IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) allows multicast routers to track group memberships across multicast networks. It has three message types - query, membership report, and leave report. Upon receiving a query, hosts send membership reports to the router to join or leave groups. The router uses these reports to maintain a list of members for each multicast group on that network segment. IGMP messages are encapsulated in IP datagrams and Ethernet frames for transmission.
IP multicast is a method of sending Internet Protocol (IP) datagrams to a group of interested receivers in a single transmission. It is often employed for streaming media applications on the Internet and private networks.(wikipedia)
IP multicast is a method of sending Internet Protocol (IP) datagrams to a group of interested receivers in a single transmission. It is often employed for streaming media applications on the Internet and private networks.(wikipedia)
In multicast communication, there is one source and a group of destination.
In multicasting, the router may forward the received packet through several of its interfaces.
The source address is a unicast address, but destination address is a group address.
Overview of VPN protocols.
VPNs (Virtual Private Networks) are often viewed from the perspective of security with the goal of providing authentication and confidentiality.
However, the primary purpose of VPNs is to connect 2 topologically separated private networks over a public network (typically the Internet).
VPNs basically hook a network logically into another network so that both appear as one private local network.
Security is a possible add-on to VPNs. In many cases it makes perfectly sense to secure the VPNs communication over the unsecure public network.
VPN protocols typically employ a tunnel where data packets of the local network are encapsulated in an outer protocol for transmission over the public network.
The most important VPN protocols are IPSec, PPTP and L2TP. In recent years SSL/TLS based VPNs such as OpenVPN have gained widespread adoption.
Overview of SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol)Peter R. Egli
Overview of SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol), outlining the main features and capabilities of SCTP.
SCTP is a transport protocol that overcomes many of the shortcomings of TCP, namely head-of-line blocking and stream-oriented transmission.
SCTP supports multiple streams within a connection and preserves boundaries of application messages thus greatly simplifying communication.
Additionally, SCTP supports multi-homing which increases availability in applications with high reliability demands.
SCTP inherits much of the congestion, flow and error control mechanisms of TCP.
SCTP has its roots in telecom carrier networks for use in transitional voice over IP scenarios.
However, SCTP is generic so that it is applicable in many enterprise applications as well.
In multicast communication, there is one source and a group of destination.
In multicasting, the router may forward the received packet through several of its interfaces.
The source address is a unicast address, but destination address is a group address.
Overview of VPN protocols.
VPNs (Virtual Private Networks) are often viewed from the perspective of security with the goal of providing authentication and confidentiality.
However, the primary purpose of VPNs is to connect 2 topologically separated private networks over a public network (typically the Internet).
VPNs basically hook a network logically into another network so that both appear as one private local network.
Security is a possible add-on to VPNs. In many cases it makes perfectly sense to secure the VPNs communication over the unsecure public network.
VPN protocols typically employ a tunnel where data packets of the local network are encapsulated in an outer protocol for transmission over the public network.
The most important VPN protocols are IPSec, PPTP and L2TP. In recent years SSL/TLS based VPNs such as OpenVPN have gained widespread adoption.
Overview of SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol)Peter R. Egli
Overview of SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol), outlining the main features and capabilities of SCTP.
SCTP is a transport protocol that overcomes many of the shortcomings of TCP, namely head-of-line blocking and stream-oriented transmission.
SCTP supports multiple streams within a connection and preserves boundaries of application messages thus greatly simplifying communication.
Additionally, SCTP supports multi-homing which increases availability in applications with high reliability demands.
SCTP inherits much of the congestion, flow and error control mechanisms of TCP.
SCTP has its roots in telecom carrier networks for use in transitional voice over IP scenarios.
However, SCTP is generic so that it is applicable in many enterprise applications as well.
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
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Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Planning Of Procurement o different goods and services
Chap 10 igmp
1. Chapter 10
Internet Group
Management Protocol
Objectives
Upon completion you will be able to:
• Know the purpose of IGMP
• Know the types of IGMP messages
• Understand how a member joins a group and leaves a group
• Understand membership monitoring
• Understand how an IGMP message is encapsulated
• Understand the interactions of the modules of an IGMP package
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 1
3. 10.1 GROUP MANAGEMENT
IGMP is a protocol that manages group membership. The IGMP
protocol gives the multicast routers information about the membership
status of hosts (routers) connected to the network. .
