This document summarizes key points from a psychology chapter about altered states of consciousness. It discusses sleep and dreams, explaining the stages of sleep and theories about why we dream. It also covers hypnosis, biofeedback, and meditation as altered states. Finally, it examines psychoactive drugs and how they work in the brain to produce effects like hallucinations. The chapter provides an overview of different altered states of consciousness and how they impact brain activity and perception.
This document provides an overview of key topics in consciousness and altered states, including the following:
1. It discusses different states of consciousness like sleep, dreams, hypnosis, and those induced by drugs. It explains sleep cycles, theories of why we dream, and facts vs myths about hypnosis.
2. It describes different classes of psychoactive drugs like depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens; and drugs within each class like alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, LSD.
3. It discusses influences on drug use and approaches to prevention/treatment. Near-death experiences are also briefly mentioned.
This document discusses various topics related to consciousness including biological rhythms, sleep, dreams, hypnosis, and psychoactive drugs. It describes circadian rhythms and how they regulate hormones and can be disrupted. It discusses the stages and typical patterns of sleep and some sleep disorders. Dreams are explored in terms of Freudian and activation-synthesis theories. Hypnosis theories include dissociation and sociocognitive perspectives. Drugs are classified and their physiological and psychological effects on the brain and behavior are outlined, including specific examples like alcohol and cocaine.
Altered states of consciousness powerpointaherrera13
Meditation is a learned technique that brings about an altered state of consciousness through focusing attention and changing breathing and brain wave patterns. It allows the meditator to reach a different state of consciousness and relieve stress. The benefits of meditation include feeling relaxed, gaining new insights, and potential long-term health improvements. Meditation is easy to start, requiring sitting quietly with eyes closed while breathing deeply and rhythmically and repeating a word or sound for two 20-minute sessions per day.
Chapter 7 altered states of consciousness reviewAaron Carn
Rapid eye movement sleep, characterized by dreaming and muscle relaxation, is known as REM sleep. Hypnosis is a state of altered consciousness where people become highly suggestible. Marijuana is a psychoactive drug that interacts with the central nervous system to alter mood, perception, and behavior. Substances like LSD that produce hallucinations are called hallucinogens. Prolonged inability to sleep is called insomnia.
Discussion in this chapter focuses on consciousness and altered states of consciousness. We look at sleep and dreaming, hypnosis, meditation, and the effects of illicit drugs.
1. The document discusses various topics related to consciousness and the two-track mind, including the biology of consciousness, dual processing, sleep and dreams, hypnosis, and drugs and consciousness.
2. It describes how cognitive neuroscientists have taken the first step in relating specific brain states to conscious experiences through the field of cognitive neuroscience. There is also growing evidence that humans have two minds, each supported by separate neural systems, known as dual processing.
3. The document discusses the sleep cycle and its four stages, including REM sleep where dreams commonly occur. It also outlines several major sleep disorders like insomnia, sleep apnea, and narcolepsy. The functions of sleep and why sleep deprivation affects
This document summarizes a talk on hypnosis and cold control theory given by Rebecca Semmens Wheeler at the University of Sussex in March 2011. The talk addressed myths about hypnosis, current theories including higher order thought theory and cold control theory, predictions of cold control theory, and research testing those predictions. Key points included that cold control theory proposes hypnosis involves forming intentions without awareness due to inaccurate or absent higher order thoughts, and research found hypnotic suggestions can involve executive functions and highly hypnotizable people can perform difficult suggestions with or without induction.
The document summarizes key topics related to states of consciousness from a psychology textbook, including sleep and dreams, hypnosis, and the effects of drugs on consciousness. It discusses the body's biological rhythms and sleep cycles, theories about why we dream, facts and myths about hypnosis, how different drugs like stimulants, depressants and hallucinogens impact consciousness, and influences on drug use. It also briefly touches on near death experiences and how they relate to the philosophical mind-body problem.
This document provides an overview of key topics in consciousness and altered states, including the following:
1. It discusses different states of consciousness like sleep, dreams, hypnosis, and those induced by drugs. It explains sleep cycles, theories of why we dream, and facts vs myths about hypnosis.
2. It describes different classes of psychoactive drugs like depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens; and drugs within each class like alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, LSD.
3. It discusses influences on drug use and approaches to prevention/treatment. Near-death experiences are also briefly mentioned.
This document discusses various topics related to consciousness including biological rhythms, sleep, dreams, hypnosis, and psychoactive drugs. It describes circadian rhythms and how they regulate hormones and can be disrupted. It discusses the stages and typical patterns of sleep and some sleep disorders. Dreams are explored in terms of Freudian and activation-synthesis theories. Hypnosis theories include dissociation and sociocognitive perspectives. Drugs are classified and their physiological and psychological effects on the brain and behavior are outlined, including specific examples like alcohol and cocaine.
Altered states of consciousness powerpointaherrera13
Meditation is a learned technique that brings about an altered state of consciousness through focusing attention and changing breathing and brain wave patterns. It allows the meditator to reach a different state of consciousness and relieve stress. The benefits of meditation include feeling relaxed, gaining new insights, and potential long-term health improvements. Meditation is easy to start, requiring sitting quietly with eyes closed while breathing deeply and rhythmically and repeating a word or sound for two 20-minute sessions per day.
