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Wet zone, Intermediate zone ,Dry zones
06. Rila thana - Pennisetum purpureum Common Name – Rila thana Botanical Name – Pennisetum purpureum Family - Poaceae Date of photo taken – 09.08.2017 Place - Kumbalgama road
 Morphological Characters. Stem : Around 25 cm to 75 cm in tall Leaves : Liner blade leaves Root System : Fibrous root system Flowers : Yellow in color, Terminal inflorescence Life Cycle : Annual Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 8%-18% Remarks : Not cultivated as in organized pasture Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Dry & low Country wet zones
07. Signal grass - Cynodon dactylon Root system Erect stem Common Name – Signal grass Botanical Name – Cynodon dactylon Family - Poaceae Date of photo taken – 09.08.2017 Place - Kumbalgama road
 Morphological Characters. Stem : Erect stem , grow 1cm – 30cm Leaves : The blades are Grey green in color Root System : Fibrous, deep root system Flowers : Inflorescence a racemes panicle Life Cycle : Annual Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 8%-10% Remarks : Anti- diabetic effects Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Dry ,wet & intermediate zones
Pasture Legumes
01. Katarodu - Clitoria ternate Flowers Pods Common Name – Katarodu Botanical Name – Clitoria ternate Family - Leguminosae Date of photo taken – 20.08.2017 Place - Ratmalana
 Morphological Characters. Stem : Climbing & Wine stem Leaves : Medium trifoliate leaves Root System : Tap root system Flowers : Blue or White color flowers Life Cycle : Perennial Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 18% - 22% Remarks : Ability of atmospheric N2 fixation Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Dry & low country wet zones
02. Stylo - Stylosanthes hamata Flowers Stem Common Name – Stylo Botanical Name – Stylosanthes hamata Family - Leguminosae Date of photo taken – 03.09.2017 Place - Faculty farm
 Morphological Characters. Stem : Semi erect stem Leaves : Leaves trifoliate with long , narrow,Shiny leaflets. Root System : Tap root system Flowers : Small yellow flowers on a long Stem (7 to 14) Life Cycle : Annual Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 8% - 10% Remarks : Can grow as a mix crop with grasses Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Up country & Mid country wet zones
03. Silver Leaf - Desmodium uncinatum Flowers Pods Common Name – Silver leaf Botanical Name – Desmodium uncinatum Family - Leguminosae Date of photo taken – 03.09.2017 Place - Faculty farm
 Morphological Characters. Stem : Angular stems are cover from hairs Leaves : Trifoliate leaves have pointed headRoot System : Tap root system Flowers : Pink-Bluish color Life Cycle : Annual Propagation : By Seeds & stem cutting Crude Crude Protein Level : 8% - 10% Remarks : Can grow as a mix crop with grasses Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Wet, Dry & Intermediate zones
04. Puero - Pueraria phaseoloides Flowers Pods Seeds Common Name – Puero Botanical Name – Pueraria phaseoloides Family - Leguminosae Date of photo taken – 03.09.2017 Place - Faculty farm
 Morphological Characters. Stem : Winding & Climbing Stem Leaves : Broad leaves , trifoliate, Dark green System Root System : Tap root system Flowers : Light Purple pods Life Cycle : Perennial Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 20% - 22% Remarks : Rapid growth , has a drought Tolerance Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Common in dry zones
05. Pea nut/ Ratakaju - Arachis hypogaea Seeds Common Name – Pea nut/ Ratakaju Botanical Name – Arachis hypogaea Family - Leguminosae Date of photo taken – 03.09.2017 Place - Faculty farm
 Morphological Characters. Stem : 30 to 50 cm in tall, bushy Leaves : The leaves are opposite, pinnate with Four leaflets Root System : Tap root system Flowers : Yellowish Small Life Cycle : Annual Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 25-30% Remarks : Peanuts may be contaminated with Fungi which produce aflatoxin Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Common in dry zones
06. Dambala / Winged bean – Psophocarpus tetragonolobus Flowers Pods Leaves Common Name – Dambala / Winged bean Botanical Name – Psophocarpus tetragonolobus Family - Leguminosae Date of photo taken – 03.09.2017 Place - Faculty farm
 Morphological Characters. Stem : High-climbing, twining vine. Leaves : Have trifoliate leaves, Triangular leaflets Root System : Tap root system Flowers : Light blue color flower Life Cycle : Annual Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 8-10% Remarks : Powerful N2 fixing legume Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Dry ,wet & intermediate zones
07. Kollu / Horse gram – Macrotyloma uniflorum Pods Flowers Common Name – Kollu / Horse gram Botanical Name – Macrotyloma uniflorum Family - Leguminosae Date of photo taken – 03.09.2017 Place - Faculty farm
 Morphological Characters. Stem : Slightly hairy stems Leaves : Three oblong leaflets Root System : Tap root system Flowers : Flowers yellow or Greenish yellow Life Cycle : Annual Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 22.6% - 23.8% Remarks : Good for Hay and Silage Preferable Agro Ecological Zones :Common in Dry zone
08. Aswanna - Alysicarpus vaginalis Flowers Pods Common Name – Aswanna Botanical Name – Alysicarpus vaginalis Family - Leguminosae Date of photo taken – 12.09.2017 Place - Kumbalgama road
 Morphological Characters. Stem : Have hard stem Leaves : Small tiny Green leaves Root System : Tap root system Flowers : Red color small flowers Life Cycle : Perennial Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 18% - 20% Remarks : Have a higher ability of fixing atmospheric N2 Preferable Agro Ecological Zones :Dry & low country wet zones
09. Siratro – Macroptilium atropurpureum Pods Flowers Common Name – Siratro Botanical Name – Macroptilium atropurpureum Family - Leguminosae Date of photo taken – 20.08.2017 Place - Kundasale Agri school
 Morphological Characters. Stem : Climbing and twining stems Leaves : Trifoliate leaves, Dark green slightly hairy on the Upper surface Root System : Tap root system Flowers : Inflorescence has 6-22 flowers Life Cycle : Perennial Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 20% Remarks : As a cover crop, prevent soil erosion Preferable Agro Ecological Zones :Common in dry zone
10. Black gram – Vigna mungo Seeds Flowers Common Name – Black gram Botanical Name – Vigna mungo Family - Leguminosae Date of photo taken – 06.08.2017 Place - Farm
