Cellular respiration is a catabolic process that uses oxygen to break down glucose and other organic molecules to extract energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in four main stages: 1) glycolysis in the cytosol, 2) transport of pyruvate into the mitochondria, 3) the Krebs cycle in the mitochondrial matrix, and 4) the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation on the inner mitochondrial membrane. The overall process produces 38 ATP molecules from complete oxidation of one glucose molecule.

1. Cellular Respiration

2. Cellular Respiration A catabolic, exergonic, oxygen (O 2 ) requiring process that uses energy extracted from macromolecules (glucose) to produce energy (ATP) and water (H 2 O). C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO2 + 6H 2 O + energy glucose ATP

3. Question: In what kinds organisms does cellular respiration take place?

4. Plants and Animals Plants - Autotrophs : self-producers. Animals - Heterotrophs : consumers.

5. Mitochondria Organelle where cellular respiration takes place. Inner membrane Outer membrane Inner membrane space Matrix Cristae

6. Redox Reaction Transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another . Two types: 1. Oxidation 2. Reduction

7. Oxidation Reaction The loss of electrons from a substance . Or the gain of oxygen . C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy glucose ATP Oxidation

8. Reduction Reaction The gain of electrons to a substance . Or the loss of oxygen . glucose ATP C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy Reduction

9. Breakdown of Cellular Respiration Four main parts (reactions). 1. Glycolysis (splitting of sugar) a. cytosol, just outside of mitochondria. 2. Grooming Phase a. migration from cytosol to matrix.

10. Breakdown of Cellular Respiration 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) a. mitochondrial matrix 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation a. Also called Chemiosmosis b. inner mitochondrial membrane.

11. The reactants in cellular respiration are: CO 2 & O 2 CO 2 & C 6 H 12 O 6 O 2 & C 6 H 12 O 6 ATP & H 2 O 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

12. Water and what are made in cellular respiration? CO 2 & ATP CO 2 & C 6 H 12 O 6 O 2 & C 6 H 12 O 6 O 2 & ATP 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

13. Where does respiration occur? Nucleus Chloroplasts Mitochondria Cytoplasm 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

14. What types of organisms use cellular respiration? All plants All Animals All Eukaryotes All Prokaryotes 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

15. A molecule that loses electrons is: Oxidized Reduced Neutralized Molecularized 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

16. What is the definition of glycolysis? Making sugar Making ATP Splitting sugar Splitting ATP 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

17. Where does glycolysis occur? Mitochondrial matrix Chloroplast Nucleus Cytosol 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

18. Where does the Kreb’s Cycle occur? Mitochondrial matrix Chloroplast Nucleus Cytosol 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

19. 1. Glycolysis Occurs in the cytosol just outside of mitochondria. Two phases (10 steps): A. Energy investment phase a. Preparatory phase (first 5 steps) . B. Energy yielding phase a. Energy payoff phase (second 5 steps) .

20. 1. Glycolysis A. Energy Investment Phase: Glucose (6C) Glyceraldehyde phosphate (2 - 3C) (G3P or GAP) 2 ATP - used 0 ATP - produced 0 NADH - produced 2ATP 2ADP + P C-C-C-C-C-C C-C-C C-C-C

21. 1. Glycolysis B. Energy Yielding Phase Glyceraldehyde phosphate (2 - 3C) (G3P or GAP) Pyruvate (2 - 3C) (PYR) 0 ATP - used 4 ATP - produced 2 NADH - produced 4ATP 4ADP + P C-C-C C-C-C C-C-C C-C-C GAP GAP (PYR) (PYR)

22. 1. Glycolysis Total Net Yield 2 - 3C-Pyruvate (PYR) 2 - ATP (Substrate-level Phosphorylation) 2 - NADH

23. Substrate-Level Phosphorylation ATP is formed when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP . Example: PEP to PYR Enzyme Substrate O - C=O C-O- CH 2 P P P Adenosine ADP (PEP) P P P ATP O - C=O C=O CH 2 Product (Pyruvate) Adenosine

24. In glycolysis you need ___ATP and make ____ ATP 2 , 2 2 , 4 4 , 2 4 , 4 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

25. The phase of glycolysis where you use 2 ATP. Energy Yielding Energy Investment Energy Production Energy Completion 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

26. Glycolysis results in 2 ATP and ________. 2 NADH & 2 pyruvate 2 NADH & 4 ATP 2 NADH + & 2 pyruvate 2 NAHH + & 4 ATP 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

27. The process of making ATP by adding Phosphate from a molecule to ADP ATP synthase Oxidative Phosphorylation ETC Substrate level phosphorylation 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

28. Fermentation Occurs in cytosol when “NO Oxygen” is present (called anaerobic). Remember: glycolysis is part of fermentation . Two Types: 1. Alcohol Fermentation 2. Lactic Acid Fermentation

29. Alcohol Fermentation Plants and Fungi  beer and wine glucose Glycolysis C C C C C C C C C 2 Pyruvic acid 2ATP 2ADP + 2 2NADH P 2 NAD + C C 2 Ethanol 2CO 2 released 2NADH 2 NAD +

30. Alcohol Fermentation End Products: Alcohol fermentation 2 - ATP ( substrate-level phosphorylation) 2 - CO 2 2 - Ethanol’s

31. Lactic Acid Fermentation Animals (pain in muscle after a workout). 2 Lactic acid 2NADH 2 NAD + C C C Glucose Glycolysis C C C 2 Pyruvic acid 2ATP 2ADP + 2 2NADH P 2 NAD + C C C C C C