Chapter 7 altered states of consciousness reviewAaron Carn
Rapid eye movement sleep, characterized by dreaming and muscle relaxation, is known as REM sleep. Hypnosis is a state of altered consciousness where people become highly suggestible. Marijuana is a psychoactive drug that interacts with the central nervous system to alter mood, perception, and behavior. Substances like LSD that produce hallucinations are called hallucinogens. Prolonged inability to sleep is called insomnia.
Discussion in this chapter focuses on consciousness and altered states of consciousness. We look at sleep and dreaming, hypnosis, meditation, and the effects of illicit drugs.
1. The document discusses various topics related to consciousness and the two-track mind, including the biology of consciousness, dual processing, sleep and dreams, hypnosis, and drugs and consciousness.
2. It describes how cognitive neuroscientists have taken the first step in relating specific brain states to conscious experiences through the field of cognitive neuroscience. There is also growing evidence that humans have two minds, each supported by separate neural systems, known as dual processing.
3. The document discusses the sleep cycle and its four stages, including REM sleep where dreams commonly occur. It also outlines several major sleep disorders like insomnia, sleep apnea, and narcolepsy. The functions of sleep and why sleep deprivation affects
This document summarizes a talk on hypnosis and cold control theory given by Rebecca Semmens Wheeler at the University of Sussex in March 2011. The talk addressed myths about hypnosis, current theories including higher order thought theory and cold control theory, predictions of cold control theory, and research testing those predictions. Key points included that cold control theory proposes hypnosis involves forming intentions without awareness due to inaccurate or absent higher order thoughts, and research found hypnotic suggestions can involve executive functions and highly hypnotizable people can perform difficult suggestions with or without induction.
The document summarizes key topics related to states of consciousness from a psychology textbook, including sleep and dreams, hypnosis, and the effects of drugs on consciousness. It discusses the body's biological rhythms and sleep cycles, theories about why we dream, facts and myths about hypnosis, how different drugs like stimulants, depressants and hallucinogens impact consciousness, and influences on drug use. It also briefly touches on near death experiences and how they relate to the philosophical mind-body problem.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in neural communication and brain anatomy and function. It discusses neurons and how they communicate via electrical signals and neurotransmitters. It describes the nervous system, including the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. It also covers the endocrine system and hormones. Regarding the brain, it outlines older brain structures like the brainstem, thalamus, and cerebellum. It discusses techniques used to study the brain like EEG, PET scans, and MRI scans. It provides details on areas of the brain like the limbic system, cerebral cortex, and language processing centers.
This document discusses various states of human consciousness, including normal waking consciousness, altered states like meditation, hypnosis, and those induced by psychoactive drugs. It defines consciousness as awareness of one's thoughts, feelings, and the outside world. William James is cited as an early psychologist who established the study of consciousness and believed uncharted regions could be explored through mental illness, dreams, and drug use. Meditation, hypnosis, and drugs are described as ways to achieve altered conscious states, with positives and risks outlined for each method. Psychoactive drugs are classified into stimulants, narcotics, depressants, and hallucinogens, with examples and effects provided.
The document provides an overview of consciousness and discusses several key topics:
1) Introspection is the main way to study consciousness, but it has limitations as people lack vocabulary to describe experiences and interpret them differently.
2) Much of mental activity occurs outside of conscious awareness in the unconscious. Brain damage patients can demonstrate unconscious functioning through behaviors despite reported inability to perceive.
3) The reticular activating system regulates levels of consciousness from alert to comatose. Good consciousness requires both alertness and awareness.
4) Sleep involves cycles through stages including REM sleep for dreaming and deeper non-REM sleep for restoration. Disorders disrupt normal sleep patterns.
Meditation and Hypnosis Similarities and DifferencesAnkesh Gorkhali
Meditation:
A means of transforming the mind. Buddhist meditation practices are techniques that encourage and develop concentration, clarity, emotional positivity, and a calm seeing of the true nature of things.
Hypnosis:
The induction of a state of consciousness in which a person apparently loses the power of voluntary action and is highly responsive to suggestion or direction.
This document provides biographical information about Robin A. Chapman, the editor of the book "The Clinical Use of Hypnosis in Cognitive Behavior Therapy: A Practitioner's Casebook". It details his educational and professional background, including his doctorate from the Illinois School of Professional Psychology and certification in cognitive behavioral therapy. It also provides brief descriptions of the book's contents, including chapters on integrating hypnosis and CBT to treat various disorders like anxiety, depression and pain.
Clinical hypnosis is a state of focused attention and concentration that allows one to respond to suggestions. It is used in three ways: using mental imagery to assist in achieving goals, presenting compatible ideas or suggestions, and for unconscious exploration to understand motivations or identify associated past experiences. Hypnosis has evolved from Mesmer's theory of "animal magnetism" to modern understanding as a psychological phenomenon driven by suggestion. Debate over its mechanisms involved Charcot, who saw it as pathological, and Bernheim, who viewed it as driven by suggestion. Hypnosis continues to be used clinically and remains a topic of interest in literature and popular culture.
Hypnosis is an induced altered state of consciousness characterized by heightened focus and suggestibility. It can be self-induced through activities like daydreaming or meditation, or induced by a hypnotist through relaxation and focused attention techniques. While some myths exist around hypnosis involving mind control, research shows subjects maintain voluntary control and hypnosis simply involves using imagination and suggestion to influence perceptions, sensations, and behaviors. Hypnosis has various therapeutic and medical applications and any willing person of average intelligence can experience it, though some are more suggestible than others. Risks are small but safeguards like pre-hypnosis screening are recommended.
