Chapter 7 sp11
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The document discusses cellular respiration, which is how cells acquire energy from breaking down nutrients. It has three main stages: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and produces 2 ATP per glucose molecule. The citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondria and produces 2 more ATP plus electron carriers. The electron transport chain also occurs in the mitochondria and produces the majority of ATP, around 32-34 molecules per glucose. The overall process of cellular respiration produces about 36 ATP.
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Cellularrespiration2012 130110052718-phpapp02
Cellular respiration is a metabolic process that breaks down glucose and other molecules to generate energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. The Krebs cycle further breaks down pyruvate and produces more ATP and electron carriers. In the electron transport chain, oxygen is the final electron acceptor and large amounts of ATP are generated through oxidative phosphorylation as protons diffuse back into the mitochondrion. Aerobic cellular respiration generates approximately 36-38 ATP per glucose molecule, making it a much more efficient process than fermentation which only yields 2 ATP.
5. anaerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and involves two pathways - ethanol fermentation and lactate fermentation. Ethanol fermentation converts pyruvate to ethanol and occurs in yeast and plants, producing CO2 that allows bread to rise. Lactate fermentation converts pyruvate to lactate in skeletal muscles during exertion when oxygen demand exceeds supply, allowing muscles to continue working by recycling NAD+ but building up a toxic "oxygen debt".
Glycolysis
it explains about the various steps of glycolysis and their enzymes, their properties and their inhibition
the significance of glycolysis
06 Lecture Animation Ppt
This chapter discusses cellular metabolism and energy transfer. It covers the different forms of energy, laws of thermodynamics, ATP as the main energy currency molecule, metabolic pathways, enzymes, and the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Key metabolic concepts explained include exergonic and endergonic reactions, coupled reactions, metabolic pathways, factors affecting enzyme activity such as temperature and pH, and electron transport chains.
Respiration stage 1
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose and other nutrients to produce energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate then enters the mitochondria, where it is further broken down in the Krebs cycle. This is followed by the electron transport chain, where oxygen is the final electron acceptor and water is produced, yielding the majority of ATP. Cellular respiration requires oxygen and produces carbon dioxide, water, and energy as waste products.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is a 9-step process that breaks down glucose in the cytoplasm without oxygen. It requires 2 ATP molecules at the start but produces 4 ATP molecules and 2 pyruvate molecules at the end. Glycolysis involves many enzymes that catalyze reactions to break down glucose and other 6-carbon sugars into smaller 3-carbon molecules of pyruvate or lactate, with a net production of 2 ATP per glucose molecule.
Glycolysis , its regulation and energetics
Here you will get about glycolysis its regulation and energetics.Further updates like and follow my slideshare account
Click on below link to get presentation on Properties of cancer cell.
https://www.slideshare.net/PratikshaPuranik5/properties-of-cancer-cells
Atp Teach Intro
1) Organisms require energy to carry out essential life functions like building biomolecules, reproduction, movement, and temperature regulation.
2) Cells obtain this energy through catabolic reactions that break down organic molecules from food, capturing the released energy in ATP.
3) ATP is an efficient way to store and transport energy within cells through its high-energy phosphate bonds, which are unstable and easily broken to fuel other energy-requiring cellular processes.
Recommended
Cellularrespiration2012 130110052718-phpapp02
Cellular respiration is a metabolic process that breaks down glucose and other molecules to generate energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. The Krebs cycle further breaks down pyruvate and produces more ATP and electron carriers. In the electron transport chain, oxygen is the final electron acceptor and large amounts of ATP are generated through oxidative phosphorylation as protons diffuse back into the mitochondrion. Aerobic cellular respiration generates approximately 36-38 ATP per glucose molecule, making it a much more efficient process than fermentation which only yields 2 ATP.
5. anaerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and involves two pathways - ethanol fermentation and lactate fermentation. Ethanol fermentation converts pyruvate to ethanol and occurs in yeast and plants, producing CO2 that allows bread to rise. Lactate fermentation converts pyruvate to lactate in skeletal muscles during exertion when oxygen demand exceeds supply, allowing muscles to continue working by recycling NAD+ but building up a toxic "oxygen debt".
