The document discusses various states of consciousness including waking consciousness, sleep and dreams, and altered states of consciousness induced by drugs. It describes circadian rhythms and the stages of sleep including REM sleep. It also summarizes research on sleep deprivation, sleep disorders, dreaming, hypnosis, and the effects of different classes of psychoactive drugs such as depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens.

1. Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed) Chapter 6 States of Consciousness James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers

2. Waking Consciousness Consciousness our awareness of ourselves and our environments Selective Attention focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

3. Sleep and Dreams Circadian Rhythm the biological clock regular bodily rhythms, such as of wakefulness and body temperature, that occur on a 24-hour cycle

4. Sleep and Dreams REM ( R apid E ye M ovement) Sleep recurring sleep stage vivid dreams “ paradoxical sleep” muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active Sleep periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness

5. Sleep and Dreams Measuring sleep activity

6. Brain Waves and Sleep Stages Alpha Waves slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain Delta Waves large, slow waves of deep sleep Hallucinations false sensory experiences

7. Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 4 3 2 1 Sleep stages Awake Hours of sleep REM

8. Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep Hours of sleep Minutes of Stage 4 and REM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 10 15 20 25 5 Decreasing Stage 4 Increasing REM

9. Sleep Deprivation Effects of Sleep Loss fatigue impaired concentration depressed immune system greater vulnerability to accidents

10. Sleep Deprivation 2,400 2,700 2,600 2,500 2,800 Spring time change (hour sleep loss) 3,600 4,200 4000 3,800 Fall time change (hour sleep gained) Less sleep, more accidents More sleep, fewer accidents Monday before time change Monday after time change Accident frequency

11. Sleep Disorders Insomnia persistent problems in falling or staying asleep Narcolepsy uncontrollable sleep attacks Sleep Apnea temporary cessation of breathing during sleep momentary reawakenings

12. Night Terrors and Nightmares Night Terrors occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4 high arousal - appearance of being terrified seldom remembered

13. Dreams: Freud Dreams sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind hallucinatory imagery discontinuities incongruities delusional acceptance of the content difficulties remembering

14. Dreams: Freud Sigmund Freud -- The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) wish fulfillment discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings Manifest Content remembered story line Latent Content underlying meaning

15. Dreams As Information Processing helps facilitate memories As a Physiological Function periodic brain stimulation REM Rebound REM sleep increases following REM sleep deprivation

16. Sleep Across the Lifespan

17. Hypnosis Hypnosis a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

18. Hypnosis Posthypnotic Amnesia supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion

19. Hypnosis Orne & Evans (1965) hypnotized group told to dip hand in fake acid, then throw the “acid” in assistant’s face control group instructed to “pretend” unhypnotized subjects performed the same acts as the hypnotized ones

20. Hypnosis Posthypnotic Suggestion suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors

21. Hypnosis Dissociation a split in consciousness allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others Hidden Observer Hilgard’s term describing a hypnotized subject’s awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis

22. Explaining Hypnosis

23. Drugs and Consciousness Psychoactive Drug a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood Physical Dependence physiological need for a drug marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms Psychological Dependence a psychological need to use a drug for example, to relieve negative emotions

24. Dependence and Addiction Tolerance diminishing effect with regular use Withdrawal discomfort and distress that follow discontinued use Small Large Drug dose Little effect Big effect Drug effect Response to first exposure After repeated exposure, more drug is needed to produce same effect

25. Psychoactive Drugs Depressants drugs that reduce neural activity alcohol, barbiturates, opiates slow body functions

26. Psychoactive Drugs Alcohol affects motor skills, judgment, and memory reduces self awareness Barbiturates drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment

27. Psychoactive Drugs Opiates opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin) opiates depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety highly addictive

28. Psychoactive Drugs Stimulants drugs that excite neural activity caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine speed up body functions

29. The Physiological Effects of Nicotine

30. Psychoactive Drugs Amphetamines drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

31. Psychoactive Drugs Cocaine effects depend on dosage, form, expectations, personality and situation coca leaves powder crack

32. Cocaine Euphoria and Crash

33. Psychoactive Drugs Ecstasy MDMA (methylenedioxymethamphetamine) stimulant and mild hallucinogen dangerous short and long term effects

34. Psychoactive Drugs Hallucinogens psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input LSD MDMA (Ecstasy)

35. Psychoactive Drugs LSD lysergic acid diethylamide a powerful hallucinogenic drug also known as acid THC the major active ingredient in marijuana triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

36. Psychoactive Drugs

37. Trends in Drug Use

38. Perceived Marijuana Risk

39. Near-Death Experiences Near-Death Experience an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death often similar to drug-induced hallucinations