Hypnosis began in ancient civilizations as part of religious rituals involving meditation and drumming. Franz Mesmer was an early pioneer of hypnosis in the late 18th century, believing that magnetic fluid in the body caused illness. He treated patients using hypnosis in an iron tub. While hypnosis involves a trance-like state, the subject remains aware and can respond to suggestions. Effects of hypnosis can vary but include relaxation, detachment, or actions feeling outside conscious control. Hypnosis is used to treat various medical conditions from pain to nausea, but stage hypnosis carries risks like misinterpreted suggestions and physical injuries.
The document discusses various states of consciousness, including normal waking consciousness and altered states induced by drugs, meditation, hypnosis and other means. It covers theories of consciousness such as Freud's view of dreams representing unconscious desires. Various sleep stages and disorders are outlined as well as biological rhythms like circadian and ultradian rhythms. Drugs that induce different states like depressants, stimulants, psychedelics and marijuana are described along with theories of addiction. Different types of meditation practices and hypnosis are also summarized.
The document discusses hypnosis, how it works, and its effectiveness. It presents a model of the mind with different levels including the unconscious, subconscious, and conscious minds. Hypnosis involves bypassing the critical thinking process and making the subconscious more open to suggestions. When suggestions are accepted by the subconscious, lasting changes can rapidly occur. However, hypnosis may not work for those who fear losing control or do not have rapport with the hypnotist. Overall, hypnosis can be a powerful tool for change when used effectively.
This chapter discusses various states of consciousness including sleep, dreams, hypnosis, and drug-induced states. It describes the stages of sleep and theories about why we sleep. Common sleep disorders are explained as well as theories about the purpose and content of dreams. Hypnosis is described as a social interaction involving suggestion, and theories are provided to explain the hypnotized state. Different types of psychoactive drugs are outlined including their effects and influences on use. Near death experiences are also briefly mentioned.
Hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness where subjects demonstrate heightened suggestibility. It can be used to access the subconscious mind. There are different states of hypnosis and techniques used by hypnotists include eye fixation and relaxation. Subjects must be willing and able to be hypnotized. Effects include increased suggestibility and perceptual distortions. Theories explain hypnosis as either a role, state, or form of dissociation. Forensic hypnosis to access memories is controversial due to risks of forming false memories.
Hypnotism evolved from earlier work on magnetism and mesmerism. Franz Mesmer investigated "animal magnetism" in the late 18th century. James Braid later introduced the term "neuro-hypnotism" and the technique of "original eye-fixation hypnotic induction method". Braid's work helped establish hypnotism as a legitimate medical practice. Today, hypnosis involves relaxation, heightened focus, and suggestibility. It has various applications like pain management, habit control, and psychological therapy. While generally safe, risks include unintended responses and obscuring physical health issues.
This document defines hypnosis and provides an overview of its history, techniques, and applications. Hypnosis is described as an altered state of consciousness where people become deeply relaxed and highly suggestible. The history outlines early pioneers like Braid who coined the term and Mesmer who used magnetic forces. Characteristics include suggestibility, dissociation, enhanced memory, and posthypnotic suggestion. Applications include using hypnosis for pain control, treatment of issues like smoking, and controlling undesired behaviors or symptoms. The document aims to educate about hypnosis while dispelling common misconceptions.
Muktesh Chander, an IPS officer, gave a presentation on the history and applications of hypnosis. He discussed how hypnosis has been practiced since ancient times under different names. In the 18th century, Franz Mesmer discovered "animal magnetism" which sparked further research. Hypnosis was later recognized by medical organizations as a valid technique and has various applications including pain relief and stress management. Chander addressed controversies around using hypnosis for witnesses and in criminal investigations. He recommended guidelines and safeguards for its evidentiary use.
This document provides an introduction to Ericksonian hypnosis. It discusses beginning hypnosis by paying attention to your senses and relaxing your body to settle the mind. The purpose of hypnosis is to alter your state for benefits like relaxation, problem solving, or behavior change. With hypnosis, you can focus deeply on a topic while guided by a hypnotist. After hypnosis, you may feel refreshed, like no time has passed, or notice subtle changes from suggestions. It's important to choose hypnosis experiences wisely and collaborate with your conscious and unconscious mind.
Hypnosis is a mental state usually induced by a hypnotic induction involving suggestions. It can be used therapeutically as hypnotherapy. There are different types of hypnosis including traditional, self, NLP, and Ericksonian hypnosis. Hypnosis is used clinically for issues like phobias, smoking cessation, weight control, confidence and anxiety. While it has benefits, it also has disadvantages and risks if not used properly by a trained professional.
Hypnosis is defined as an induced state of consciousness where a person loses the power of voluntary action and is highly responsive to suggestion. There are four main types of hypnosis: traditional, self, NLP, and Ericksonian. Hypnosis can be used clinically to treat conditions like phobias, smoking cessation, anxiety, and more. While most people can be hypnotized, those with psychosis or a low IQ may not respond well. The advantages of hypnosis include relaxation, pain management, lifestyle changes, and overcoming addictions and fears.
The document discusses different states of consciousness including sleep, dreams, hypnosis, meditation, and drug-induced states. It describes the stages of sleep and theories about why we dream. Hypnosis is described as a suggestible state guided by a hypnotist, while meditation involves focusing attention to produce relaxation. Psychoactive drugs like marijuana, LSD, and opiates interact with the central nervous system to alter mood, perception, and behavior.