Glycolysis
it explains about the various steps of glycolysis and their enzymes, their properties and their inhibition
the significance of glycolysis
06 Lecture Animation Ppt
This chapter discusses cellular metabolism and energy transfer. It covers the different forms of energy, laws of thermodynamics, ATP as the main energy currency molecule, metabolic pathways, enzymes, and the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Key metabolic concepts explained include exergonic and endergonic reactions, coupled reactions, metabolic pathways, factors affecting enzyme activity such as temperature and pH, and electron transport chains.
Respiration stage 1
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose and other nutrients to produce energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate then enters the mitochondria, where it is further broken down in the Krebs cycle. This is followed by the electron transport chain, where oxygen is the final electron acceptor and water is produced, yielding the majority of ATP. Cellular respiration requires oxygen and produces carbon dioxide, water, and energy as waste products.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is a 9-step process that breaks down glucose in the cytoplasm without oxygen. It requires 2 ATP molecules at the start but produces 4 ATP molecules and 2 pyruvate molecules at the end. Glycolysis involves many enzymes that catalyze reactions to break down glucose and other 6-carbon sugars into smaller 3-carbon molecules of pyruvate or lactate, with a net production of 2 ATP per glucose molecule.
Glycolysis , its regulation and energetics
Here you will get about glycolysis its regulation and energetics.Further updates like and follow my slideshare account
Click on below link to get presentation on Properties of cancer cell.
https://www.slideshare.net/PratikshaPuranik5/properties-of-cancer-cells
Atp Teach Intro
1) Organisms require energy to carry out essential life functions like building biomolecules, reproduction, movement, and temperature regulation.
2) Cells obtain this energy through catabolic reactions that break down organic molecules from food, capturing the released energy in ATP.
3) ATP is an efficient way to store and transport energy within cells through its high-energy phosphate bonds, which are unstable and easily broken to fuel other energy-requiring cellular processes.
Ch03 cont.
Carbohydrate metabolism involves the breakdown of glucose to generate energy through various pathways depending on the organism and environmental conditions. There are two main types of respiration: anaerobic respiration which includes glycolysis and fermentation, and aerobic respiration which includes oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Gluconeogenesis is the process of generating new glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors and occurs in the liver and kidneys. Glycogen is an energy storage molecule that is broken down to glucose through glycogenolysis or synthesized from glucose through glycogenesis, and its metabolism is regulated by insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine to maintain blood glucose levels.
Respiration in plants (Do plants breathe and Glycolysis)
Plants do breathe and require oxygen for respiration, producing carbon dioxide as a byproduct. Unlike animals, plants do not have specialized organs for gas exchange, but instead use stomata and lenticels. Each plant part is responsible for its own gas exchange at lower respiration rates than animals. Aerobic respiration utilizes oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy from glucose. Glycolysis is the first step and breaks glucose down into two molecules that enter the payoff phase, producing two ATP molecules, two NADH molecules, and two pyruvate molecules as end products.
Kuliah 2 metabolisme kh
1. Metabolism of carbohydrates involves the breakdown of glucose through various pathways like glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to produce energy in the form of ATP.
2. Glucose is either stored as glycogen or converted to fat for later use.
3. During fasting states, the liver produces new glucose through gluconeogenesis using substrates like glycerol, amino acids, and lactate derived from stored glycogen, fat, and proteins.
ชีววิทยาเรื่อง การหายใจระดับเซลล์ cellular respiration
Enzymes are highly specific and catalyze reactions by lowering the activation energy, not by supplying energy directly. Using heat would not selectively catalyze the desired biochemical reactions and could damage cellular components.
Cell Energy 2: Respiration & Fermentation
1. Cellular respiration involves a series of steps to break down glucose and produce ATP as energy.
2. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and produces some ATP. The Krebs cycle and electron transport chain occur in mitochondria to produce more ATP through aerobic respiration.
3. Without oxygen, glycolysis continues as lactic acid fermentation or alcoholic fermentation to produce a small amount of ATP. Large animals use lactic acid fermentation briefly during intense exercise when oxygen is limited.
Respiration
Cells require energy from external sources to perform tasks. Energy flows into ecosystems as sunlight and leaves as heat. Living cells obtain energy through photosynthesis or cellular respiration. Cellular respiration uses oxygen to completely oxidize glucose or other fuels and extract more energy in the form of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. When oxygen is absent, cells use fermentation pathways to produce ATP without oxygen by converting pyruvate into other end products like ethanol or lactic acid. Both fermentation and cellular respiration involve glycolysis but differ in their final electron acceptors, with cellular respiration producing more ATP.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the process by which cells break down glucose to derive energy. It involves 10 steps:
1) Glucose is phosphorylated by hexokinase to form glucose-6-phosphate.