 Morphological Characters. Stem : Slightly ridged & covered with hairs Leaves : large and trifoliate Root System : Tap root system Flowers : Bright yellow & consist with Cluster of 5-6 flowers. Life Cycle : Perennial Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 20% - 25% Remarks : Edible food for human Preferable Agro Ecological Zones :Common in dry zone
Fodder grasses
01. Clone 13 (High breed) - Pennisetum pupureum Common Name – Clone 13 (High breed) Botanical Name – Pennisetum pupureum Family - Poaceae Date of photo taken – 06.08.2017 Place - Farm
 Morphological Characters. Stem : Erect stem, High tillering ability Leaves : Without hair, long narrow leaves Root System : Fibrous root system Flowers : Uni-axial inflorescence Life Cycle : Perennial Propagation : By Seeds & Stem cutting Crude Protein Level : 6% - 8% Remarks : Highly palatable and digestibility can’t Tolerate shade conditions Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Dry & Intermediate zones
02. Guinea A - Panicum maximum Common Name – Guinea A Botanical Name – Panicum maximum Family - Poaceae Date of photo taken – 06.08.2017 Place - Farm
 Morphological Characters. Stem : Short & thin Leaves : Rough, Dark green in color Root System : Fibrous root system Flowers : Produce large no of tillers Life Cycle : Annual Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 11% - 15% Remarks : It can be used for soil rehabilitation Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Dry ,wet & intermediate zones
03. Guinea B - Panicum maximum Common Name – Guinea B Botanical Name – Panicum maximum Family - Poaceae Date of photo taken – 06.08.2017 Place - Farm
 Morphological Characters. Stem : Short & thin Leaves : Rough, Dark green in color Root System : Fibrous root system Flowers : Produce large no of tillers Life Cycle : Annual Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 8% - 10% Remarks : It can be used for soil rehabilitation Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Dry ,wet & intermediate zones
04. Mana / Wild Napier - Pennisetum purpureum Common Name – Mana/ Wild napier Botanical Name – Pennisetum purpureum Family - Poaceae Date of photo taken – 06.08.2017 Place - Farm
 Morphological Characters. Stem : Tillers slender stem Leaves : Narrow and long Root System : Fibrous root system Flowers : large inflorescence Life Cycle : Perennial Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 12% - 14 % Remarks : Rapid growth Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Common in dry zone
05. Guathamala - Tripsacum laxum Common Name – Guathamala Botanical Name – Tripsacum laxum Family - Poaceae Date of photo taken – 25.09.2017 Place - Ratmalana
 Morphological Characters. Stem : Erect type stem Leaves : Dark green in color Long broad leaves Root System : Fibrous root system Flowers : Have Inflorescence Life Cycle : Perennial Propagation : By Seeds & cuttings Crude Protein Level : 12% - 14 % Remarks : Use for soil rehabilitation Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Low & mid Country ,Dry & Wet zone
06. Guinea Mutant - Panicum spp. Common Name – Guinea Mutant Botanical Name – Panicum spp Family - Poaceae Date of photo taken – 06.08.2017 Place - Faculty farm
 Morphological Characters. Stem : Short & thin stem Leaves : Dark green in color, Rougher the Guinea A Root System : Fibrous root system Flowers : Produce large no of tillers Life Cycle : Annual Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 8% - 10% Remarks : Can be used as soil rehabilitation Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Intermediate, Dry & wet zones
07. Golden Bristal grass - Setaria nandi Common Name – Golden Bristal grass Botanical Name – Setaria nandi Family - Poaceae Date of photo taken – 06.08.2017
 Morphological Characters. Stem : Over one meter in maximum height Leaves : Bluish grey-green in color, Leaf blades are Soft Root System : Fibrous root system Flowers : Inflorescence a tightly contracted panicle producing a false Spike Life Cycle : Perennial Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 18% - 22% Remarks : Used as soil conservation cover Used to make a Silage Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Up country wet zones
Fodder Legumes
01. Katurumurunga - Sesbania grandiflora Flowers Common Name – Katurumurunga Botanical Name – Sesbania grandiflora Family - Leguminosae Date of photo taken – 23.09.2017 Location - Ratmalana
 Morphological Characters. Stem : Hard stem Leaves : Compound leaves Leaflets dark green in color Root System : Tap root System Flowers : White color Life Cycle : Perennial Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 31% Remarks : Useful human food Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Wet, Dry & intermediate
02. Ipil- ipil - Leucaena leucocephala Pods Flowers Common Name – Ipil- ipil Botanical Name – Leucaena leucocephala Family - Leguminosae Date of photo taken – 23.09.2017 Location - Ratmalana
 Morphological Characters. Stem : Erect Stem Leaves : Bipinoate leaves Root System : Deep tap root System Flowers : White color flower Life Cycle : Perennial Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 18% - 20% Remarks : Higher ability of atmospheric N2 fixation Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Wet & Intermediate zones
03. Erabadu - Erythrina indica Pods Flowers Common Name – Erabadu Botanical Name – Erythrina indica Family - Leguminosae Date of photo taken – 23.09.2017 Location - Ratmalana
 Morphological Characters. Stem : Large stem contain thorns, High branching ability Leaves : Trifoliate compound leaves Root System : Deep tap root System Flowers : Red color papilionaceous flowers Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 25.7% - 27.7% Remarks : Can tolerate acidic soil Ability of atmospheric N2 fixation Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Dry, wet & Intermediate zone
04. Albesia - Albizia ebbece Flowers Pods Common Name – Albesia Botanical Name – Albizia ebbeck Family - Leguminosae Date of photo taken – 26.09.2017 Location - Faculty premises
 Morphological Characters. Stem : Erect type Leaves : Erect type Root System : tap root System Flowers : White color, pods - 20cm in long Life Cycle : Perennial Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 20% - 22% Remarks : Tolerance to high lopping Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Up country ,wet zone & Intermediate
05. Large leaf Acasia - Acasia manglum Seeds Pods Leaves Flowers Common Name – Large leaf Acasia Botanical Name – Acasia manglum Family - Leguminosae Date of photo taken – 26.09.2017 Location - Faculty premises
 Morphological Characters. Stem : Large woody stem Leaves : Fleshy leaves ,Dark green in color Root System : Deep tap root system Flowers : Yellow color inflorescence Life Cycle : Perennial Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 24% Remarks : Rapid growth Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Wet & Intermediate zone