The document discusses various topics related to consciousness, including the brain and dual processing, sleep and dreams, hypnosis, and the effects of drugs on consciousness. It provides details on sleep stages and cycles, theories of why we sleep and dream, sleep disorders, and the relationship between REM sleep and dreaming. It also examines facts and myths about hypnosis and explains theories for how hypnosis works. Finally, it outlines the effects of different classes of psychoactive drugs like depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in neural communication and brain anatomy and function. It discusses neurons and how they communicate via electrical signals and neurotransmitters. It describes the nervous system, including the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. It also covers the endocrine system and hormones. Regarding the brain, it outlines older brain structures like the brainstem, thalamus, and cerebellum. It discusses techniques used to study the brain like EEG, PET scans, and MRI scans. It provides details on areas of the brain like the limbic system, cerebral cortex, and language processing centers.
This document discusses various states of human consciousness, including normal waking consciousness, altered states like meditation, hypnosis, and those induced by psychoactive drugs. It defines consciousness as awareness of one's thoughts, feelings, and the outside world. William James is cited as an early psychologist who established the study of consciousness and believed uncharted regions could be explored through mental illness, dreams, and drug use. Meditation, hypnosis, and drugs are described as ways to achieve altered conscious states, with positives and risks outlined for each method. Psychoactive drugs are classified into stimulants, narcotics, depressants, and hallucinogens, with examples and effects provided.
The document provides an overview of consciousness and discusses several key topics:
1) Introspection is the main way to study consciousness, but it has limitations as people lack vocabulary to describe experiences and interpret them differently.
2) Much of mental activity occurs outside of conscious awareness in the unconscious. Brain damage patients can demonstrate unconscious functioning through behaviors despite reported inability to perceive.
3) The reticular activating system regulates levels of consciousness from alert to comatose. Good consciousness requires both alertness and awareness.
4) Sleep involves cycles through stages including REM sleep for dreaming and deeper non-REM sleep for restoration. Disorders disrupt normal sleep patterns.
Meditation and Hypnosis Similarities and DifferencesAnkesh Gorkhali
Meditation:
A means of transforming the mind. Buddhist meditation practices are techniques that encourage and develop concentration, clarity, emotional positivity, and a calm seeing of the true nature of things.
Hypnosis:
The induction of a state of consciousness in which a person apparently loses the power of voluntary action and is highly responsive to suggestion or direction.
This document provides biographical information about Robin A. Chapman, the editor of the book "The Clinical Use of Hypnosis in Cognitive Behavior Therapy: A Practitioner's Casebook". It details his educational and professional background, including his doctorate from the Illinois School of Professional Psychology and certification in cognitive behavioral therapy. It also provides brief descriptions of the book's contents, including chapters on integrating hypnosis and CBT to treat various disorders like anxiety, depression and pain.
Clinical hypnosis is a state of focused attention and concentration that allows one to respond to suggestions. It is used in three ways: using mental imagery to assist in achieving goals, presenting compatible ideas or suggestions, and for unconscious exploration to understand motivations or identify associated past experiences. Hypnosis has evolved from Mesmer's theory of "animal magnetism" to modern understanding as a psychological phenomenon driven by suggestion. Debate over its mechanisms involved Charcot, who saw it as pathological, and Bernheim, who viewed it as driven by suggestion. Hypnosis continues to be used clinically and remains a topic of interest in literature and popular culture.
Hypnosis is an induced altered state of consciousness characterized by heightened focus and suggestibility. It can be self-induced through activities like daydreaming or meditation, or induced by a hypnotist through relaxation and focused attention techniques. While some myths exist around hypnosis involving mind control, research shows subjects maintain voluntary control and hypnosis simply involves using imagination and suggestion to influence perceptions, sensations, and behaviors. Hypnosis has various therapeutic and medical applications and any willing person of average intelligence can experience it, though some are more suggestible than others. Risks are small but safeguards like pre-hypnosis screening are recommended.
Hypnosis began in ancient civilizations as part of religious rituals involving meditation and drumming. Franz Mesmer was an early pioneer of hypnosis in the late 18th century, believing that magnetic fluid in the body caused illness. He treated patients using hypnosis in an iron tub. While hypnosis involves a trance-like state, the subject remains aware and can respond to suggestions. Effects of hypnosis can vary but include relaxation, detachment, or actions feeling outside conscious control. Hypnosis is used to treat various medical conditions from pain to nausea, but stage hypnosis carries risks like misinterpreted suggestions and physical injuries.
The document discusses various states of consciousness, including normal waking consciousness and altered states induced by drugs, meditation, hypnosis and other means. It covers theories of consciousness such as Freud's view of dreams representing unconscious desires. Various sleep stages and disorders are outlined as well as biological rhythms like circadian and ultradian rhythms. Drugs that induce different states like depressants, stimulants, psychedelics and marijuana are described along with theories of addiction. Different types of meditation practices and hypnosis are also summarized.
The document discusses hypnosis, how it works, and its effectiveness. It presents a model of the mind with different levels including the unconscious, subconscious, and conscious minds. Hypnosis involves bypassing the critical thinking process and making the subconscious more open to suggestions. When suggestions are accepted by the subconscious, lasting changes can rapidly occur. However, hypnosis may not work for those who fear losing control or do not have rapport with the hypnotist. Overall, hypnosis can be a powerful tool for change when used effectively.
This chapter discusses various states of consciousness including sleep, dreams, hypnosis, and drug-induced states. It describes the stages of sleep and theories about why we sleep. Common sleep disorders are explained as well as theories about the purpose and content of dreams. Hypnosis is described as a social interaction involving suggestion, and theories are provided to explain the hypnotized state. Different types of psychoactive drugs are outlined including their effects and influences on use. Near death experiences are also briefly mentioned.
Hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness where subjects demonstrate heightened suggestibility. It can be used to access the subconscious mind. There are different states of hypnosis and techniques used by hypnotists include eye fixation and relaxation. Subjects must be willing and able to be hypnotized. Effects include increased suggestibility and perceptual distortions. Theories explain hypnosis as either a role, state, or form of dissociation. Forensic hypnosis to access memories is controversial due to risks of forming false memories.
Hypnotism evolved from earlier work on magnetism and mesmerism. Franz Mesmer investigated "animal magnetism" in the late 18th century. James Braid later introduced the term "neuro-hypnotism" and the technique of "original eye-fixation hypnotic induction method". Braid's work helped establish hypnotism as a legitimate medical practice. Today, hypnosis involves relaxation, heightened focus, and suggestibility. It has various applications like pain management, habit control, and psychological therapy. While generally safe, risks include unintended responses and obscuring physical health issues.
This document defines hypnosis and provides an overview of its history, techniques, and applications. Hypnosis is described as an altered state of consciousness where people become deeply relaxed and highly suggestible. The history outlines early pioneers like Braid who coined the term and Mesmer who used magnetic forces. Characteristics include suggestibility, dissociation, enhanced memory, and posthypnotic suggestion. Applications include using hypnosis for pain control, treatment of issues like smoking, and controlling undesired behaviors or symptoms. The document aims to educate about hypnosis while dispelling common misconceptions.
Muktesh Chander, an IPS officer, gave a presentation on the history and applications of hypnosis. He discussed how hypnosis has been practiced since ancient times under different names. In the 18th century, Franz Mesmer discovered "animal magnetism" which sparked further research. Hypnosis was later recognized by medical organizations as a valid technique and has various applications including pain relief and stress management. Chander addressed controversies around using hypnosis for witnesses and in criminal investigations. He recommended guidelines and safeguards for its evidentiary use.
This document provides an introduction to Ericksonian hypnosis. It discusses beginning hypnosis by paying attention to your senses and relaxing your body to settle the mind. The purpose of hypnosis is to alter your state for benefits like relaxation, problem solving, or behavior change. With hypnosis, you can focus deeply on a topic while guided by a hypnotist. After hypnosis, you may feel refreshed, like no time has passed, or notice subtle changes from suggestions. It's important to choose hypnosis experiences wisely and collaborate with your conscious and unconscious mind.
Hypnosis is a mental state usually induced by a hypnotic induction involving suggestions. It can be used therapeutically as hypnotherapy. There are different types of hypnosis including traditional, self, NLP, and Ericksonian hypnosis. Hypnosis is used clinically for issues like phobias, smoking cessation, weight control, confidence and anxiety. While it has benefits, it also has disadvantages and risks if not used properly by a trained professional.
Hypnosis is defined as an induced state of consciousness where a person loses the power of voluntary action and is highly responsive to suggestion. There are four main types of hypnosis: traditional, self, NLP, and Ericksonian. Hypnosis can be used clinically to treat conditions like phobias, smoking cessation, anxiety, and more. While most people can be hypnotized, those with psychosis or a low IQ may not respond well. The advantages of hypnosis include relaxation, pain management, lifestyle changes, and overcoming addictions and fears.
The document discusses different states of consciousness including sleep, dreams, hypnosis, meditation, and drug-induced states. It describes the stages of sleep and theories about why we dream. Hypnosis is described as a suggestible state guided by a hypnotist, while meditation involves focusing attention to produce relaxation. Psychoactive drugs like marijuana, LSD, and opiates interact with the central nervous system to alter mood, perception, and behavior.
The document discusses various topics related to consciousness, including the brain and dual processing, sleep and dreams, hypnosis, and the effects of drugs on consciousness. It provides details on sleep stages and cycles, theories of why we sleep and dream, sleep disorders, and the relationship between REM sleep and dreaming. It also examines facts and myths about hypnosis and explains theories for how hypnosis works. Finally, it outlines the effects of different classes of psychoactive drugs like depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens.
This document discusses different states of consciousness and altered states. It describes a continuum of consciousness ranging from full awareness to unconsciousness. Different states along this continuum include controlled processes, automatic processes, daydreaming, altered states from drugs/hypnosis, sleep/dreaming, and the unconscious. Sleep consists of different stages from light to deep sleep. Dreams occur during REM sleep. Theories propose functions of sleep like repair/restoration and adaptation. Effects of sleep deprivation include impacts on the body's immune system and the nervous system. Dream theories address dreams as expressions of unconscious desires, extensions of waking thoughts, or random brain activity given meaning. Typical dreams have certain characteristics.
The document discusses various topics related to consciousness and sleep. It covers 3 main topics:
1) The different states of consciousness from fully awake to asleep, including daydreaming and altered states. Sleep has 5 stages and involves different types of awareness.
2) The stages of sleep including REM sleep where dreaming occurs and non-REM sleep with 4 stages. Sleep cycles through the stages approximately every 90 minutes.
3) Various sleep disorders like insomnia and sleep apnea, as well as theories about the functions and causes of sleep. Drug use and types of drugs are also summarized.
Consciousness refers to our awareness of ourselves and our environment, which varies depending on our attention. It describes what we are aware of, but many things are processed outside of our consciousness. Daydreaming and fantasizing are almost universal, and tend to serve adaptive functions like escaping reality, preparing for the future, and increasing creativity. Biological rhythms like circadian rhythms regulate our daily alertness cycles. Higher consciousness can be achieved through meditation and allows one to transcend normal thought patterns.