2) Phosphoglucoisomerase converts this to fructose-6-phosphate.
3) Phosphofructokinase adds another phosphate to form fructose-1,6-bisphosphate using ATP.
Through several more phosphorylation and cleavage reactions, two pyruvate molecules and two ATP and two NADH molecules are produced, yielding energy.
Alternative pathways.
The document discusses several alternative pathways for the utilization and metabolism of hexose sugars besides the main Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway. It describes three main alternative pathways: the fructose bisphosphate aldolase pathway, the Entner-Doudoroff pathway, and the phosphoketolase pathway. Each pathway is found in different types of bacteria and has distinguishing reactions and end products.
Respiration in Plants (Types)
1) Respiration in plants involves the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins and fats to release energy and produce carbon dioxide and water. It helps plants produce food and energy for growth, development and other functions.
2) There are two types of respiration - aerobic respiration which occurs in the presence of oxygen and yields more energy, and anaerobic respiration which occurs without oxygen and yields less energy.
3) Fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration that produces ethanol, lactic acid or other products, and involves glycolysis but not the Krebs cycle or electron transport chain. It is used commercially in producing foods and chemicals.
11 krebs cycle
The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and includes three enzymes: E1, E2, and E3. E1 uses thiamine pyrophosphate to oxidize pyruvate and transfer the acetyl group to E2. Lipoic acid covalently attached to E2 carries the acetyl group to E3, where it is transferred to CoA to form acetyl-CoA. Electrons are transferred through the complex to NAD+ to form NADH. The complex is regulated by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of E1 and by product inhibition by NADH and acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA produced
Atp
Bioenergetics is the study of energy in living systems and how organisms utilize energy. Organisms require kinetic or potential energy to function. ATP is a high-energy molecule that cells use to store and transport energy released from exergonic reactions like cellular respiration to power endergonic reactions like biosynthesis. ATP is regenerated through coupling exergonic hydrolysis reactions to endergonic synthesis reactions like dehydration. This coupling allows cells to continuously power metabolic pathways.
7.6 respiration in plants
The document discusses respiration in plants. It explains that respiration occurs through diffusion via stomata and lenticels, mainly in the leaves. During photosynthesis, CO2 levels inside the leaf fall and O2 rises, with gases diffusing in and out. At night, only respiration occurs, with O2 levels falling and CO2 rising inside. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and glucose to produce energy, CO2 and water. Anaerobic respiration can also occur without oxygen, producing ethanol and CO2. Respiration and photosynthesis are reverse processes that use each other's byproducts.
9 glycogen
Glycogen is a branched polymer of glucose residues stored in liver and muscle cells. Glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes the phosphorolytic cleavage of glycogen into glucose-1-phosphate. An inhibitor of glycogen phosphorylase would be a suitable treatment for diabetes by decreasing glycogen breakdown and lowering blood glucose levels. Glycogen synthesis utilizes UDP-glucose to add glucose residues via glycogen synthase. Glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase activities are regulated by allosteric effectors and phosphorylation to prevent futile cycling between glycogen breakdown and synthesis.
Chapter 14 - Glucose utilization and biosynthesis - Biochemistry
Glycolysis is a central pathway for glucose catabolism that converts glucose into pyruvate through a series of 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions. It occurs in most organisms and tissues as a source of energy. The first phase activates glucose through phosphorylation, while the second phase generates ATP and NADH through substrate-level phosphorylation and hydride transfer. Pyruvate produced can then undergo aerobic or anaerobic fates including fermentation to regenerate NAD+ under anaerobic conditions.
Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
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Ch 3 PowerPoint Biology 201
Carbon is the main element that makes up biological molecules. It can form up to four covalent bonds and its ability to do so allows it to form complex structures like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These macromolecules are made through the linking of smaller monomer units like monosaccharides, amino acids, and nucleotides. The three main classes of macromolecules are carbohydrates, which serve structural and energy roles; proteins, which have many functions including enzyme catalysis; and nucleic acids like DNA and RNA, which encode genetic information and direct protein synthesis.
Atp!