32. Lactic Acid Fermentation End Products: Lactic acid fermentation 2 - ATP ( substrate-level phosphorylation) 2 - Lactic Acids

33. What occurs after glycolysis if there is no O 2 present? Kreb’s Cycle ETC Fermentation Oxidative phosphorylation 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

34. What organisms undergo alcoholic fermentation? Plants Fungi Both 1 & 2 Neither 1 nor 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

35. What product of alcoholic fermentation gave it its name? ATP CO 2 Ethanol Lactic Acid 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

36. What organisms undergo lactic acid fermentation? Plants Fungi Animals None of the above 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

37. 2. Grooming Phase Occurs when Oxygen is present (aerobic). 2 Pyruvate (3C) molecules are transported through the mitochondria membrane to the matrix and is converted to 2 Acetyl CoA (2C) molecules. Cytosol C C C 2 Pyruvate 2 CO 2 2 Acetyl CoA C-C 2NADH 2 NAD + Matrix

38. 2. Grooming Phase End Products: grooming phase 2 - NADH 2 - CO 2 2- Acetyl CoA (2C)

39. 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Location: mitochondrial matrix . Acetyl CoA (2C) bonds to Oxalacetic acid (4C - OAA) to make Citrate (6C) . It takes 2 turns of the krebs cycle to oxidize 1 glucose molecule. Mitochondrial Matrix

40. 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Krebs Cycle 1 Acetyl CoA (2C) 3 NAD + 3 NADH FAD FADH 2 ATP ADP + P (one turn) OAA (4C) Citrate (6C) 2 CO 2

41. 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Krebs Cycle 2 Acetyl CoA (2C) 6 NAD + 6 NADH 2 FAD 2 FADH 2 2 ATP 2 ADP + P (two turns) OAA (4C) Citrate (6C) 4 CO 2

42. 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Total net yield ( 2 turns of krebs cycle) 1. 2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) 2. 6 - NADH 3. 2 - FADH 2 4. 4 - CO 2

43. 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation ( Chemiosmosis ) Location: inner mitochondrial membrane. Uses ETC (cytochrome proteins) and ATP Synthase (enzyme) to make ATP . ETC pumps H + (protons) across innermembrane ( lowers pH in innermembrane space ). Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

44. 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation ( Chemiosmosis ) The H+ then move via diffusion (Proton Motive Force) through ATP Synthase to make ATP . All NADH and FADH 2 converted to ATP during this stage of cellular respiration . Each NADH converts to 3 ATP . Each FADH 2 converts to 2 ATP (enters the ETC at a lower level than NADH ).

45. 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation ( Chemiosmosis ) Inner membrane Outer membrane Inner membrane space Matrix Cristae

46. 4. ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation ( Chemiosmosis for NADH ) NADH + H + ATP Synthase 1H + 2H + 3H + higher H + concentration H + ADP + ATP lower H + concentration H + (Proton Pumping) P E T C NAD+ 2H + + 1/2 O 2 H 2 O Intermembrane Space Matrix Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

47. 4. ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis for FADH 2 ) FADH 2 + H + ATP Synthase 1H + 2H + higher H + concentration H + ADP + ATP lower H + concentration H + (Proton Pumping) P E T C FAD+ 2H + + 1/2 O 2 H 2 O Intermembrane Space Matrix Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

48. TOTAL ATP YIELD 1. 04 ATP - substrate-level phosphorylation 2. 34 ATP - ETC & oxidative phosphorylation 38 ATP - TOTAL YIELD ATP

49. Eukaryotes (Have Membranes) Total ATP Yield 02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation) 04 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis 06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - grooming phase 02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation) 18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle 04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH 2 - Krebs cycle 36 ATP - TOTAL

50. Maximum ATP Yield for Cellular Respiration (Eukaryotes) 36 ATP (maximum per glucose) Glucose Glycolysis 2ATP 4ATP 6ATP 18ATP 4ATP 2ATP 2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) 2NADH 2NADH 6NADH Krebs Cycle 2FADH 2 2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) 2 Pyruvate 2 Acetyl CoA ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation Cytosol Mitochondria

51. Prokaryotes (Lack Membranes) Total ATP Yield 02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation) 06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis 06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - grooming phase 02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation) 18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle 04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH 2 - Krebs cycle 38 ATP - TOTAL

52. Question: In addition to glucose, what other various food molecules are use in Cellular Respiration?

53. Catabolism of Various Food Molecules Other organic molecules used for fuel. 1. Carbohydrates: polysaccharides 2. Fats: glycerol’s and fatty acids 3. Proteins: amino acids

54. If O 2 is present after glycolysis this is made. ATP Lactic Acid Acetyl CoA Pyruvate 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

55. The Krebs cycle makes CO 2 , FADH 2 and: ATP and O 2 ATP and NADH NADH and O 2 Pyruvate and O 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

56. What enzyme makes ATP in the ETC ETC synthase ATP synthase Enolase Hexokinase 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

57. Why do protons (H + ) move across the inner membrane Osmosis Electron Flow Diffusion Active transport 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

58. Each NADH yields _______ ATP 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

59. Each FADH 2 yields ____ATP 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

60. How many ATP are made in cellular respiration? 4 30 38 44 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

61. Which process produces more ATP? Substrate level phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34