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States of Consciousness Chapter 7
States of Consciousness ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
States of Consciousness ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
States of Consciousness ,[object Object]
History of Consciousness ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],Forms of Consciousness Bill Ling/ Digital Vision/ Getty Images Christine Brune Stuart Franklin/ Magnum Photos AP Photo/ Ricardo Mazalan
Neuroscience & Consciousness ,[object Object]
Consciousness & Information Processing  ,[object Object],Conscious mind Unconscious mind
Sleep & Dreams ,[object Object],Mysteries about sleep and dreams have just started unraveling in sleep laboratories around the world.
Biological Rhythms ,[object Object],Biological rhythms are controlled by internal “biological clocks.”
Biological Rhythms ,[object Object]
Biological Rhythms ,[object Object],[object Object]
Rhythm of Sleep ,[object Object],Light triggers the suprachiasmatic nucleus to decrease (morning) melatonin from the pineal gland and increase (evening) it at night fall. Illustration © Cynthia Turner 2003
[object Object],Sleep Stages Hank Morgan/ Rainbow
Awake & Alert During strong mental engagement, the brain exhibits low amplitude and fast, irregular  beta waves (15-30 cps) . An awake person involved in a conversation shows beta activity. Beta Waves
Awake but Relaxed When an individual closes his eyes but remains awake, his brain activity slows down to a large amplitude and slow, regular  alpha waves (9-14 cps) .   A meditating person exhibits an alpha brain activity.
Sleep Stages 1-2 During early, light sleep (stages 1-2) the brain enters a high-amplitude, slow, regular wave form called  theta waves (5-8 cps) . A person who is  daydreaming shows theta activity. Theta Waves
Sleep Stages 3-4 During deepest sleep (stages 3-4), brain activity slows down. There are large-amplitude, slow  delta waves (1.5-4 cps) .
Stage 5: REM Sleep After reaching the deepest sleep stage (4), the sleep cycle starts moving backward towards stage 1. Although still asleep, the brain engages in low- amplitude, fast and regular  beta waves (15-40 cps)  much like awake-aroused state.  A person during this sleep exhibits Rapid Eye Movements (REM) and reports vivid dreams.
90-Minute Cycles During Sleep With each 90-minute cycle, stage 4 sleep decreases and the duration of REM sleep increases.
Why do we sleep? We spend one-third of our lives sleeping. If an individual remains awake for several days, they deteriorate in terms of immune function, concentration, and accidents. Jose Luis Pelaez, Inc./ Corbis
Sleep Deprivation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Accidents Frequency of accidents increase with loss of sleep
Sleep Theories ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Sleep Disorders: Insomnia
[object Object],[object Object],Sleep Disorders: Insomnia
Dreams ,[object Object]
What do we Dream? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Why do we dream? ,[object Object],[object Object]
Why do we dream? ,[object Object]
Why do we dream? ,[object Object],[object Object],All dream researchers believe we need REM sleep. When deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep, we show increased REM sleep called  REM Rebound.
Dream Theories Summary
Hypnosis ,[object Object],Hypnos: Greek god of sleep http://iddiokrysto.blog.excite.it
Mesmerism ,[object Object],http://www.general-anaesthesia.com Franz Mesmer (1734 - 1815)
Aspects of Hypnosis  ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],Hypnotic Feats
Facts and Falsehood  ,[object Object],Can anyone experience hypnosis? Yes, to some extent. Can hypnosis enhance recall of forgotten events? No.
Facts and Falsehood  Can hypnosis be therapeutic? Yes. Self-suggestion can heal too. Can hypnosis alleviate pain? Yes. Lamaze can do that too. Can hypnosis force people to act against their will? No.
Is Hypnosis an Altered State of Consciousness? ,[object Object],[object Object],(Hilgard, 1992) Courtesy of News and Publications Service, Stanford University
Both Theories Mimi Forsyth
Drugs and Consciousness ,[object Object]
Dependence & Addiction ,[object Object]
Withdrawal & Dependence ,[object Object],[object Object]
Misconceptions about Addiction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Addiction  is a craving for a chemical substance, despite its adverse consequences (physical & psychological).
Psychoactive Drugs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Depressants ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Alcohol ,[object Object],Drinking and Driving Daniel Hommer, NIAAA, NIH, HHS Ray Ng/ Time & Life Pictures/ Getty Images
Barbiturates ,[object Object]
Depressants ,[object Object],http://opioids.com/timeline
Stimulants ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Caffeine & Nicotine ,[object Object],http://www.tech-res-intl.com http://office.microsoft.com/clipart
Amphetamines ,[object Object],National Pictures/ Topham/ The Image Works
Ecstasy ,[object Object],Greg Smith/ AP Photos
Cocaine ,[object Object],http://www.ohsinc.com
Hallucinogens ,[object Object],Ronald K. Siegel
Hallucinogens ,[object Object],[object Object],http://static.howstuffworks.com Hemp Plant
Drugs Summary
Influences on Drug Use The graph below shows the percentage of US high- school seniors reporting their use of alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine from the 70s to the late 90s.
Influences on Drug Use The use of drugs is based on biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences.
Marijuana Use The use of marijuana in teenagers is directly related to the “perceived risk” involved with the drug.
[object Object],Near-Death Experiences (From “Hallucinations” by R.K. Siegel. Copyright  © 1977 Scientific American, Inc. All rights reserved.)
Mind-Body Problem ,[object Object],[object Object],Near-death experiences raise the mind-body issue. Can the mind survive the dying body?