Energy is the ability to do work and comes in various forms like kinetic energy from movement and potential energy stored as chemical energy. All organisms obtain energy from different sources but ultimately convert it to ATP through a two-step process. Cells are constantly converting energy from food into ATP, which is then used to power biological processes by providing energy when it breaks down into ADP and phosphate. ATP consists of an adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups, and releases energy when it breaks down.
Lec 7 level 3-nu (carbohydrate metabolism iii)
1) Glycogen metabolism involves glycogenolysis and glycogenesis. Glycogenolysis breaks down glycogen in the liver and muscles to glucose, while glycogenesis synthesizes glycogen from glucose.
2) Key enzymes in glycogenolysis include glycogen phosphorylase, debranching enzymes, and phosphoglucomutase. In the liver, glucose-6-phosphatase releases glucose into blood.
3) Glycogenesis involves glycogen synthase adding glucose from UDP-glucose to glycogen chains with a branching enzyme forming branches. Glycogen storage diseases disrupt these pathways causing health issues.
Respiration ppt
This document provides an overview of cellular respiration and the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. It defines respiration as the breakdown of glucose to release energy, which occurs in the mitochondria. It explains that aerobic respiration uses oxygen to fully oxidize glucose and produce 36 ATP, while anaerobic respiration can produce alcohol, lactic acid, or 2 ATP without oxygen. Formulas are given for the aerobic and anaerobic reactions.
Lec09 glycogen met
Glycogen metabolism is regulated by hormones through reciprocal control of glycogen breakdown and synthesis. The key enzymes involved are glycogen phosphorylase, which degrades glycogen, and glycogen synthase, which synthesizes glycogen. Epinephrine and glucagon activate phosphorylase through cAMP signaling, while insulin activates protein phosphatase 1, inactivating phosphorylase and activating synthase to stimulate glycogen synthesis. Liver glycogen phosphorylase is directly regulated by glucose levels, sensing glucose to control glycogen breakdown and maintain blood glucose homeostasis.
Photosynthesis/Cell Resp. 2
1. Cellular respiration breaks down carbohydrates and other metabolites to produce ATP, consuming oxygen and producing carbon dioxide. It occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells.
2. Glucose is broken down through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation.
3. The electron transport chain uses energy from NADH and FADH2 to pass electrons from higher to lower energy states, producing 32-34 molecules of ATP per glucose molecule.
08 Lecture Animation Ppt
The document provides an overview of cellular respiration. It discusses the four main phases: glycolysis, the preparatory reaction, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate in the cytoplasm. The preparatory reaction converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA and transports it into the mitochondria. The citric acid cycle further oxidizes acetyl-CoA and generates NADH and FADH2. Finally, the electron transport chain uses the energy from NADH and FADH2 to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
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Ch03 cont.
Carbohydrate metabolism involves the breakdown of glucose to generate energy through various pathways depending on the organism and environmental conditions. There are two main types of respiration: anaerobic respiration which includes glycolysis and fermentation, and aerobic respiration which includes oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Gluconeogenesis is the process of generating new glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors and occurs in the liver and kidneys. Glycogen is an energy storage molecule that is broken down to glucose through glycogenolysis or synthesized from glucose through glycogenesis, and its metabolism is regulated by insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine to maintain blood glucose levels.
Respiration in plants (Do plants breathe and Glycolysis)
Plants do breathe and require oxygen for respiration, producing carbon dioxide as a byproduct. Unlike animals, plants do not have specialized organs for gas exchange, but instead use stomata and lenticels. Each plant part is responsible for its own gas exchange at lower respiration rates than animals. Aerobic respiration utilizes oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy from glucose. Glycolysis is the first step and breaks glucose down into two molecules that enter the payoff phase, producing two ATP molecules, two NADH molecules, and two pyruvate molecules as end products.
Kuliah 2 metabolisme kh
1. Metabolism of carbohydrates involves the breakdown of glucose through various pathways like glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to produce energy in the form of ATP.
2. Glucose is either stored as glycogen or converted to fat for later use.
3. During fasting states, the liver produces new glucose through gluconeogenesis using substrates like glycerol, amino acids, and lactate derived from stored glycogen, fat, and proteins.