06. Andanahiriya - Crotalaria retusa Flowers Seeds Common Name – Andanahiriya Botanical Name – Crotalaria retusa Family - Leguminosae Date of photo taken – 05.10.2017 Location - Kumbalgama road
 Morphological Characters. Stem : Erect stem, ridged, up to 13cm long Leaves : Simple, Oblanceolate , 3.3cm-9.2cm In Long ,1-3cm wide Root System : Deep tap root system Flowers : Yellowish in color Life Cycle : Annual Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 8% - 10% Remarks : Seed;10% pyrrolizidine alkaloids, Monocrotaline , retusine Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Intermediate , Dry, wet zones
07. Ladappa/wetamara - Gliricidia sepium Pods Flowers Seeds Common Name – Ladappa/wetamara Botanical Name – Gliricidia sepium Family - Leguminosae Date of photo taken – 05.10.2017 Location - Faculty farm
 Morphological Characters. Stem : Erect stem Leaves : Bipinoate leaves Root System : Deep tap root system Flowers : Purple color Life Cycle : Perennial Propagation : By Cuttings Crude Protein Level : 24% Remarks : Use as Green manure & Shade tree Help to climbing plant like pepper Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Dry , Wet , Intermediate zones
Non legume tree fodder
01. Apala - Urena lobata. Seeds Flower Common Name – Apala Botanical Name – Urena lobata Family - Malvaceae Date of photo taken – 05.10.2017 Location - Kumbalgama road
 Morphological Characters. Stem : Covered with minute star- like hairs & Often tinged Purple Leaves : Leaves are divided into 5 main lobe Root System : Tap root System Flowers : Flower is Pinky purplish Life Cycle : Annual Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 8% - 10% Remarks : Widely distributed as a weed Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Dry , Wet , Intermediate zones
02. Cassava/ Manyok - Manyok esculent Tuberous roots Common Name – Cassava/Manyok Botanical Name – Manyok esculenta Family - Euphorbiaceae Date of photo taken – 06.10.2017 Location - Faculty farm
 Morphological Characters. Stem : Erect tall stem Leaves : Simple leaves divided into ports Root System : Tap root System Flowers : White/Yellow color Life Cycle : Annual Propagation : By stems Crude Protein Level : 19.5% Remarks : Produce tubers as human food Produce toxic compounds HCN that toxic to animals Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Dry , Wet , Intermediate zones
03. Jack fruit - Artocarpus heterophyllus Fruit FlowerLeaves Common Name – Jack fruit Botanical Name – Artocarpus heterophyllus Family - Moraceae Date of photo taken – 06.10.2017 Location - Faculty farm
 Morphological Characters. Stem : Woody stem ,highly branched ,tall Leaves : Thick & large leaves Root System : Tap root System Flowers : Male & female flowers are in Separate heads Life Cycle : Perennial Propagation : By stems Crude Protein Level : 2.2g/10g Remarks : Usual as food & timber Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Dry , Wet , Intermediate zones
04. Kapok - Ceiba pentandra Fruit Leaves Flowers Common Name – Kapok Botanical Name – Ceiba pentandra Family - Malvaceae Date of photo taken – 06.10.2017 Location - Faculty farm
 Morphological Characters. Stem : Green color, Larger stem Leaves : Trunk leaves are compound of 5-9 leaflets Root System : Deep tap root system Flowers : Pink ,Yellow or White bell shaped Life Cycle : Perennial Propagation : By stems Crude Protein Level : 10% - 12% Remarks : Seeds are used for producing Oil Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Dry , Wet , Intermediate zones
05. Awara - Canavalla ensiformis Flowers Leaves Pods Common Name – Awara Botanical Name – Canavalla ensiformis Family - Leguminosae Date of photo taken – 06.10.2017 Location - Faculty farm
 Morphological Characters. Stem : A twing stem up to 1m Leaves : Leaves surface is shiny, they are fold unfavorable climatic conditions. Root System : Deep tap root system Flowers : Pink purple in color Life Cycle : Perennial Propagation : By runners & Seeds Crude Protein Level : 8% - 10% Remarks : Contain large no of enzyme Urease Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Dry , Wet , Intermediate zones
Toxic Plants
01. Gandapana - Lantana camara Seeds Flower Common Name – Gandapana Botanical Name – Lantana camara Family - Verbinacea Date of photo taken – 06.10.2017 Location - Faculty farm
 Morphological Characters. Stem : Hard stem with small & Sharp thorns Leaves : Leaves are somewhat pickles Root System : Deep tap root system Flowers : Colors of flowers varied As White, Pink, Orange ,Yellow , Red Life Cycle : Perennial Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 8% - 10% Remarks : Very common weed Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Dry , Wet , Intermediate zones
02. Niyangala - Gloriosasuperba L Seeds LeavesFlower Common Name – Niyangala Botanical Name – Gloriosasuperba L. Family - Liliaceae Date of photo taken – 18.08.2017 Location - Ratmalana
 Morphological Characters. Stem : Have a creeping stem Leaves : Long narrow leaves Root System : Tap root system Flowers : Red & yellow color mix flower Life Cycle : Perennial Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 8% - 10% Remarks : Red & yellow color mixed flower. Tuber is toxic to the animals and humans. Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Dry , Wet , Intermediate zones
03. Wal Rubber - Euphorbia heterophylla Common Name – Wal Rubber Botanical Name – Euphorbia heterophylla Family - Euphorbiaceae Date of photo taken – 06.10.2017 Location - Faculty farm
 Morphological Characters. Stem : Have latex, Erect & not much hard stem Leaves : Simple & Opposite pubescence On the both upper & lower Surface. Root System : Tap root system Flowers : Greenish yellow inflorescence Life Cycle : Annual Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 8% - 10% Remarks : Have toxic latex,It can irritate Our Skin Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Tropical zones
04. Kekilla - Dicranopteris lineari Spores Common Name – Kekilla Botanical Name – Dicranopteris linearis Family - Gleicheniaceae Date of photo taken – 06.10.2017 Location - Muththettuwagama
 Morphological Characters. Stem : The stem grows from the rhizomes, Branches at a 450 angle Leaves : The ultimate segments of the Leaves are linear in shape Root System : Fibrous root system Flowers : No Flowers Life Cycle : Perennial Propagation : Reproductive via Spores Crude Protein Level : 8% - 10% Remarks : Has Ornamental Value & medicinal Value (Intestinal worm) Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Wet, dry & intermediate zones

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Herbarium

  • 1.