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Chapter7

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  • 15. Awake & Alert During strong mental engagement, the brain exhibits low amplitude and fast, irregular beta waves (15-30 cps) . An awake person involved in a conversation shows beta activity. Beta Waves
  • 16. Awake but Relaxed When an individual closes his eyes but remains awake, his brain activity slows down to a large amplitude and slow, regular alpha waves (9-14 cps) . A meditating person exhibits an alpha brain activity.
  • 17. Sleep Stages 1-2 During early, light sleep (stages 1-2) the brain enters a high-amplitude, slow, regular wave form called theta waves (5-8 cps) . A person who is daydreaming shows theta activity. Theta Waves
  • 18. Sleep Stages 3-4 During deepest sleep (stages 3-4), brain activity slows down. There are large-amplitude, slow delta waves (1.5-4 cps) .
  • 19. Stage 5: REM Sleep After reaching the deepest sleep stage (4), the sleep cycle starts moving backward towards stage 1. Although still asleep, the brain engages in low- amplitude, fast and regular beta waves (15-40 cps) much like awake-aroused state. A person during this sleep exhibits Rapid Eye Movements (REM) and reports vivid dreams.
  • 20. 90-Minute Cycles During Sleep With each 90-minute cycle, stage 4 sleep decreases and the duration of REM sleep increases.
  • 21. Why do we sleep? We spend one-third of our lives sleeping. If an individual remains awake for several days, they deteriorate in terms of immune function, concentration, and accidents. Jose Luis Pelaez, Inc./ Corbis
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  • 23. Accidents Frequency of accidents increase with loss of sleep
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  • 38. Facts and Falsehood Can hypnosis be therapeutic? Yes. Self-suggestion can heal too. Can hypnosis alleviate pain? Yes. Lamaze can do that too. Can hypnosis force people to act against their will? No.
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  • 58. Influences on Drug Use The graph below shows the percentage of US high- school seniors reporting their use of alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine from the 70s to the late 90s.
  • 59. Influences on Drug Use The use of drugs is based on biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences.
  • 60. Marijuana Use The use of marijuana in teenagers is directly related to the “perceived risk” involved with the drug.
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Editor's Notes

  1. OBJECTIVE 1 | Discuss the history of psychology’s study of consciousness and contrast conscious and unconscious information processing.
  2. OBJECTIVE 2 | Distinguish four types of biological rhythms, and give and example of each.
  3. OBJECTIVE 3 | Describe the cycle of our circadian rhythm, and identify some events that can disrupt this biological clock.
  4. OBJECTIVE 4 | List the stages of sleep cycle, and explain how they differ.
  5. OBJECTIVE 5 | Explain why sleep patterns and duration vary from person to person.
  6. OBJECTIVE 6 | Discuss several risks associated with sleep deprivation.
  7. OBJECTIVE 7 | Identify four theories of why we sleep.
  8. OBJECTIVE 8 | Identify major sleep disorders.
  9. OBJECTIVE 9 | Describe the most common content of dreams.
  10. OBJECTIVE 10 | Compare the major perspectives on why we dream.
  11. OBJECTIVE 11 | Define hypnosis , and note some similarities between the behavior of hypnotized people and that of motivated unhypnotized people.
  12. OBJECTIVE 12 | Discuss the characteristics of people who are susceptible to hypnosis, and evaluate claims that hypnosis can influence people’s memory, will, health, and perception of pain.
  13. OBJECTIVE 13 | Give arguments for and against hypnosis as an altered state of consciousness.
  14. OBJECTIVE 14 | Define psychoactive drug.
  15. OBJECTIVE 15 | Discuss the nature of drug dependence, and identify three common misconceptions about drug addiction.
  16. Addictive drugs quickly corrupt: After taking drugs only (perhaps) 10% become addict. Addiction cannot be overcome voluntarily: It can be to a large extent. Addiction not different than repetitive pleasure-seeking behaviors: Indeed. But should we stretch the concept to cover social behaviors?
  17. OBJECTIVE 16 | Name the main categories of psychoactive drugs, and list three ways these substances can interfere with neurotransmission in the brain.
  18. OBJECTIVE 17 | Explain how depressants affect nervous system activity and behavior, and summarize the findings on alcohol use and abuse.
  19. OBJECTIVE 18 | Identify the major stimulants, and explain how they affect neural activity and behavior.
  20. OBJECTIVE 19 | Describe the physiological and psychological effects of hallucinogens and summarize the effects of LSD and marijuana.
  21. OBJECTIVE 20 | Discuss the biological, psychological and social-cultural factors that contribute to drug use.
  22. OBJECTIVE 21 | Describe the near-death and the controversy over whether it provides evidence for mind-body dualism.