ชีววิทยาเรื่อง การหายใจระดับเซลล์ cellular respiration
Enzymes are highly specific and catalyze reactions by lowering the activation energy, not by supplying energy directly. Using heat would not selectively catalyze the desired biochemical reactions and could damage cellular components.
Cell Energy 2: Respiration & Fermentation
1. Cellular respiration involves a series of steps to break down glucose and produce ATP as energy.
2. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and produces some ATP. The Krebs cycle and electron transport chain occur in mitochondria to produce more ATP through aerobic respiration.
3. Without oxygen, glycolysis continues as lactic acid fermentation or alcoholic fermentation to produce a small amount of ATP. Large animals use lactic acid fermentation briefly during intense exercise when oxygen is limited.
Respiration
Cells require energy from external sources to perform tasks. Energy flows into ecosystems as sunlight and leaves as heat. Living cells obtain energy through photosynthesis or cellular respiration. Cellular respiration uses oxygen to completely oxidize glucose or other fuels and extract more energy in the form of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. When oxygen is absent, cells use fermentation pathways to produce ATP without oxygen by converting pyruvate into other end products like ethanol or lactic acid. Both fermentation and cellular respiration involve glycolysis but differ in their final electron acceptors, with cellular respiration producing more ATP.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the process by which cells break down glucose to derive energy. It involves 10 steps:
1) Glucose is phosphorylated by hexokinase to form glucose-6-phosphate.
2) Phosphoglucoisomerase converts this to fructose-6-phosphate.
3) Phosphofructokinase adds another phosphate to form fructose-1,6-bisphosphate using ATP.
Through several more phosphorylation and cleavage reactions, two pyruvate molecules and two ATP and two NADH molecules are produced, yielding energy.
Alternative pathways.
The document discusses several alternative pathways for the utilization and metabolism of hexose sugars besides the main Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway. It describes three main alternative pathways: the fructose bisphosphate aldolase pathway, the Entner-Doudoroff pathway, and the phosphoketolase pathway. Each pathway is found in different types of bacteria and has distinguishing reactions and end products.
Respiration in Plants (Types)
1) Respiration in plants involves the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins and fats to release energy and produce carbon dioxide and water. It helps plants produce food and energy for growth, development and other functions.
2) There are two types of respiration - aerobic respiration which occurs in the presence of oxygen and yields more energy, and anaerobic respiration which occurs without oxygen and yields less energy.
3) Fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration that produces ethanol, lactic acid or other products, and involves glycolysis but not the Krebs cycle or electron transport chain. It is used commercially in producing foods and chemicals.
11 krebs cycle
The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and includes three enzymes: E1, E2, and E3. E1 uses thiamine pyrophosphate to oxidize pyruvate and transfer the acetyl group to E2. Lipoic acid covalently attached to E2 carries the acetyl group to E3, where it is transferred to CoA to form acetyl-CoA. Electrons are transferred through the complex to NAD+ to form NADH. The complex is regulated by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of E1 and by product inhibition by NADH and acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA produced
Atp
Bioenergetics is the study of energy in living systems and how organisms utilize energy. Organisms require kinetic or potential energy to function. ATP is a high-energy molecule that cells use to store and transport energy released from exergonic reactions like cellular respiration to power endergonic reactions like biosynthesis. ATP is regenerated through coupling exergonic hydrolysis reactions to endergonic synthesis reactions like dehydration. This coupling allows cells to continuously power metabolic pathways.
7.6 respiration in plants
The document discusses respiration in plants. It explains that respiration occurs through diffusion via stomata and lenticels, mainly in the leaves. During photosynthesis, CO2 levels inside the leaf fall and O2 rises, with gases diffusing in and out. At night, only respiration occurs, with O2 levels falling and CO2 rising inside. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and glucose to produce energy, CO2 and water. Anaerobic respiration can also occur without oxygen, producing ethanol and CO2. Respiration and photosynthesis are reverse processes that use each other's byproducts.
9 glycogen
Glycogen is a branched polymer of glucose residues stored in liver and muscle cells. Glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes the phosphorolytic cleavage of glycogen into glucose-1-phosphate. An inhibitor of glycogen phosphorylase would be a suitable treatment for diabetes by decreasing glycogen breakdown and lowering blood glucose levels. Glycogen synthesis utilizes UDP-glucose to add glucose residues via glycogen synthase. Glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase activities are regulated by allosteric effectors and phosphorylation to prevent futile cycling between glycogen breakdown and synthesis.