  • 2.
    Content 1. Introduction 2. Animalnutrition • Monogastric Animals • Ruminants 3. Main types of feed for Livestock. • Concentrates • Roughages 4. Classification of Roughages 5. Characteristics of Pasture & Fodder Grasses
  • 3.
    Content 1. Common PastureGrasses. I. Kangaroo Grass - Themeda australis II. Bala thana - Eleusine indika III. Carpet Grass - Axonopus offinis IV. Putu Thana / Cowfoot grass - Dactylotenium aegyptium V. Mayura Thana - Chloris barbata VI. Rila thana - Pennisetum purpureum VII.Signal grass - Cynodon dactylon
  • 4.
    Content… 7. Common Pasturelegumes I. Katarodu - Clitoria ternate II. Stylo - Stylosanthes hamata III. Silver Leaf - Desmodium uncinatum IV. Puero - Pueraria phaseoloides V. Pea nut/ Ratakaju - Arachis hypogaea VI. Dambala / Winged bean – Psophocarpus tetragonolobus VII.Kollu / Horse gram – Macrotyloma uniflorum VIII.Aswanna - Alysicarpus vaginalis IX. Siratro – Macroptilium atropurpureum X. Black gram – Vigna mungo
  • 5.
    Content… 8. Common fodderGrasses I. Clone 13 (High breed) - Pennisetum pupureum II. Guinea A - Panicum maximum III. Guinea B - Panicum maximum IV. Mana / Wild Napier - Pennisetum purpureum V. Guathamala - Tripsacum laxum VI. Guinea Mutant - Panicum spp. VII.Golden Bristal grass - Setaria nandi
  • 6.
    Content… 9. Fodder legumes. I.Katurumurunga - Sesbania grandiflora II. Ipil- ipil - Leucaena leucocephala III. Erabadu - Erythrina indica IV. Albesia - Albizia ebbece V. Large leaf Acasia - Acasia manglum VI. Andanahiriya - Crotalaria retusa VII.Ladappa/wetamara - Gliricidia sepium
  • 7.
    Content… 10. Non –legume Tree Fodder. I. Apala - Urena lobata. II. Cassava/ Manyok - Manyok esculent III. Jack fruit - Artocarpus heterophyllus IV. Kapok - Ceiba pentandra V. Awara - Canavalla ensiformis
  • 8.
    Content… 11. Toxic plants. I.Gandapana - Lantana camara II. Niyangala - Gloriosasuperba L III. Wal Rubber - Euphorbia heterophylla IV. Kekilla - Dicranopteris lineari
  • 9.
    Introduction. The main factorto consider before undertaking livestock rearing is feed, where the main components are pasture grass and fodders. Animals need sufficient quality and balanced diet to ensure maximum health, reproduction and production of milk and meat. Due to this, the type or species of pasture and fodder of high quality and of high yield need to be produced as feed for the animals. Critical planning regarding animal feed to increase efficiency for easy management of livestock and to unkeep the quality of production to an economical level should be undertaken.
  • 10.
    Pastures Natural or cultivatedGrasses or Legumes for grazing animals. Those plants are short and whole aerial plant parts are edible.
  • 11.
    Fodder Natural or cultivatedGrasses or Legumes are given after cutting. Those plants are tall and all aerial parts are not edible.
  • 12.
    Animal nutrients. There aretwo groups of farm animals. I. Monogastric Animals. II. Ruminants. Monogastric Animals  They have simple stomach.  Enzymatic digestion is mainly occurred.  Microbial digestion is comparatively loss.  They intake mainly concentrates.  They intake mainly concentrates.  Ex : Rabbit, Pig, Poultry Ruminants  They have complex stomach which has four chambers.  They digest their food by fermenting in their stomach.  There are bacteria that work to break down the tough stalks of the plants the ruminant animal has eaten.  Ex: Cattle ,Sheep
  • 13.
    Main Types ofFeed for Livestock There are two type of animal forages, 1. Concentrates 2. Roughages
  • 14.
    Concentrates Technically, all feedssupplying nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates and fats) are classed as concentrates. Crude fiber content is less than 18%. Concentrates, for dairy feeding come in a perplexing verity of different individual ingredients, descriptions and forms, each with their own advantages and limitations. Concentrates provide the essential extra energy and protein dairy cows need on top of forages to support modern production level. They must be carefully selected to balance the specific nutrients provided by the forages available for the most efficient ruminant digestion ,greatest cow productivity and most cost- effective herd performance.
  • 15.
    Main Concentrate Types Straights Individualfeed ingredients, home –grown or purchased. Blends Unpolluted mixture of ingredients in varying degree of sophistication. Compounds Polluted mixtures of ingredients, generally well balanced and mineralized, the suitability and feeding systems as well as relative cost and convenience.
  • 16.