Altered states of consciousness can occur through sleep, dreams, hypnosis, meditation, or psychoactive drugs. Sleep involves stages including light sleep, deep sleep, and REM sleep where most vivid dreams occur. Dreams reflect memories and experiences and may symbolically represent hidden desires according to Freud. Hypnosis can relieve pain through dissociation and is enhanced by relaxation and imagination. Psychoactive drugs like stimulants, depressants, narcotics, and hallucinogens alter brain function and can cause dependence.
This document provides an overview of key topics related to consciousness, including biological rhythms and sleep cycles, modern levels of consciousness, hypnosis, and the effects of drugs on consciousness. Some key points:
- Biological rhythms like circadian rhythms and sleep-wake cycles influence daily functioning and are regulated by structures like the pineal gland and melatonin. Disrupting these rhythms can cause issues like jet lag.
- There are different levels of consciousness including conscious awareness, the preconscious which stores memories not currently in thought, and the unconscious which controls automatic processes.
- Sleep cycles through stages including light, deep, and REM sleep, each characterized by different brain wave patterns. Sleep allows
This document discusses different states of consciousness including sleep, dreaming, hypnosis, meditation, and altered states from psychoactive drugs. It describes 5 stages of sleep with different brain wave patterns. REM sleep is highlighted as the stage where dreaming occurs. Various theories of dreaming are presented. Abnormal sleep conditions like insomnia and sleep apnea are also examined. The document also explores concepts of extrasensory perception, parapsychology, and paranormal phenomena.
This document discusses different states of consciousness including sleep, dreaming, hypnosis, meditation, and altered states from psychoactive drugs. It describes 5 stages of sleep with different brain wave patterns. REM sleep is highlighted as the stage where dreaming occurs. Various theories of dreaming are presented. Abnormal sleep conditions like insomnia and sleep apnea are also examined. The document also explores concepts of extrasensory perception, parapsychology, and paranormal phenomena.
The document discusses states of consciousness and various topics related to consciousness, including daydreaming, sleep, dreams, hypnosis, and near death experiences. It provides definitions and explanations of concepts like consciousness, circadian rhythms, sleep stages, dream theories, hypnosis, dissociation, and near death experiences. The document also discusses research findings on topics like sleep needs, dream content, hypnotic suggestibility, and perspectives on dualism vs. monism in explaining near death experiences.
The document provides an overview of states of consciousness and related topics. It discusses sleep and dreams, biological rhythms, measuring sleep stages, sleep disorders, theories of why we sleep and dream, hypnosis, drugs and consciousness, and psychoactive drug classifications.
The document discusses various topics related to states of consciousness including:
1. The history of consciousness in psychology and its reemergence in the 1960s.
2. Neuroscience perspectives that consciousness emerges from brain interactions.
3. The differences between conscious and unconscious information processing.
4. Biological rhythms like sleep-wake cycles, menstrual cycles, and how they are regulated.
Continuum of Consciousness
- Controlled and Automatic Processes
- Altered States of Consciousness
- Psychoactive Drugs
- Sleep and Dreams
- Different Stages of Sleep (REM and N-REM)
- 4 Major Questions About Sleep
- Sleep Disorders
- The Unconscious Mind
- Unconsciousness
This document discusses various topics related to consciousness, including sensory awareness, attention, inner awareness, personal identity, sleep, dreams, altered states of consciousness, and consciousness-altering substances. It provides definitions and examples of constructs associated with consciousness, such as selective attention and different levels of consciousness. It also summarizes research on sleep stages, dreams, sleep disorders, hypnosis, meditation, and the effects of various psychoactive drugs in altering consciousness.
This document discusses various types and states of consciousness. It defines consciousness as awareness of both the external environment and internal thoughts. It describes the five stages of sleep: light sleep, deeper sleep, and REM sleep. It also discusses circadian rhythms, sleep abnormalities like insomnia, and theories of dreaming. The document then covers topics like hypnosis, meditation, psychoactive drugs, addiction, and parapsychology.
The document discusses various aspects of consciousness, sleep, and dreams. It begins by defining consciousness and describing different levels of consciousness such as waking, subconscious, and unconscious states. It then discusses sleep stages and brain wave patterns associated with each stage. REM sleep is specifically called out as the stage where most vivid dreams occur. The document also covers sleep disorders, the effects of sleep deprivation, and theories about the purpose and meaning of dreams.
The document discusses biological rhythms and sleep stages, explaining that circadian rhythms operate on a 24-hour cycle and influence sleep and wakefulness, and describing the five distinct sleep stages that occur in a repeating cycle approximately every 90 minutes. It also reviews theories about why we sleep and dream, such as for physiological functions like neural development and information processing, and examines some common sleep disorders like insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea.
This chapter discusses states of consciousness including waking consciousness, dual processing revealed by cognitive neuroscience, selective attention, inattentional and change blindness, biological rhythms and sleep, sleep theories and disorders, effects of sleep deprivation, why we dream, dream theories, psychoactive drugs and their effects, dependence and addiction, influences on drug use, and influences for drug prevention and treatment.
This document summarizes different states of consciousness including sleep patterns, theories of sleep and dreams, sleep disorders, hypnosis, and psychoactive drugs. It discusses the stages of non-REM and REM sleep. The restoration theory proposes sleep restores the mind and body while the adaptive theory says sleep patterns evolved for energy conservation and predator avoidance. Regarding dreams, it describes Freud's psychodynamic view and Hobson's activation-synthesis view. Common sleep disorders like insomnia and sleep apnea are outlined as well as potential applications and explanations of hypnosis. Finally, it categorizes psychoactive drugs into depressants, stimulants, opiates, and hallucinogens.
Consciousness refers to our awareness of mental processes like decision making, remembering, and self-awareness. There is no agreed upon definition of consciousness, but it involves both monitoring our environment and controlling our actions. Consciousness exists in different levels, including waking consciousness, subconscious processes we are unaware of, preconscious memories that can be brought to awareness, and the unconscious which involves repressed thoughts. Dissociation is when actions become automatic through practice and require little conscious attention. Sleep also involves different states of consciousness as measured by brain waves on an EEG.
1. Psychology Chapter 7: Altered States of Consciousness
I. Section 1: Sleep and Dreams
a. What is Sleep?
i. Is a state of unconsciousness with periods of dreaming
ii. Altered state of consciousness, characterized by patterns of
brain activity and inactivity
iii. Is vital to mental health
b. Studying Sleep
i. Has been very difficult until recently
ii. A researcher cannot have a sleeping person report without
waking them; thus making the study invalid
iii. EEG or electroencephalography is a device that records the
electric activity of the brain
c. Consciousness
i. Is a state of awareness
ii. Can range from alertness to nonalertness
iii. A person who is not aware of what is going on is in an altered
state of consciousness
d. Why do we Sleep?
i. Characterized by lack of mobility or unresponsiveness to the
environment
ii. It is restorative “recharges our batteries”
iii. Brain recovers from stress and exhaustion
iv. Sleep conserves energy
v. Clears our mind of useless info
e. Stages of Sleep
i. Stage 1
1. Pulse slows and muscles relax
2. Breathing becomes uneven and brain waves grow
irregular
3. Lasts for up to 10 minutes
4. EEG brain waves is marked by the presence of theta
waves (lower in amplitude and frequency than alpha
waves)
ii. Stage 2
1. Brain waves shift from low-amp, high frequency to
high-amp, low frequency waves ( this pattern means
you have entered this stage)
2. Eyes roll slowly from side to side
3. Usually lasts about 30 minutes
iii. Stage 3
1. Characterized by large- amplitude delta waves begin to
sweep your brain almost every second
iv. Stage 4
1. Deepest sleep of all
2. Very difficult to awaken sleeper
Ashley Barnes
Psych- E
10-22-14
2. 3. Large regular delta waves occur 50 % of the time when
you are in this stage of sleep
4. If you are awaken during this stage, you often feel
disoriented
a. Deep sleep is important to your physical or
psychological well-being
f. REM Sleep
i. Is a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, a
high level of brain activity, a deep relaxation of the muscles,
and dreaming
ii. Pulse rate and breathing become irregular
iii. Called active sleep
iv. Dreams take place during this stage
v. Lasts for 15-45 minutes
vi. At no point in your sleep, does the brain become totally
inactive
g. How much sleep?
i. You will spend 1/3 of your life sleeping
ii. Varies from individual to individual
iii. Circadian rhythm- is a biological clock that is genetically
programmed to regulated physiological responses within a
time period of 24-25 hours
iv. Without any environmental cues, people have still kept their
circadian cycle
v. Circadian rhythms do not control our sleep patterns (two
things do)
1. The Environment
2. 24-hour day
vi. Jet lag- usually takes a day for each hour of time change to
“reset” your circadian rhythm (biological clock)
h. Sleep Disorders
i. Insomnia: is the failure to get enough sleep at night in order to
feel rested the next day
1. Some people with this disorder rarely get more than an
hour or two of uninterrupted sleep
2. Anxiety, depression, overuse of alcohol or drugs can
cause insomnia
ii. Sleep Apnea: disorder in which a person has trouble breathing
while sleeping
1. Specific kind of snoring that may occur hundreds of
times per night
a. Each episode lasts 10-15 seconds and ends
suddenly, usually with a physical movement of
the body
b. The sleeping person is actually choking when a
passage of the lungs is blocked
3. 2. Affects more than 12 million Americans
3. Must feel listless, sleepy, or irritable
4. Usually caused by a physical problem instead of mental
stress
iii. Narcolepsy: is a condition characterized by suddenly falling
asleep or feeling very sleepy during the day
1. May have sleep attacks during the day
2. Victims usually have a problem with work, leisure, and
interpersonal activities
3. Prone to accidents
iv. Nightmares: unpleasant dreams that occur during REM sleep
v. Night terrors
1. Sleep disruptions that occur during stage IV of sleep,
involving screaming, panic, or confusion
2. Lasts 5-25 minutes
3. Involves rapid heart rate, screaming, sweating, and
confusion
4. Usually have no memory of them
vi. Sleepwalking: is walking or carrying out behaviors while
asleep
1. Most children who have this disorder will outgrow it
2. Usually harmless, unless the victim falls or hurts
themselves
3. Has been linked to stress, fatigue and the use of sedative
drugs by adults
vii. Sleep talking
1. Is a common sleep disruption
2. Can occur in REM and NREM sleep
3. The sleep talker sometimes pauses as if he or she was
having a conversation
4. You can engage in a conversation with the sleep talker
i. Dreams
i. Mental activity that takes place during sleep
ii. 8 in 10 dreams involve negative emotions
1. 1 in 10 male dreams are sexual
2. 1 in 30 female dreams are sexual
iii. Incorporate everyday events
iv. do not occur in a split second, they correspond to a realistic
time scale
j. Why do we Dream?
i. Freud
1. Royal road to the unconscious
2. Wish fulfillment
3. Manifest content
a. Story line
4. Latent content
4. ii. Information processing
1. Consolidate experiences
iii. Activation- synthesis Theory
1. Interpret random brain activity
iv. Physiological Function
1. Provide sleeping brain periodic stimulation
k. Dream Interpretation
i. Freud believed that dreams might contain clues to thoughts a
dreamer might be afraid to acknowledge in his or her waking
hours
ii. Believe dreams might have hidden meaning
iii. Many social scientists believe dreaming serves no function
other than to stimulate the brain while sleeping
l. Daydreams
i. Requires low level of awareness and involves fantasizing, or
idle but directed thinking, while we are awake
ii. Reminds us or prepares us for events in the future
iii. Can improve our creativity by generating thought processes
iv. Allows us to control our emotions
II. Section 2: Hypnosis, Biofeedback, and Meditation
a. What is Hypnosis?
i. Is a form of altered consciousness in which people become
highly suggestible to changes in behavior and thought
ii. A hypnotist guides and directs the person into thinking about
things he or she is usually unaware of
iii. Hypnosis shifts our perceptions
b. Hypnosis
i. Does not put people to sleep
ii. The person is highly receptive and responsive to certain
internal and external stimuli
iii. Psychologists stress that a relationship between hypnotist and
participant should involve cooperation, not domination
c. Theories of Hypnosis
i. Theodore Barber (1965)
1. States that hypnosis is not a specific state of
consciousness but a result of suggestibility
ii. Ernest Hilgard
1. Believes there is something special about the hypnotic
state
2. Neodissociation Theory: the consciousness includes
many different aspects that may become separated or
dissociated during hypnosis
iii. Sarbin and Coe (1972 and 1979)
1. Hypnotized people behave as they do because they have
accepted the role as a hypnotized subject
2. Reveals people have potential abilities they do not use
5. 3. Continued study may show where these abilities come
from and how to use them better
iv. Uses of Hypnosis
1. Entertainment
2. Medical
3. Therapeutic
a. Posthypnotic suggestion- suggested things for
their participants to remember or forget when
the trance is over
b. Hypnotic analgesia- a reduction in pain reported
by patients after they have undergone hypnosis
v. Biofeedback: a technique in which a person learns to control
his or her internal physiological processes with the help of
feedback
1. “Feedback makes learning possible”
2. Uses machines to tell people about very subtle moment-to-
moment changes in the body
3. From this, people can learn to change their
physiological processes
vi. Meditation
1. A person focusing on his or her attention on an image or
though with the goal of clearing the mind and producing
relaxation or inner peace
2. 3 approaches to meditation
a. Transcendental meditation- involves mental
repetition of a mantra, usually a Sanskrit phrase
i. Lasts for 15-20 minutes
b. Mindfulness meditation- was developed from a
Buddhist tradition
i. Focuses on the present moment
c. Breath meditation – is a concentration on one’s
respiration
3. Been found to help lower blood pressure, heart rate,
and respiration rate
4. Those who succeed with meditation continue to do it
5. Bias and self-selected samples provide the research
III. Section 3: Drugs and Consciousness
a. Psychoactive Drugs: A type of drug that interacts with the central
nervous system to alter a person’s mood, perception, and behavior
i. Common Drugs
1. Caffeine, depressants, alcohol, marijuana, LSD
b. How Drugs Work
i. Drugs are carried by the blood and taken to target tissues in
parts of the body
ii. Drug molecules act as neurotransmitters and hook to dendrites
of neurons and send out their own chemical messages
6. iii. Alcohol molecules tell nerve cells to slow down and usually
leads to passing out
iv. LSD molecules cause nerve cells to fire resulting in
hallucinations
c. Marijuana- is dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp that produce an
altered state of consciousness when smoked or ingested
i. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active ingredient in
marijuana
ii. Disrupts memory formation (making it difficult to carry out
mental and physical tasks
iii. Long-term use can lead to dependence
d. Hallucinations: perceptions that have no direct external cause- seeing,
hearing, smelling, tasting, or feeling things that do not exist
i. Occur during or when: hypnosis, mediation, certain drugs,
withdraw from a drug, psychological breakdown, normal
conditions
e. Hallucinogens: drugs that often produce hallucinations
i. Also called psychedelics because they create a loss of contact
with reality
ii. LSD- a potent psychedelic drug that produces distortions of
perception and thought
iii. LSD Trips
1. Can last from 6 to 14 hours
2. The user may encounter distortions in familiar objects
3. A single stimulus may become the focus of attention for
hours
4. Impairs thinking even though users feel they are
thinking more logically and clearly than before
iv. Opiates
1. Usually referred to as narcotics
a. Opium, Morphine, Heroin
2. Produce analgesia or pain reduction
3. Regular use leads to addiction
4. Overdose leads to loss of control of breathing
v. Alcohol: most widely used and abused mind altering substance
in the U.S.
1. Is a depressant that serves to inhibit brain function
2. The affect of alcohol depends on the frequency of
drinking and the drinker’s body weight
vi. Drug abuse and treatment
1. Can lead to injury, damage to body, ultimately death
2. Treatment for Drug abuse:
a. The abuser must admit he/ she has a problem
b. Abuser must enter treatment program/therapy
c. The drug abuser must remain drug free