Chapter 14 - Glucose utilization and biosynthesis - Biochemistry
Glycolysis is a central pathway for glucose catabolism that converts glucose into pyruvate through a series of 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions. It occurs in most organisms and tissues as a source of energy. The first phase activates glucose through phosphorylation, while the second phase generates ATP and NADH through substrate-level phosphorylation and hydride transfer. Pyruvate produced can then undergo aerobic or anaerobic fates including fermentation to regenerate NAD+ under anaerobic conditions.
Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
For More Medicine Free PPT - http://playnever.blogspot.com/
For Health benefits and medicine videos Subscribe youtube channel - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLKg-H-sMh9G01zEg4YpndngXODW2bq92w
Ch 3 PowerPoint Biology 201
Carbon is the main element that makes up biological molecules. It can form up to four covalent bonds and its ability to do so allows it to form complex structures like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These macromolecules are made through the linking of smaller monomer units like monosaccharides, amino acids, and nucleotides. The three main classes of macromolecules are carbohydrates, which serve structural and energy roles; proteins, which have many functions including enzyme catalysis; and nucleic acids like DNA and RNA, which encode genetic information and direct protein synthesis.
Atp!
Energy is the ability to do work and comes in various forms like kinetic energy from movement and potential energy stored as chemical energy. All organisms obtain energy from different sources but ultimately convert it to ATP through a two-step process. Cells are constantly converting energy from food into ATP, which is then used to power biological processes by providing energy when it breaks down into ADP and phosphate. ATP consists of an adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups, and releases energy when it breaks down.
Lec 7 level 3-nu (carbohydrate metabolism iii)
1) Glycogen metabolism involves glycogenolysis and glycogenesis. Glycogenolysis breaks down glycogen in the liver and muscles to glucose, while glycogenesis synthesizes glycogen from glucose.
2) Key enzymes in glycogenolysis include glycogen phosphorylase, debranching enzymes, and phosphoglucomutase. In the liver, glucose-6-phosphatase releases glucose into blood.
3) Glycogenesis involves glycogen synthase adding glucose from UDP-glucose to glycogen chains with a branching enzyme forming branches. Glycogen storage diseases disrupt these pathways causing health issues.
Respiration ppt
This document provides an overview of cellular respiration and the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. It defines respiration as the breakdown of glucose to release energy, which occurs in the mitochondria. It explains that aerobic respiration uses oxygen to fully oxidize glucose and produce 36 ATP, while anaerobic respiration can produce alcohol, lactic acid, or 2 ATP without oxygen. Formulas are given for the aerobic and anaerobic reactions.
Lec09 glycogen met
Glycogen metabolism is regulated by hormones through reciprocal control of glycogen breakdown and synthesis. The key enzymes involved are glycogen phosphorylase, which degrades glycogen, and glycogen synthase, which synthesizes glycogen. Epinephrine and glucagon activate phosphorylase through cAMP signaling, while insulin activates protein phosphatase 1, inactivating phosphorylase and activating synthase to stimulate glycogen synthesis. Liver glycogen phosphorylase is directly regulated by glucose levels, sensing glucose to control glycogen breakdown and maintain blood glucose homeostasis.
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Respiration in plants (Do plants breathe and Glycolysis)
Respiration in plants (Do plants breathe and Glycolysis)
ชีววิทยาเรื่อง การหายใจระดับเซลล์ cellular respiration
ชีววิทยาเรื่อง การหายใจระดับเซลล์ cellular respiration
Chapter 14 - Glucose utilization and biosynthesis - Biochemistry
Chapter 14 - Glucose utilization and biosynthesis - Biochemistry
Similar to Chapter 7 sp11
Photosynthesis/Cell Resp. 2
1. Cellular respiration breaks down carbohydrates and other metabolites to produce ATP, consuming oxygen and producing carbon dioxide. It occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells.
2. Glucose is broken down through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation.
3. The electron transport chain uses energy from NADH and FADH2 to pass electrons from higher to lower energy states, producing 32-34 molecules of ATP per glucose molecule.