    Roughages. Crude fiber contentis greater than 18% roughages mainly suitable for ruminants. Grasses are provided to farm as roughages. Natural or cultivated grass or legumes for grazing animals short are edible. Fodder natural or cultivated grasses or legumes are given after cutting parts all aerial plant parts.
  • 17.
    Classification of Roughages. Roughage Pastures Pasture Legumes Pasture Grasses Fodder Nonlegume Tree Fodder Fodder Legumes Fodder Grasses Toxic plants
  • 18.
  • 19.
    Fodder grasses  Unbranchedstem  Long leaves  Fibrous root system  Shorter plants  Low growth rate  Less in dry matter
  • 20.
    Fodder legumes  Deeproot system  Branched stem  Drought tolerant  Simple flowers  Fix nitrogen  Crude protein level>18
  • 21.
    Pasture legumes  Deeptap root system  Drought tolerant  Simple flowers  Fix nitrogen  Crude protein level >18  Contain minerals
  • 22.
    Non legume treefodders  Erect tall plants  Trifoliate with leaflets  Have toxic plants  Preferable climate is wet and dry zone
  • 23.
  • 24.
    01. Kangaroo Grass-Themeda australis Flowers- when they become matured Their color become brownish Seeds Common Name – Kangaroo Grass Botanical Name – Themeda australis Family- Poaceae Date of photo taken – 15.07.2017 Place - Near to farm
  • 25.
     Morphological Characters. Stem: Erect Stem Leaves : Pointed leaves, Sharp edge Root System : Fibrous root system Flowers : Brownish color flower Life Cycle : Perennial Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 8% -10% Remarks : Has a rapid growth rate Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Dry zone
  • 26.
    02. Bala thana- Eleusine indika Flowers Leaves Stem Tillering ability of the plant Common Name – Bala thana Botanical Name – Eleusine indika Family - Poaceae Date of photo taken – 12.07.2017 Place - Near to farm
  • 27.
     Morphological Characters. Stem: Erect, Round Shape stem Leaves : Long narrow leaves with parallel Venation. Small hair on the leaf surface. Root System : Fibrous root system Flowers : Finger like elongated inflorescence Life Cycle : Annual Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 12% Remarks : Compete with crops Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Wet, dry & intermediate zones
  • 28.
    03. Carpet Grass- Axonopus offinis Flowers Common Name – Carpet grass Botanical Name – Axonopus offinis Family - Poaceae Date of photo taken – 20.08.2017 Place - Near to farm
  • 29.
     Morphological Characters. Stem: Creeping type Strongly compressed Leaves : Linear lanceolate with base Root System : Fibrous root system Flowers : Bisexual spike Life Cycle : Annual Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 5%-7% Remarks : Has ornamental value Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Dry &low country wet zones
  • 30.
    04. Cowfoot grass- Dactylotenium aegyptium Leaves Common Name – Cowfoot grass Botanical Name – Dactylotenium aegyptium Family - Poaceae Date of photo taken – 16.09.2017 Place - Ratmalana
  • 31.
     Morphological Characters. Stem: Creeping & mat forming structure Leaves : Compressed, glabrous or with a Few bulbous based hairs on the keel Root System : Fibrous root system Flowers : Spikelets borne at the tip of the stem Life Cycle : Annual Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 8%-10% Remarks : Reduces the yield as it competes on Nutrient uptake Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Dry zones
  • 32.
    05. Mayura Thana- Chloris barbata Flowers are Purple in color Erect stem Seeds Common Name – Mayura Thana Botanical Name – Chloris barbata Family - Poaceae Date of photo taken – 09.10.2017 Place - Faculty
  • 33.
     Morphological Characters. Stem: Erect Leaves : leaves are strip like & Has a rough margined Root System : Fibrous root system Flowers : A terminal panicle of many finger Like spike. Purple in Color Life Cycle : Annual Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 8%-10% Remarks : Fodder for animal ,Use as decorations Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Wet zone, Intermediate zone ,Dry zones
  • 34.
    06. Rila thana- Pennisetum purpureum Common Name – Rila thana Botanical Name – Pennisetum purpureum Family - Poaceae Date of photo taken – 09.08.2017 Place - Kumbalgama road
  • 35.
     Morphological Characters. Stem: Around 25 cm to 75 cm in tall Leaves : Liner blade leaves Root System : Fibrous root system Flowers : Yellow in color, Terminal inflorescence Life Cycle : Annual Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 8%-18% Remarks : Not cultivated as in organized pasture Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Dry & low Country wet zones
  • 36.
    07. Signal grass- Cynodon dactylon Root system Erect stem Common Name – Signal grass Botanical Name – Cynodon dactylon Family - Poaceae Date of photo taken – 09.08.2017 Place - Kumbalgama road
  • 37.
     Morphological Characters. Stem: Erect stem , grow 1cm – 30cm Leaves : The blades are Grey green in color Root System : Fibrous, deep root system Flowers : Inflorescence a racemes panicle Life Cycle : Annual Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 8%-10% Remarks : Anti- diabetic effects Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Dry ,wet & intermediate zones
  • 38.
  • 39.
    01. Katarodu -Clitoria ternate Flowers Pods Common Name – Katarodu Botanical Name – Clitoria ternate Family - Leguminosae Date of photo taken – 20.08.2017 Place - Ratmalana
  • 40.
     Morphological Characters. Stem: Climbing & Wine stem Leaves : Medium trifoliate leaves Root System : Tap root system Flowers : Blue or White color flowers Life Cycle : Perennial Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 18% - 22% Remarks : Ability of atmospheric N2 fixation Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Dry & low country wet zones
  • 41.
    02. Stylo -Stylosanthes hamata Flowers Stem Common Name – Stylo Botanical Name – Stylosanthes hamata Family - Leguminosae Date of photo taken – 03.09.2017 Place - Faculty farm
  • 42.
     Morphological Characters. Stem: Semi erect stem Leaves : Leaves trifoliate with long , narrow,Shiny leaflets. Root System : Tap root system Flowers : Small yellow flowers on a long Stem (7 to 14) Life Cycle : Annual Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 8% - 10% Remarks : Can grow as a mix crop with grasses Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Up country & Mid country wet zones
  • 43.
    03. Silver Leaf- Desmodium uncinatum Flowers Pods Common Name – Silver leaf Botanical Name – Desmodium uncinatum Family - Leguminosae Date of photo taken – 03.09.2017 Place - Faculty farm
  • 44.
     Morphological Characters. Stem: Angular stems are cover from hairs Leaves : Trifoliate leaves have pointed headRoot System : Tap root system Flowers : Pink-Bluish color Life Cycle : Annual Propagation : By Seeds & stem cutting Crude Crude Protein Level : 8% - 10% Remarks : Can grow as a mix crop with grasses Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Wet, Dry & Intermediate zones
  • 45.
    04. Puero -Pueraria phaseoloides Flowers Pods Seeds Common Name – Puero Botanical Name – Pueraria phaseoloides Family - Leguminosae Date of photo taken – 03.09.2017 Place - Faculty farm
  • 46.
     Morphological Characters. Stem: Winding & Climbing Stem Leaves : Broad leaves , trifoliate, Dark green System Root System : Tap root system Flowers : Light Purple pods Life Cycle : Perennial Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 20% - 22% Remarks : Rapid growth , has a drought Tolerance Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Common in dry zones
  • 47.
    05. Pea nut/Ratakaju - Arachis hypogaea Seeds Common Name – Pea nut/ Ratakaju Botanical Name – Arachis hypogaea Family - Leguminosae Date of photo taken – 03.09.2017 Place - Faculty farm
  • 48.
     Morphological Characters. Stem: 30 to 50 cm in tall, bushy Leaves : The leaves are opposite, pinnate with Four leaflets Root System : Tap root system Flowers : Yellowish Small Life Cycle : Annual Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 25-30% Remarks : Peanuts may be contaminated with Fungi which produce aflatoxin Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Common in dry zones
  • 49.
    06. Dambala /Winged bean – Psophocarpus tetragonolobus Flowers Pods Leaves Common Name – Dambala / Winged bean Botanical Name – Psophocarpus tetragonolobus Family - Leguminosae Date of photo taken – 03.09.2017 Place - Faculty farm
  • 50.
     Morphological Characters. Stem: High-climbing, twining vine. Leaves : Have trifoliate leaves, Triangular leaflets Root System : Tap root system Flowers : Light blue color flower Life Cycle : Annual Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 8-10% Remarks : Powerful N2 fixing legume Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Dry ,wet & intermediate zones
  • 51.
    07. Kollu /Horse gram – Macrotyloma uniflorum Pods Flowers Common Name – Kollu / Horse gram Botanical Name – Macrotyloma uniflorum Family - Leguminosae Date of photo taken – 03.09.2017 Place - Faculty farm
  • 52.
     Morphological Characters. Stem: Slightly hairy stems Leaves : Three oblong leaflets Root System : Tap root system Flowers : Flowers yellow or Greenish yellow Life Cycle : Annual Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 22.6% - 23.8% Remarks : Good for Hay and Silage Preferable Agro Ecological Zones :Common in Dry zone
  • 53.
    08. Aswanna -Alysicarpus vaginalis Flowers Pods Common Name – Aswanna Botanical Name – Alysicarpus vaginalis Family - Leguminosae Date of photo taken – 12.09.2017 Place - Kumbalgama road
  • 54.
     Morphological Characters. Stem: Have hard stem Leaves : Small tiny Green leaves Root System : Tap root system Flowers : Red color small flowers Life Cycle : Perennial Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 18% - 20% Remarks : Have a higher ability of fixing atmospheric N2 Preferable Agro Ecological Zones :Dry & low country wet zones
  • 55.
    09. Siratro –Macroptilium atropurpureum Pods Flowers Common Name – Siratro Botanical Name – Macroptilium atropurpureum Family - Leguminosae Date of photo taken – 20.08.2017 Place - Kundasale Agri school
  • 56.
     Morphological Characters. Stem: Climbing and twining stems Leaves : Trifoliate leaves, Dark green slightly hairy on the Upper surface Root System : Tap root system Flowers : Inflorescence has 6-22 flowers Life Cycle : Perennial Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 20% Remarks : As a cover crop, prevent soil erosion Preferable Agro Ecological Zones :Common in dry zone
  • 57.
    10. Black gram– Vigna mungo Seeds Flowers Common Name – Black gram Botanical Name – Vigna mungo Family - Leguminosae Date of photo taken – 06.08.2017 Place - Farm
  • 58.
     Morphological Characters. Stem: Slightly ridged & covered with hairs Leaves : large and trifoliate Root System : Tap root system Flowers : Bright yellow & consist with Cluster of 5-6 flowers. Life Cycle : Perennial Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 20% - 25% Remarks : Edible food for human Preferable Agro Ecological Zones :Common in dry zone
  • 59.
  • 60.
    01. Clone 13(High breed) - Pennisetum pupureum Common Name – Clone 13 (High breed) Botanical Name – Pennisetum pupureum Family - Poaceae Date of photo taken – 06.08.2017 Place - Farm
  • 61.
     Morphological Characters. Stem: Erect stem, High tillering ability Leaves : Without hair, long narrow leaves Root System : Fibrous root system Flowers : Uni-axial inflorescence Life Cycle : Perennial Propagation : By Seeds & Stem cutting Crude Protein Level : 6% - 8% Remarks : Highly palatable and digestibility can’t Tolerate shade conditions Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Dry & Intermediate zones
  • 62.
    02. Guinea A- Panicum maximum Common Name – Guinea A Botanical Name – Panicum maximum Family - Poaceae Date of photo taken – 06.08.2017 Place - Farm
  • 63.
     Morphological Characters. Stem: Short & thin Leaves : Rough, Dark green in color Root System : Fibrous root system Flowers : Produce large no of tillers Life Cycle : Annual Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 11% - 15% Remarks : It can be used for soil rehabilitation Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Dry ,wet & intermediate zones
  • 64.
