This document discusses lymphadenopathy (enlarged lymph nodes) in different age groups and contexts. In children under 10, it may present as a painful lump below the jaw and cause breathing difficulties or infections. In young and elderly patients, it causes neck pain and difficulty swallowing. Hodgkin's lymphoma commonly affects children, young adults and causes weight loss and itching. Head and neck cancers in older adults over 50 may cause symptoms related to the specific organ affected but do not typically cause anorexia or weight loss. Laboratory tests and biopsy of lymph nodes are important for diagnosis, and imaging can help identify underlying causes like tuberculosis or occult lung tumors.

1. Zaryab Ghauri
Final Year
Batch E

5.  Age < 10years
 Painful lump jus below the angle of jaw
 Child may snore at night, Difficulty in
breathing, Nasal speech, Recurrent chest
infections
 Systemic Effects: Feels ill sore throat pyrexia
and doesn’t want to eat
 Malnourished child, Cold, damp houses

6.  Children, young and elderly
 Lump with gradual appearance, With or
without pain
 Neck movement and swallowing painful
 Anorexia and weight loss
 If breaks down into abscess it increases in size,
become painful, discoloration of overlying skin
 BCG vaccination
 Any Family member has TB
 Poor socioeconomic status

9.  Common in children and young adults
 Painless lump which Grow slowly
 Systemic:
Malaise, weight loss and pallor
Itching of the skin (unexplained but distinct)
Periodic fever and rigors
Pains in bones
Venous congestion in the neck ( large lymph gland
mass occlude superior vena cava)

10.  Occur in patients > 50 years
 Painless lump
 Grow slowly and new lumps may appear
 Symptoms of Primary lesion
 In the head and neck: sore tongue; hoarse voice
 In the chest: cough; haemoptysis
 In the abdomen: dyspepsia; abdominal pain
 Head and neck cancers do not cause anorexia or
weight loss

14.  Laboratory investigations
 Blood film exam
Diagnosis of glandular fever or leukemia
 LFT & RFT: helpful in identify associated
underlying systemic disorders
 Serological tests: HIV & syphilis
 LN biopsy: Histological Diagnosis
(particularly in Hodg.and non-Hodg.
lymphoma)

15.  Radiological investigations
 X-ray: TB shows typical spotty calcification
 Chest X-ray: shows enlarged mediastinal nodes or
primary occult tumor of the lung
 U/S: helpful in evaluating the changes in the lymph
nodes
 CT scan of chest & abdomen in case of supraclavicular
adenopathy, associated with serious underlying
disease