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 3
4. Note:
IGMP is a group management
protocol. It helps a multicast router
create and update a list of loyal
members related to each router
interface.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 4
5. 10.2 IGMP MESSAGES
IGMP has three types of messages: the query, the membership report,
and the leave report. There are two types of query messages, general and
special.
The topics discussed in this section include:
Message Format
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 5
9. 10.3 IGMP OPERATION
A multicast router connected to a network has a list of multicast
addresses of the groups with at least one loyal member in that network.
For each group, there is one router that has the duty of distributing the
multicast packets destined for that group.
The topics discussed in this section include:
Joining a Group
Leaving a Group
Monitoring Membership
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 9
16. Example 1
Imagine there are three hosts in a network as shown in Figure
10.8.
A query message was received at time 0; the random delay time
(in tenths of seconds) for each group is shown next to the
group address. Show the sequence of report messages.
See Next Slide
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 16
18. Solution
Example 1 (Continued)
The events occur in this sequence:
a. Time 12: The timer for 228.42.0.0 in host A expires and a
membership report is sent, which is received by the router and every
host including host B which cancels its timer for 228.42.0.0.
b. Time 30: The timer for 225.14.0.0 in host A expires and a
membership report is sent, which is received by the router and every
host including host C which cancels its timer for 225.14.0.0.
c. Time 50: The timer for 238.71.0.0 in host B expires and a
membership report is sent, which is received by the router and every
host.
See Next Slide
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 18
19. Example 1 (Continued)
d. Time 70: The timer for 230.43.0.0 in host C expires and a
membership report is sent, which is received by the router and every
host including host A which cancels its timerfor 230.43.0.0.
Note that if each host had sent a report for every group in its
list, there would have been seven reports; with this strategy
only four reports are sent.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 19
20. 10.4 ENCAPSULATION
The IGMP message is encapsulated in an IP datagram, which is itself
encapsulated in a frame.
The topics discussed in this section include:
IP Layer
Data Link Layer
Netstat Utility
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 20
25. Figure 10.10 Mapping class D to Ethernet physical address
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 25
26. Note:
An Ethernet multicast physical
address is in the range
01:00:5E:00:00:00
to
01:00:5E:7F:FF:FF.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 26
27. Example 2
Change the multicast IP address 230.43.14.7 to an Ethernet
multicast physical
Solution
We can do this in two steps:
a. We write the rightmost 23 bits of the IP address in hexadecimal.
This can be done by changing the rightmost 3 bytes to hexadecimal
and then subtracting 8 from the leftmost digit if it is greater than or
equal to 8. In our example, the result is 2B:0E:07.
b. We add the result of part a to the starting Ethernet multicast
address, which is (01:00:5E:00:00:00). The result is
01:00:5E:2B:0E:07
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 27
28. Example 3
Change the multicast IP address 238.212.24.9 to an Ethernet
multicast address.
Solution
a. The right-most three bytes in hexadecimal are D4:18:09. We need
to subtract 8 from the leftmost digit, resulting in 54:18:09..
b. We add the result of part a to the Ethernet multicast starting
address. The result is
01:00:5E:54:18:09
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 28
30. Example 4
We use netstat with three options, -n, -r, and -a. The -n option gives the
numeric versions of IP addresses, the -r option gives the routing table, and
the -a option gives all addresses (unicast and multicast). Note that we show
only the fields relative to our discussion.
$ netstat -nra
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Mask Flags Iface
153.18.16.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.240.0 U eth0
169.254.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U eth0
127.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 U lo
224.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 224.0.0.0 U eth0
0.0.0.0 153.18.31.254 0.0.0.0 UG eth0
Any packet with a multicast address from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 is
masked and delivered to the Ethernet interface.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 30
31. 10.5 IGMP PACKAGE
We can show how IGMP can handle the sending and receiving of IGMP
packets through our simplified version of an IGMP package. In our
design an IGMP package involves a group table, a set of timers, and four
software modules.
The topics discussed in this section include:
Group Table
Timers
Group-Joining Module
Group-Leaving Module
Input Module
Output Module
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 31