    03. Guinea B- Panicum maximum Common Name – Guinea B Botanical Name – Panicum maximum Family - Poaceae Date of photo taken – 06.08.2017 Place - Farm
  • 65.
     Morphological Characters. Stem: Short & thin Leaves : Rough, Dark green in color Root System : Fibrous root system Flowers : Produce large no of tillers Life Cycle : Annual Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 8% - 10% Remarks : It can be used for soil rehabilitation Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Dry ,wet & intermediate zones
  • 66.
    04. Mana /Wild Napier - Pennisetum purpureum Common Name – Mana/ Wild napier Botanical Name – Pennisetum purpureum Family - Poaceae Date of photo taken – 06.08.2017 Place - Farm
  • 67.
     Morphological Characters. Stem: Tillers slender stem Leaves : Narrow and long Root System : Fibrous root system Flowers : large inflorescence Life Cycle : Perennial Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 12% - 14 % Remarks : Rapid growth Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Common in dry zone
  • 68.
    05. Guathamala -Tripsacum laxum Common Name – Guathamala Botanical Name – Tripsacum laxum Family - Poaceae Date of photo taken – 25.09.2017 Place - Ratmalana
  • 69.
     Morphological Characters. Stem: Erect type stem Leaves : Dark green in color Long broad leaves Root System : Fibrous root system Flowers : Have Inflorescence Life Cycle : Perennial Propagation : By Seeds & cuttings Crude Protein Level : 12% - 14 % Remarks : Use for soil rehabilitation Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Low & mid Country ,Dry & Wet zone
  • 70.
    06. Guinea Mutant- Panicum spp. Common Name – Guinea Mutant Botanical Name – Panicum spp Family - Poaceae Date of photo taken – 06.08.2017 Place - Faculty farm
  • 71.
     Morphological Characters. Stem: Short & thin stem Leaves : Dark green in color, Rougher the Guinea A Root System : Fibrous root system Flowers : Produce large no of tillers Life Cycle : Annual Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 8% - 10% Remarks : Can be used as soil rehabilitation Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Intermediate, Dry & wet zones
  • 72.
    07. Golden Bristalgrass - Setaria nandi Common Name – Golden Bristal grass Botanical Name – Setaria nandi Family - Poaceae Date of photo taken – 06.08.2017
  • 73.
     Morphological Characters. Stem: Over one meter in maximum height Leaves : Bluish grey-green in color, Leaf blades are Soft Root System : Fibrous root system Flowers : Inflorescence a tightly contracted panicle producing a false Spike Life Cycle : Perennial Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 18% - 22% Remarks : Used as soil conservation cover Used to make a Silage Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Up country wet zones
  • 74.
  • 75.
    01. Katurumurunga -Sesbania grandiflora Flowers Common Name – Katurumurunga Botanical Name – Sesbania grandiflora Family - Leguminosae Date of photo taken – 23.09.2017 Location - Ratmalana
  • 76.
     Morphological Characters. Stem: Hard stem Leaves : Compound leaves Leaflets dark green in color Root System : Tap root System Flowers : White color Life Cycle : Perennial Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 31% Remarks : Useful human food Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Wet, Dry & intermediate
  • 77.
    02. Ipil- ipil- Leucaena leucocephala Pods Flowers Common Name – Ipil- ipil Botanical Name – Leucaena leucocephala Family - Leguminosae Date of photo taken – 23.09.2017 Location - Ratmalana
  • 78.
     Morphological Characters. Stem: Erect Stem Leaves : Bipinoate leaves Root System : Deep tap root System Flowers : White color flower Life Cycle : Perennial Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 18% - 20% Remarks : Higher ability of atmospheric N2 fixation Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Wet & Intermediate zones
  • 79.
    03. Erabadu -Erythrina indica Pods Flowers Common Name – Erabadu Botanical Name – Erythrina indica Family - Leguminosae Date of photo taken – 23.09.2017 Location - Ratmalana
  • 80.
     Morphological Characters. Stem: Large stem contain thorns, High branching ability Leaves : Trifoliate compound leaves Root System : Deep tap root System Flowers : Red color papilionaceous flowers Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 25.7% - 27.7% Remarks : Can tolerate acidic soil Ability of atmospheric N2 fixation Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Dry, wet & Intermediate zone
  • 81.
    04. Albesia -Albizia ebbece Flowers Pods Common Name – Albesia Botanical Name – Albizia ebbeck Family - Leguminosae Date of photo taken – 26.09.2017 Location - Faculty premises
  • 82.
     Morphological Characters. Stem: Erect type Leaves : Erect type Root System : tap root System Flowers : White color, pods - 20cm in long Life Cycle : Perennial Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 20% - 22% Remarks : Tolerance to high lopping Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Up country ,wet zone & Intermediate
  • 83.
    05. Large leafAcasia - Acasia manglum Seeds Pods Leaves Flowers Common Name – Large leaf Acasia Botanical Name – Acasia manglum Family - Leguminosae Date of photo taken – 26.09.2017 Location - Faculty premises
  • 84.
     Morphological Characters. Stem: Large woody stem Leaves : Fleshy leaves ,Dark green in color Root System : Deep tap root system Flowers : Yellow color inflorescence Life Cycle : Perennial Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 24% Remarks : Rapid growth Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Wet & Intermediate zone
  • 85.
    06. Andanahiriya -Crotalaria retusa Flowers Seeds Common Name – Andanahiriya Botanical Name – Crotalaria retusa Family - Leguminosae Date of photo taken – 05.10.2017 Location - Kumbalgama road
  • 86.
     Morphological Characters. Stem: Erect stem, ridged, up to 13cm long Leaves : Simple, Oblanceolate , 3.3cm-9.2cm In Long ,1-3cm wide Root System : Deep tap root system Flowers : Yellowish in color Life Cycle : Annual Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 8% - 10% Remarks : Seed;10% pyrrolizidine alkaloids, Monocrotaline , retusine Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Intermediate , Dry, wet zones
  • 87.
    07. Ladappa/wetamara -Gliricidia sepium Pods Flowers Seeds Common Name – Ladappa/wetamara Botanical Name – Gliricidia sepium Family - Leguminosae Date of photo taken – 05.10.2017 Location - Faculty farm
  • 88.
     Morphological Characters. Stem: Erect stem Leaves : Bipinoate leaves Root System : Deep tap root system Flowers : Purple color Life Cycle : Perennial Propagation : By Cuttings Crude Protein Level : 24% Remarks : Use as Green manure & Shade tree Help to climbing plant like pepper Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Dry , Wet , Intermediate zones
  • 89.
  • 90.
    01. Apala -Urena lobata. Seeds Flower Common Name – Apala Botanical Name – Urena lobata Family - Malvaceae Date of photo taken – 05.10.2017 Location - Kumbalgama road
  • 91.
     Morphological Characters. Stem: Covered with minute star- like hairs & Often tinged Purple Leaves : Leaves are divided into 5 main lobe Root System : Tap root System Flowers : Flower is Pinky purplish Life Cycle : Annual Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 8% - 10% Remarks : Widely distributed as a weed Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Dry , Wet , Intermediate zones
  • 92.
    02. Cassava/ Manyok- Manyok esculent Tuberous roots Common Name – Cassava/Manyok Botanical Name – Manyok esculenta Family - Euphorbiaceae Date of photo taken – 06.10.2017 Location - Faculty farm
  • 93.
     Morphological Characters. Stem: Erect tall stem Leaves : Simple leaves divided into ports Root System : Tap root System Flowers : White/Yellow color Life Cycle : Annual Propagation : By stems Crude Protein Level : 19.5% Remarks : Produce tubers as human food Produce toxic compounds HCN that toxic to animals Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Dry , Wet , Intermediate zones
  • 94.
    03. Jack fruit- Artocarpus heterophyllus Fruit FlowerLeaves Common Name – Jack fruit Botanical Name – Artocarpus heterophyllus Family - Moraceae Date of photo taken – 06.10.2017 Location - Faculty farm
  • 95.
     Morphological Characters. Stem: Woody stem ,highly branched ,tall Leaves : Thick & large leaves Root System : Tap root System Flowers : Male & female flowers are in Separate heads Life Cycle : Perennial Propagation : By stems Crude Protein Level : 2.2g/10g Remarks : Usual as food & timber Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Dry , Wet , Intermediate zones
  • 96.
    04. Kapok -Ceiba pentandra Fruit Leaves Flowers Common Name – Kapok Botanical Name – Ceiba pentandra Family - Malvaceae Date of photo taken – 06.10.2017 Location - Faculty farm
  • 97.
     Morphological Characters. Stem: Green color, Larger stem Leaves : Trunk leaves are compound of 5-9 leaflets Root System : Deep tap root system Flowers : Pink ,Yellow or White bell shaped Life Cycle : Perennial Propagation : By stems Crude Protein Level : 10% - 12% Remarks : Seeds are used for producing Oil Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Dry , Wet , Intermediate zones
  • 98.
    05. Awara -Canavalla ensiformis Flowers Leaves Pods Common Name – Awara Botanical Name – Canavalla ensiformis Family - Leguminosae Date of photo taken – 06.10.2017 Location - Faculty farm
  • 99.
     Morphological Characters. Stem: A twing stem up to 1m Leaves : Leaves surface is shiny, they are fold unfavorable climatic conditions. Root System : Deep tap root system Flowers : Pink purple in color Life Cycle : Perennial Propagation : By runners & Seeds Crude Protein Level : 8% - 10% Remarks : Contain large no of enzyme Urease Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Dry , Wet , Intermediate zones
  • 100.
  • 101.
    01. Gandapana -Lantana camara Seeds Flower Common Name – Gandapana Botanical Name – Lantana camara Family - Verbinacea Date of photo taken – 06.10.2017 Location - Faculty farm
  • 102.
     Morphological Characters. Stem: Hard stem with small & Sharp thorns Leaves : Leaves are somewhat pickles Root System : Deep tap root system Flowers : Colors of flowers varied As White, Pink, Orange ,Yellow , Red Life Cycle : Perennial Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 8% - 10% Remarks : Very common weed Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Dry , Wet , Intermediate zones
  • 103.
    02. Niyangala -Gloriosasuperba L Seeds LeavesFlower Common Name – Niyangala Botanical Name – Gloriosasuperba L. Family - Liliaceae Date of photo taken – 18.08.2017 Location - Ratmalana
  • 104.
     Morphological Characters. Stem: Have a creeping stem Leaves : Long narrow leaves Root System : Tap root system Flowers : Red & yellow color mix flower Life Cycle : Perennial Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 8% - 10% Remarks : Red & yellow color mixed flower. Tuber is toxic to the animals and humans. Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Dry , Wet , Intermediate zones
  • 105.
    03. Wal Rubber- Euphorbia heterophylla Common Name – Wal Rubber Botanical Name – Euphorbia heterophylla Family - Euphorbiaceae Date of photo taken – 06.10.2017 Location - Faculty farm
  • 106.
     Morphological Characters. Stem: Have latex, Erect & not much hard stem Leaves : Simple & Opposite pubescence On the both upper & lower Surface. Root System : Tap root system Flowers : Greenish yellow inflorescence Life Cycle : Annual Propagation : By Seeds Crude Protein Level : 8% - 10% Remarks : Have toxic latex,It can irritate Our Skin Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Tropical zones
  • 107.
    04. Kekilla -Dicranopteris lineari Spores Common Name – Kekilla Botanical Name – Dicranopteris linearis Family - Gleicheniaceae Date of photo taken – 06.10.2017 Location - Muththettuwagama
  • 108.
     Morphological Characters. Stem: The stem grows from the rhizomes, Branches at a 450 angle Leaves : The ultimate segments of the Leaves are linear in shape Root System : Fibrous root system Flowers : No Flowers Life Cycle : Perennial Propagation : Reproductive via Spores Crude Protein Level : 8% - 10% Remarks : Has Ornamental Value & medicinal Value (Intestinal worm) Preferable Agro Ecological Zones : Wet, dry & intermediate zones