08 Lecture Animation Ppt
The document provides an overview of cellular respiration. It discusses the four main phases: glycolysis, the preparatory reaction, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate in the cytoplasm. The preparatory reaction converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA and transports it into the mitochondria. The citric acid cycle further oxidizes acetyl-CoA and generates NADH and FADH2. Finally, the electron transport chain uses the energy from NADH and FADH2 to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Photosynthesis And Cellular Respiration Notes New
1. Photosynthesis uses energy from sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose and oxygen through a two-phase process of light-dependent and light-independent reactions.
2. Cellular respiration breaks down glucose and other food molecules to produce ATP through three main stages: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain.
3. Both processes are essential for life - photosynthesis provides energy for plants and produces oxygen and glucose as an energy source for cellular respiration in plants and animals.
Photosynthesis/Cell Resp.
The document discusses the flow of energy through organelles during photosynthesis and cellular respiration. It explains that photosynthesis captures solar energy to produce glucose in chloroplasts, while cellular respiration breaks down glucose to release energy in mitochondria. It describes the electron transport chain which establishes a proton gradient to produce ATP through chemiosmosis in both organelles.
Biology 201 Chapter 7
The document outlines the process of cellular respiration which involves glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate, producing 2 ATP and 2 NADH. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA which enters the Krebs cycle. The Krebs cycle further oxidizes acetyl-CoA, producing 3 more NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation. Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are used to build an electrochemical gradient through the electron transport chain which powers ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation.
Chapt07lectureanim 151012203530-lva1-app6892
The document outlines the key stages of cellular respiration: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate with a net production of 2 ATP and 2 NADH. Pyruvate oxidation in the mitochondria produces CO2, NADH, and acetyl-CoA. The Krebs cycle oxidizes acetyl-CoA to produce more NADH, FADH2, ATP, and CO2. The electron transport chain uses NADH and FADH2 to power ATP synthesis via chemiosmosis.
Chapter 8 3
This document summarizes cellular respiration. It describes that cellular respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis and occurs in both plant and animal cells using mitochondria. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and has three stages - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen through fermentation. Aerobic respiration produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration. The overall equation shows that glucose breakdown produces ATP through the process of cellular respiration.
Chapter 8 3
This document summarizes cellular respiration. It describes that cellular respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis and occurs in both plant and animal cells using mitochondria. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and has three stages - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen through fermentation. Aerobic respiration produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration. The overall equation shows that glucose breakdown produces ATP through the process of cellular respiration.
07 Lecture Animation Ppt
This document summarizes the process of photosynthesis. It describes how photosynthetic organisms like plants, algae and cyanobacteria are able to convert solar energy into chemical energy by using light, water, carbon dioxide and chlorophyll. The two main stages are the light-dependent reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the light-independent Calvin cycle where carbohydrates are produced using the ATP and NADPH. Variations like C4 and CAM pathways that some plants use to fix carbon dioxide are also outlined.
Cellular respiration introduction for 9th grade biology
Cellular respiration is the process cells use to release energy stored in glucose and store it in ATP. It occurs in three main stages:
1. Glycolysis breaks glucose into pyruvate, producing 2 ATP.
2. The citric acid cycle in the mitochondria further breaks down pyruvate, producing more ATP, CO2, and electron carriers.
3. The electron transport chain uses oxygen to generate most of the cell's ATP through oxidative phosphorylation as electrons are passed through protein complexes, producing up to 36 ATP per glucose molecule.
Cellular respiration introduction general for 9th grade biology
Cellular respiration is the process cells use to release energy from glucose and store it in ATP. It occurs in three stages:
1. Glycolysis breaks glucose into two pyruvate molecules, releasing a small amount of energy as ATP.
2. The citric acid cycle in the mitochondria further breaks down the pyruvate molecules, producing more ATP and electron carriers.
3. The electron transport chain uses oxygen to pump protons out of the mitochondria, powering ATP synthase to produce most of the cell's ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Aerobic respiration produces 36 ATP while fermentation makes only 2 ATP without oxygen.
3 - Biochemical processes in cells
The document discusses energy and cellular respiration in organisms. It explains that organisms obtain energy by breaking down biomolecules through either photosynthesis (autotrophs) or consuming organic matter (heterotrophs). Aerobic respiration fully breaks down glucose to release the most energy as ATP, occurring in three stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle in mitochondria, and the electron transport chain. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and is less efficient, producing lactic acid or ethanol instead of fully oxidizing glucose.
Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration is a series of reactions where glucose and oxygen are broken down to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose outside the mitochondria, producing some ATP and pyruvate. Pyruvate then enters the mitochondria, where the Krebs cycle further breaks it down, producing more ATP and electrons/hydrogen. These electrons are passed through the electron transport chain, producing large amounts of ATP through chemiosmosis as oxygen accepts the electrons. Overall, aerobic cellular respiration produces 36 ATP from one glucose molecule.
Cell Respiration APBio
The document summarizes glucose metabolism, which occurs in two stages. Glycolysis breaks down glucose in the cytoplasm, yielding pyruvate and generating 2 ATP per glucose. Cellular respiration then breaks down pyruvate in mitochondria, using oxygen to generate 32-34 more ATP via the Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, and chemiosmosis. The overall reaction yields 38 ATP from each glucose molecule.
Celluar Respiration
The document summarizes glucose metabolism, which occurs in two stages. Glycolysis breaks down glucose in the cytoplasm, yielding pyruvate and generating 2 ATP per glucose. Cellular respiration then breaks down pyruvate in mitochondria, using oxygen to generate 32-34 more ATP via the Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, and chemiosmosis. The overall reaction yields 38 ATP from each glucose molecule.
07 lecture animation_ppt
This document provides an overview of photosynthesis, including:
1) Photosynthesis captures solar energy and transforms it into chemical energy stored in carbohydrates through two sets of reactions - the light reactions and Calvin cycle reactions.
2) The light reactions use chlorophyll to absorb sunlight and produce ATP and NADPH, while the Calvin cycle reactions use these products to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into carbohydrates like glucose.
3) Some plants like C4 plants have evolved mechanisms to more efficiently fix carbon and photosynthesize in hot and dry climates.
07 lecture animation_ppt
This document provides an overview of photosynthesis, including:
1) Photosynthesis captures solar energy and transforms it into chemical energy stored in carbohydrates through two sets of reactions - the light reactions and Calvin cycle reactions.
2) The light reactions use chlorophyll to absorb sunlight and produce ATP and NADPH, while the Calvin cycle reactions use these products to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into carbohydrates like glucose.
3) Some plants like C4 plants have evolved mechanisms to more efficiently fix carbon and avoid losing fixed carbon through photorespiration, which is advantageous in hot and dry climates.
A&P Chapter 04
This document summarizes key concepts about metabolism, including:
1) Metabolism involves both anabolic and catabolic reactions that synthesize and break down molecules. ATP is the main energy currency molecule in cells.
2) Glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain are the main catabolic pathways that break down glucose and other fuels to generate ATP through cellular respiration.
3) Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis are important reaction types in metabolism. Enzymes catalyze metabolic reactions and are essential for metabolic pathways and cellular function.
Cellular Respiration Notes for simple explanation of the process
Cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria of cells and involves a series of metabolic pathways that break down glucose and harvest energy to produce ATP. There are four main phases: glycolysis, which occurs in the cytoplasm and produces a small amount of ATP; the link reaction and Krebs cycle, which occur in the mitochondrial matrix and further oxidize pyruvate; and the electron transport chain located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, which generates the majority of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. The structure of the mitochondrion is adapted for this process, containing inner membrane folds called cristae that house the electron transport chain and facilitate ATP production.
Cell respiration
Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy from glucose and other molecules in the presence of oxygen. It occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP both with and without oxygen. The Krebs cycle and electron transport chain use oxygen to break down pyruvate completely, producing much more ATP through multiple biochemical reactions in the mitochondria. Overall, cellular respiration breaks down one glucose molecule to produce 36 ATP molecules, the cell's main energy currency.
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- 1. Chapter 7 Deriving Energy From Food
- 4. Storing and Releasing Energy Where Does The Energy Come From? Figure 7.1
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- 17. ATP from Cellular Respiration
- 24. Comparing Aerobic & Anaerobic Cellular Respiration Pathways **NOTICE – Aerobic respiration is more efficient!! 2 36 Net ATP production: Ethanol + CO 2 or lactic acid 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O 1 glucose makes: Mostly yeast and bacteria Most organisms Occurs in: Anaerobic Aerobic
- 25. Comparing Photosynthesis & Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Equation CO 2 and H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 and O 2 Products C 6 H 12 O 6 and O 2 CO 2 and H 2 O Reactants Mitochondria Chloroplasts Location Energy Release Energy Storage Function Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis