Ecology chap 2
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This document summarizes key concepts in ecology. It discusses: 1. Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment, from cells to the biosphere. Changes to one level affect others. 2. The environment includes abiotic factors like temperature and biotic factors like predators. Habitats are where organisms live, like coral reefs. Niches are an organism's role in an ecosystem. 3. Relationships like competition, predation, and symbiosis influence organisms. Competition occurs when organisms require the same limited resources. Predator-prey relationships depend on food availability. Symbiosis includes mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.
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This document discusses different types of interactions between populations and between organisms. It explains that populations are limited by factors in their environment like food, water, space, etc. and that populations fluctuate around the carrying capacity, which is the largest size the environment can support. It then describes different ways organisms interact - through competition for resources, predator-prey relationships, symbiotic relationships like mutualism and commensalism, and coevolution between species that interact closely over long periods of time. Adaptations in both predators and prey are discussed.
Types of interactions
This document discusses different types of interactions between organisms and their environment. It explains that populations are limited by factors like food, water, space, and other resources. When populations exceed the carrying capacity of their environment, limiting factors cause deaths until the population stabilizes. The document also describes different ways organisms interact, including competition for resources, predator-prey relationships, symbiosis, and coevolution as species adapt to each other over long periods of time.
AP Biology Community Ecology
This document discusses key concepts about communities and population interactions. It identifies and provides examples of 3 major population interactions: 1) feeding relationships shown through food chains and webs, 2) competition between species over limited resources which can lead to competitive exclusion, and 3) symbiosis including mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. Additional topics covered include keystone species, ecological succession, and factors influencing biodiversity like geographic location and community size.
B10vrv2042
The document provides an overview of niches and community interactions in ecology. It defines a niche as the range of conditions where a species lives and obtains resources to survive and reproduce. It describes how species' tolerance ranges and competition over resources shape niches and communities. Predation, herbivory, and keystone species also influence community structure by regulating prey and plant populations. Finally, it outlines the three main types of symbiotic relationships between species: mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism.
2018_12_5_coralspost (1).pptx
Coastal ecosystems like coral reefs have high productivity and biodiversity due to dynamic spatial gradients in factors like salinity, temperature, light, and nutrients. Coral reefs specifically proliferate in warm, shallow, saline waters. Corals are colonial animals whose polyps secrete calcium carbonate to form hard structures over time. Corals have a symbiotic relationship with algae called zooxanthellae, which provide nutrients through photosynthesis. Corals reproduce both asexually through fragmentation and sexually through broadcast spawning or brooding.
83-Ppt (1).pdf
This document discusses different types of population interactions and life history strategies in organisms. It covers four types of population interactions: 1) Positive interactions like mutualism and commensalism where one or both species benefit. 2) Parasitism where one species (the parasite) benefits at the expense of the other (host). 3) Predation where one free-living species (the predator) benefits by preying on another. 4) Negative interactions like competition and amensalism where at least one species is harmed. It also discusses different life history strategies around breeding and offspring production employed by different organisms.
Energy 2 biosphere
Notes on cycling of Energy and elements through the biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, & lithosphere
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Chapter 6 marine microbes
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Ecology chap 2
- 1. Ecology-Chap 2 Study of interactions of organisms with each other and their environment
- 2. Level of organization • Cells -> organisms -> population -> community -> ecosystems -> biosphere – All connected so they all affect one another • When something happens to one; all affected – domino effect
- 3. Environment • All external factors affecting an organism – Abiotic – light, temperature, salinity, turbidity, weather conditions, pH, waves, currents – Biotic-predators, prey, parasites, etc.
- 4. Habitat-Where they live – Examples: rocky shores (cali and Maine), sandy shores (jax beach), mangroves (south FL), coral reefs (keys), deep sea (Hydothermal vents
- 5. Niche –Role in ecosystem “their job” • Can be viewed on an a abiotic side OR a biotic side, looking at both at same time gets very complex an is difficult to illustrate • Lets take a look at the biotic side……
- 6. Competition • Occurs when organisms require same limited resources (food, light, space, mates) – Can be within same species (intraspecific) OR between similar species (interspecific) – Prevents 2 groups of organisms from occupying the same niche – Usually no 2 organisms can use exactly the same resources in exactly the same place at exactly the same time……..WHY?????????
- 7. Sooo….. • Some species have adaptations that have allowed them to be successful? – Plankton feeding fish • Sea bass- eat close to reef • Damselfish-each futher away (adaption to feeding in different location) • Now these two species are feeding on the same thing BUT not in the same space.
- 8. Predator Prey relationships • Number of individuals is dependant on the abundance of their food source. – Ex if the number of bull sharks were too increase to massive numbers because of a lot of food, then the number of fish they eat would go down, then eventually bull sharks would decrease
- 9. Keystone species • Has great effects on foodwebs/ecosystems • Increases biodiversity • Example sea otters in Pacific Coast (Washington State)
- 10. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LYtxz1dqZ W0&feature=related&safety_mode=true&per sist_safety_mode=1&safe=active
- 12. Symbiosis-”living together” cohabitating • 3 main types – 1. mutualism- both benefit – 2. commensalism- one benefits, other neither harmed nor helped – 3. parasitism- one lives off another • Parasite benefits and host is harmed
- 13. Mutualism • Clownfish gets home • Anemone-gets protection so other fish don’t eat tenacles So dependent on each other that need each other to survive. Coral give zooxanthellae N, P, and CO2 and zoo give corals carbohydrates
- 14. Commensalism • Shark-no benefit or harm; remoras get free ride and eat leftover food Barnacle gets ride and place to live; whale no benefit or harm
- 15. Parasitism • Sea Cucumber – pearl fish feed on respiratory tissue and reproductiv e organs
- 16. Do pg. 31 # 1-4 Short Answer